摘要：This study was conducted to determine the life style of roadside squatter settlers of Jaipur city through squatter settlement and family profiles. A total of 42 such settlements and 296 families were covered under the study. An interview schedule was used to elicit information on the squatters and their family profiles. The results revealed that the settlements had very limited access to water, housing, lighting, sanitation and health facilities. No regular training or education programmes had been planned for them. The mean family size in the settlements was 5.8±1.65 members. Most of the families (84.5%) had nuclear family structure. A majority of adults and children were illiterate. About 81% of the migrants were from Rajasthan and the others from nearby states. The families had main and subsidiary occupations. The main occupations included construc-tion work, blacksmithy, decoration of trucks/buses with 'jhalars'/'laris'/'chotis' (a bunch of tassles, braids), application of films on windows of four wheelers and preparation of radium number plates, pulling rickshaws and trolleys, playing drums and pipes and making plaster of paris statuettes, etc. They lived in tents. Their possessions were meager and consisted of pots, pans, cots, trunks and clothes. Personal hygienic practices were poor and sanitation left much to be desired. var currentpos,timer; function initialize() { timer=setInterval("scrollwindow()",10);} function sc(){clearInterval(timer); }function scrollwindow() { currentpos=document.body.scrollTop; window.scroll(0,++currentpos); if (currentpos != document.body.scrollTop) sc();} document.onmousedown=scdocument.ondblclick=initialize ANURADHA GOYLE ET AL. 14 solved mainly by themselves, while 21.4% went to their leaders/elders for help. With respect to sanitation, it was observed that garbage littered the surroundings of all the squatter settlements creating unhygienic conditions. Similarly, there was no drainage system for waste water in 90.5% of these settlements. They had to face the ill effects of dust, smoke, scorching sun, rain and cold. As most of the families had settled close to main roads, they were obliged to suffer the ill effects of intense noise and air pollution caused by automobiles, and also dust. Availability of basic amenities to the squatter settlements was abysmal. Public taps were the source of drinking water for 64.3% families, while 14.3% used public hand pumps and 11.9% used public wells as the source of drinking water. Families from 31.0% settlements brought water from nearby shops/houses. The distance of the nearest source of water was less than half a kilometer for most of the families, while families of only two squatter settlements had to go a little farther. Water was stored in earthen pots and was kept above the ground level on a wooden structure. All the squatter settlements lacked electricity. The means of illumination in most of the tents in squatter settlements was kerosene lamps (47.6%), street lights (40.5%), lamps operated by gas (11.9%) and lamps based on batteries (7.1%). Some families used candles, too. There were 8 squatter settlements that did not have any source of lighting. Despite financial constraints, people of 88.1% squatter settlements turned to private clinics for health care, while only 16.7% used government hospitals. Children of some families of a few squatter settlements attended schools. Young children while not attending school played or roamed around while the others helped in the occupational work. The main reasons cited for not sending children to school were absence of schools nearby, financial constraints, children not being interested in studies and the fact that they did not settle down at one place for long. Families of 18 squatter settlements reported that their family members visited parks/movie theaters as a source of entertainment, but usually it was the young boys who went out. Families from all the squatter settlements attended social gatherings and cultural functions for which they visited their native places at times. Most of the squatter settlements had a place of worship. The families of most of these settlements (85.7%) bought clothes and utensils from the main city markets while those of six got all their necessities from their own villages. Vegetables and food grains were purchased from nearby shops or vendors. Families of only 15 squatter settlements preferred the main markets nearby. The means of transport used for bringing raw materials and selling trade goods was city buses (64.3%), bicycles (14.3%) and rickshaws (9.5%). Families from 42.9% settlements used to go on foot and a few used their own trucks, too; these were purchased on hire-purchase basis. No training programmes were held in the squatter settlements. They had no regular arrangements for educating the children. Table 1: Squatter profile of squatter settlements of Jaipur city Squatter settlements (n=42) Average number of tents/squatter 23.8±43.39 Sanitation Is garbage littered around Yes 42(100.0) Water drainage system No system 38(90.5) Kaccha drain 4(9.5) Water Source of drinking water* Public taps 27(64.3) Nearby shops/houses 13(31.0) Public hand pumps 6(14.3) Public wells 5(11.9) Water tankers 1(2.4) Illumination Source of illumination in tents * 20(47.6) Kerosene lamps 25(59.5) Street lights 17(40.5) Lamps operated by Gas 5(11.9) Lamps based on battery 3(7.1) No source 8(19.0) Health facility * Health facility availed Private clinic/hospitals 37(88.1) Government hospitals 7(16.7) Shops 2(4.8) Education Children sent to school Yes 5(11.9) No 37(88.1) Reasons for not sending children to school * No school nearby 13(30.9) Cannot afford 10(23.8) Not interested in studies 10(23.8) Do not settle at one place for long 4(9.5) Work or help in family occupation 2(4.8) Figures in parentheses denote percentages. *n>42 due to multiple responses.
关键词：Squatter profile; migration; basic amenities; family profile; occupation
