摘要：In today's world rapidly improvements in technology, increasing ambiguity, confusions, and dynamism lead many organizations to prefer a person with having long and permanent goals (Crant, 2000; Friedman, 2005; Grant & Ashford, 2008). In parallel to these changes many employers in industry and researchers recently have focused on proactivity concept (Campbell, 2000; Van Dyne, Ang, & Botero, 2003). Moreover proactive personality is seen as necessary characteristic rather than luxury in today's changing and competitive world (Prabhu, 2007).
