摘要：In the cities of Japan, many green areas have recently been created not only as “green space for citizen′s amenity and relaxation” but also as “biotopes that harbor diverse birds, insects and wild plants”. However, the interactions between organisms in urban biotopes are fewer than and different from those in natural settings. Restoration and effective use of biotic interactions would help to qualitatively improve urban ecosystems. In this review, we illustrate a number of biotic interactions and propose methods for restoring or controlling them: (1) pollination and seed dispersal, (2) plant-herbivore-enemy interactions, (3) biological control of Microcystis using allelopathy, and (4) control of interactions between exotic and native organisms. In conclusion, (1) to restore biotic interactions in urban settings, an understanding of biotic interactions in the original ecosystems is required, (2) to prevent negative effects from alien species, the impact of alien on native species should be clarified using manipulative experiments as well as direct observation, (3) effective use of ecosystem services could be realized such as allelopathic control of Microcystis , biological control of insect pests and pollination of farming crops, and (4) the results and products of our studies on biotic interactions should be shared with local governments and park planners.
