出版社：Centro Interamericano de Investigaciones Psicológicas y Ciencias Afines
摘要：Se presenta una revisión en torno al aprendizajede la escritura integrando aportes relevantes enlos últimos 30 años de la Psicología, la Lingüís-tica y la Semiótica. Inicialmente se analizan losusos y funciones que la escritura cumple en la cul-tura: la preservación, transmisión y modificacióndel conocimiento compartido socialmente; la re-gulación de la conducta social, a partir del esta-blecimiento de leyes y la definición de roles so-ciales; la estandarización de una variedad lin- güística y el uso estético en diversos géneros dis-cursivos. Luego se describen los atributos que lacaracterizan como objeto semiótico y las parti-cularidades que adoptan los textos escritos segúnsus funciones en ciertos contextos situacionales ysocioculturales. A continuación se abordan características rele-vantes del aprendizaje de la escritura a lo largo dela vida de las personas. Este proceso, que co-mienza prácticamente desde el nacimiento y seextiende durante la vida adulta, requiere múltiplesdimensiones cognitivas y niveles lingüísticos co-rrelacionados entre sí y vinculados a los contextosde uso. Tomando en cuenta cuatro dimensionesprincipales (metaconocimiento, conocimientosgenerales, conocimiento de los atributos de la len-gua escrita y conocimiento procedimental) se re-visan estudios que, desde una perspectiva evolu-tivo-educativa, han abordado la alfabetización enescritura. Esa revisión está organizada en tresmomentos: antes, durante y más allá de la esco-laridad. Al considerar el aprendizaje de la escri-tura durante la escolaridad, se focaliza en las con-cepciones de los aprendices acerca del aprendizaje de la escritura. Se concluye destacando la im- portancia de considerar el aprendizaje de la es- critura desde una perspectiva multimodal que ar- ticule recursos y concepciones .
其他摘要：This paper presents a review about the learning of writing . It integrates relevant contributions from fields of Psychology, Linguistics and Semiotics during the last 30 years. We begin by addressing different aspects of writing as a semiotic object and synthesize its uses and functions within a culture. Writing functions as a mnemonic tool through graphic representation, allowing preservation, transmission and modifi - cation of collective shared knowledge, enabling its functioning as an epistemic tool. Writing also has regulatory functions on social behavior. It contrib - utes to the organization of social roles and the establishment of hierarchical order through the enactment of written laws. It also contributes to the standardization of a linguistic variety -the one used for writing- in order to fulfill several official functions related to public administration and edu - cation. Consequently, the linguistic variety rep- res ented in writing usually becomes a linguistic model, outlining diverse social and personal paths in learning to write. Finally, we focus on its aes - thetic and imaginative function, which is present in a variety of genres. We then describe the attributes of writing as a semiotic system , including written texts’ distinctive features according to their functions in certain situational and socio-cultural settings. All writing systems have a dual nature: they constitute physical objects with an external existence that is relatively independent from its context of production, also are semiotic objects that enable to represent something else. In writing systems, a set of graphic elements are integrated on a surface. Rules conventionally established and formal properties are the base of these graphic elements. These graphic marks en - dure through time and space, allowing for iterative formal and conceptual revision and change. A dialectic relationship between mind and semiotic system is established, in which representational systems, as external scaffolding, expanding the possibilities of thought. Thereby, this technology of thought entails important cognitive and social transformations by helping to construct a multiple and broadening personal perspective. This will allow the con ver - sion of own representations into meta- representa- tions through their externalization, and the ac - quirement of new and more complex ways of knowing. In the second part of this article, we tackle relevant characteristics of learning to write along a person’s life. This process begins almost from birth and continues through adult life, under the guide of someone with more expertise. Becoming an expert writer requires more than two decades of continuo - us instruction and practice. The appro priation of writing requires processes correlated at multiple cognitive dimensions and linguistic levels, deeply related to specific contexts of use. The dimensions considered are the following: meta knowledge; general knowledge about writing; specific know - ledge regarding graph phonic, syntactic, and textual aspects; and procedural knowledge. We review studies regarding the different dimensions involved in this process from a developmental and educat - ional perspective. We organize such review by considering three moments. The stage named roots of literacy comprises all the activities and concept - ualizations of reading and writing that children carry out in the course of early childhood, which precedes conventional literacy. During schooling writing becomes a learning object, and children’s main efforts move from mastering the alphabetic code to understanding coherence and cohesion, as well as producing texts of several types. When referring to learning to write during schooling we also focus on learners’ conceptions of this process. The conceptions’ viewpoint enables us to under - stand the learners’ own perspective displayed in first person.
关键词：Aprendizaje; Escritura; Sistema semiótico; Recursos; Concepciones.
