摘要：The State, in response to social expectations for its citizens to be adequately prepared to enter into and work productively within society, established universities and colleges through statute, charter, or other legal methods. With time, higher education institutions like universities and colleges increased in size, diversity, and complexity, leadership was entrusted from the legally established boards to numerous agents in the organization (Birnbaum, 1988). As a result, governance and the resulting conflicts between various groups inside and outside the institutions, leading and managing institutions of higher education calls for leadership that promotes a good working relationship among the various stakeholders inside and outside the institution (American Association of University Professors, 1966; Bess and Dee, 2008a).
