期刊名称：International Law: Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional
印刷版ISSN：2011-1703
出版年度：2009
卷号：7
期号：15
语种：English
出版社：International Law: Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional
摘要：This is the final result of an investigation. Developing practices in international trade and investment law bring new challenges to investors who are always seeking better and more certain grounds to develop their businesses abroad. In that regard, free trade agreements and bilateral investment treaties set a legal frame under which a minimum standard of treatment is set for both the foreign investor and the Host State. The parties to NAFTA, especially the United States and Canada were concerned that Mexico could not be held accountable for measures that would be tantamount to expropriation. With that purpose Chapter Eleven was created with a very broad definition on its terms and a procedure that would allow a foreign investor from another Party, to submit a claim before an international tribunal without having to exhaust the local remedies. These two characteristics allowed Metalclad to submit a claim against Mexico for some domestic measures that allegedly amounted to a creeping expropriation. The Metalclad award introduced a very broad definition of indirect expropriation, which according to some academics it would undermine the regulatory powers of NAFTA Members and would drive states in a race to the bottom regarding safety, environmental and health regulations. My hypothesis is that based on the revision of the Tribunal's award and the recent developments in NAFTA jurisprudence, Metalclad did not have any relevant impact regarding the definition of expropriation.
其他摘要：This is the final result of an investigation. Developing practices in internationaltrade and investment law bring new challenges to investorswho are always seeking better and more certain grounds to develop theirbusinesses abroad. In that regard, free trade agreements and bilateralinvestment treaties set a legal frame under which a minimum standard oftreatment is set for both the foreign investor and the Host State. The partiesto NAFTA, especially the United States and Canada were concernedthat Mexico could not be held accountable for measures that would betantamount to expropriation. With that purpose Chapter Eleven was createdwith a very broad definition on its terms and a procedure that wouldallow a foreign investor from another Party, to submit a claim beforean international tribunal without having to exhaust the local remedies.These two characteristics allowed Metalclad to submit a claim againstMexico for some domestic measures that allegedly amounted to a creepingexpropriation. The Metalclad award introduced a very broad definitionof indirect expropriation, which according to some academics it wouldundermine the regulatory powers of NAFTA Members and would drivestates in a race to the bottom regarding safety, environmental and healthregulations. My hypothesis is that based on the revision of the Tribunal'saward and the recent developments in NAFTA jurisprudence, Metalcladdid not have any relevant impact regarding the definition of expropriation.
关键词：Arbitration agreements;Commercial;Expropiation;Foreign Investments;Metalclad;Indirect Expropriation;Regulatory Expropriation;Regulation;Chilling Effect; Sole Effect Doctrine;International Protection to Investment Law;NAFTA;Chapter Eleven;Tratado de arbitramento comercial;expropiación;inversiones extranjeras;Metalclad;expropiación indirecta;expropiación regulatoria;efecto escalofrío;doctrina del único efecto; protección internacional a la inversión; TLCAN; capítulo once
其他关键词：Arbitration agreements; Commercial; Expropiation; Foreign Investments; Metalclad; Indirect Expropriation; Regulatory Expropriation; Regulation; Chilling Effect; Sole Effect Doctrine; International Protection to Investment Law; NAFTA; Chapter Eleven
