期刊名称：Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
印刷版ISSN：0188-4999
出版年度：2013
卷号：29
期号：0
页码：159-180
语种：Spanish
出版社：Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera
摘要：In this review the present situation of the use of pesticides in Latin America is analyzed with emphasis in Mexico. In view of the fact that the poisonings and deaths caused by pesticides are due to a great extent to the lack of protective equipment, to its poor handling, as well as to the lack of knowledge regarding its manipulation, sometimes because of ignorance, this means that the agricultural workers do not realize the risk that direct and indirect contact with these substances constitutes. Thus, it is recommendable to have good medical monitoring which may allow evaluating the risk that is involved for people exposed to pesticides, mainly when the hereditary systems are altered. Therefore, the objective of the review is to make an analysis of the biomarkers used in the evaluation of genotoxic damage caused by pesticides and to consider the studies that have been made in Latin America in populations occupationally exposed to these substances. The biomarkers used in individuals exposed to genotoxic agents are chromosomal aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and recently the comet assay (CO) considered a useful means of damage evaluation. The CA as well as the MN have been considered markers of early stages of chronic diseases such as cancer; their presence also indicates that a high frequency of them allows predicting the risk of cancer in human beings. Different studies performed in diverse parts of the world are described regarding the effect of pesticides on the induction of CA, MN, SCE and CO in which positive results have been obtained observing correlation with time of exposure, in other studies although significant frequencies have also been found they do not determine this correlation. In some cases negative results have been described. With respect to the genotoxic effects of pesticides, studies have been carried out in diverse countries of Latin America, using the four previously mentioned biomarkers, from 1985 to date; 41 of such studies were analyzed, 6 of which correspond to Argentina, 2 to Bolivia, 10 to Brazil, 4 to Colombia, 5 to Costa Rica, 1 to Cuba, 2 to Chile, 3 to Ecuador, and 8 to Mexico. In most of the cases workers in the different countries of Latin America were in contact with the products that are included in the list of highly dangerous pesticides, and it is significantly mentioned that such individuals were mostly agricultural workers who were exposed to mixtures of pesticides. Results obtained in the studies made in the human populations exposed to pesticides demonstrate that CA, MN, SCE and CO are suitable tests, showing a good percentage of positive results.
其他摘要：In this review the present situation of the use of pesticides in Latin America is analyzed with emphasis in Mexico. In view of the fact that the poisonings and deaths caused by pesticides are due to a great extent to the lack of protective equipment, to its poor handling, as well as to the lack of knowledge regarding its manipulation, sometimes because of ignorance, this means that the agricultural workers do not realize the risk that direct and indirect contact with these substances constitutes. Thus, it is recommendable to have good medical monitoring which may allow evaluating the risk that is involved for people exposed to pesticides, mainly when the hereditary systems are altered. Therefore, the objective of the review is to make an analysis of the biomarkers used in the evaluation of genotoxic damage caused by pesticides and to consider the studies that have been made in Latin America in populations occupationally exposed to these substances. The biomarkers used in individuals exposed to genotoxic agents are chromosomal aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and recently the comet assay (CO) considered a useful means of damage evaluation. The CA as well as the MN have been considered markers of early stages of chronic diseases such as cancer; their presence also indicates that a high frequency of them allows predicting the risk of cancer in human beings. Different studies performed in diverse parts of the world are described regarding the effect of pesticides on the induction of CA, MN, SCE and CO in which positive results have been obtained observing correlation with time of exposure, in other studies although significant frequencies have also been found they do not determine this correlation. In some cases negative results have been described. With respect to the genotoxic effects of pesticides, studies have been carried out in diverse countries of Latin America, using the four previously mentioned biomarkers, from 1985 to date; 41 of such studies were analyzed, 6 of which correspond to Argentina, 2 to Bolivia, 10 to Brazil, 4 to Colombia, 5 to Costa Rica, 1 to Cuba, 2 to Chile, 3 to Ecuador, and 8 to Mexico. In most of the cases workers in the different countries of Latin America were in contact with the products that are included in the list of highly dangerous pesticides, and it is significantly mentioned that such individuals were mostly agricultural workers who were exposed to mixtures of pesticides. Results obtained in the studies made in the human populations exposed to pesticides demonstrate that CA, MN, SCE and CO are suitable tests, showing a good percentage of positive results.
