摘要：The problem of child labour in India has of late assumed the proportion of a social menace threatening the very fabrics of a social milieu. It has remained both an economic and a social problem for a long time. According to the latest ILO report more than 100 million children below the age of 14 years are toiling in different corners of India. As different cultures and societies define childhood in different ways Government polices and programmes should be culturally and geographically specific. Recent studies have revealed that there are many reasons other than economic compulsion to perpetuate child labour. In this paper here is an attempt has been made to examine the different causes of child labour emphasizing, on the factors other than poverty at grass root level, in Bangalore city and community perceptions about child labour and government efforts to eradicate this problem. Also this paper adding the general knowledge base of how community evaluates the risk and age associated with the child labour, an understand crucial to advancing global efforts to immediately remove children from the most hazardous forms of work. Address correspondence to: D.C. Nanjunda, No 29, 8th cross, Udayagiri I st stage, Mysore-19, Karnataka, India E-mail: dcnvision2020@yahoo.com var currentpos,timer; function initialize() { timer=setInterval("scrollwindow()",10);} function sc(){clearInterval(timer); }function scrollwindow() { currentpos=document.body.scrollTop; window.scroll(0,++currentpos); if (currentpos != document.body.scrollTop) sc();} document.onmousedown=scdocument.ondblclick=initialize D.C. NANJUNDA AND M. ANNAPURNA 152 as being appropriate for different age groups, how they judge the degree of risk associated with each type of work, and how community social economic resources can be mobilized for remediation campaigns (Nicuwenhuyas, 1996: 56- 67) METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING Bangalore is a fast growing city in India. There is no complete census of child labourers in Bangalore city to serve sampling frame for random sampling. So the researcher choosed carefully designed purposive sampling for gathering representative data. Researcher had choosed occupations where large cluster of child workers found employed 1 hotels 2 garages 3 construction sites 4 small scale or cottage industries/factories 5 bar and restaurants 6 domestic service 7 shops and establishments 8 family occupations. Data collected from child workers, parents of child workers, community members, employers, and NGO's. This research had three major components 1 House holds survey, 2 Community norms study, and 3 Institutional ethnography. The qualitative data has been analysed with NUD*IST database and quantitative data analysis using SPSS software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Since the last decade Bangalore has became a silicon city of India. This research survey conducted with selected 500 families having different socio-economic background and who are sending their children to work for various reasons. Results have revealed that, 24.15 percent children are working in garages, 21.38 percent are in construction cites, 18.35 percent are in hotels, 10 percent are in small scale/cottage industries or factories which does not comes under factories act-1948. Also 7.15 percent are in automobiles, 8.34 percent are in shop and establishments. 6.45 percent are in family occupations 3.12 percent are in pavement selling, and 3.45 percent are in glass, stone cutting and metal work. A large percent (38.45 percent) of girl child workers are employed in domestic sectors, 32.67 percent small scale or cottage industries, 19.45 percent are in house hold works. Also it should be noted that some considerable number of girls are (16.56 percent) working in shop and establishments, 2.56 percent are in construction sites. 3 percent are in pavement selling. The analysis of data has showed that poverty (32.78 percent) and inadequate family income (23.45 percent) together account for (56.23 percent) of those who are sending their children to work largely due to their poor economic conditions. Single largest proportion 34.78 percent mentioned that presence of more number of children is the single most and basic reason for sending their kids to work. So (56.23+34.78 percent) 91.01 percent of the families are sending their children to work for two major reasons 1 acute poverty 2 high rate of fertility. The result of the study shows that 76.34 percent of child workers are male and more than 61.23 percent are in the age group between 9to13.We found that 5- 7 percent are aged between 7 to 9. Most of these children are working usually in hotels and garages as a helpers. Average they are getting wage around 275to 350 Rs per month and a lunch. Children above 16 years will get around 750-1000 depending on nature of the job and rate of business. But in house hold works majority of girl child workers of this (7-9) age groups are not getting any wage except left over food of fortnight or break fast or lunch. Mostly they are working as a helpers to their respective mothers. As per as education level is concerned 67.45 percent of parents are illiterates and they are sending their children to the unskilled work. Further it is interesting to know that 37.45 percent of primary /middle school educated parents (either parents) are sending their children only to skilled work. Because they think, children can choose that field as their career in the future adult hood. Also study has revealed that both primary schools educated (31.45 percent) and unedu- cated (69.23 percent) parents would like to withdraw their daughters from the work after attaining puberty. However they don't mind to send them to any job, which is very near to their dwelling places. But there should be no adult male colleagues. After the puberty 67.58 percent parents don't like to send their daughters to work out side of home at any cost, as they think lot of risks involved. Among the working children 55.18 percent are illiterates, 23.15 percent have studied up to primary, 14.25 percent middle, and only 7.27 percent up to High school standard. A little over two third of the child workers are from the small households. Here small house hold menace having 3-5 children and parents. 17.34
关键词：KEY WORDS Child; labour; perception; evaluation; social menace
