This study examines the impact of core self-evaluations (CSE) on in-role and extra-role performance (helping and authority-challenging performance) and the moderating role of distributive justice for job evaluation, focusing on CSE's essential features such as self-confidence, proactivity, and voice. To clarify specific CSE effects, we controlled current job experience and job autonomy. Survey results indicated that employees' CSE predicted supervisor ratings of their extra-role performances significantly, especially authority-challenging performance, even after controlling for current job environment factors, but not in-role performances. Further, employees' perceptions of distributive justice for job evaluation moderated the relationship between CSE and the three performance types, suggesting that individuals distinguish between external and internal self-evaluations and are motivated to improve low evaluations. Individuals with high CSE possess authority-challenging behaviors that are enhanced when they perceive imbalanced external and internal self-evaluations.