摘要：It is reasonable to assume that new approaches in the field of surgery require a certain amount of training before applying these operative procedures on patients. The history of laparoscopy seems to be an example of the contrary. Gynaecology was one of the first disciplines where laparoscopy was introduced (Raoul Palmer) and laparoscopy slowly invaded the field of gynaecology. It was an exciting new tool as it offered the possibilities of direct visualization of the pelvis through a small opening. While initial procedures were only diagnostic, minimal operative procedures were introduced (Debrock et al., 1979). A specific hand-eye coordination was at that point not necessary as the surgeon was looking directly through the endoscope. As operative procedures became more complex and time consuming, the physical burden for the surgeon was no longer sustainable. A camera system was introduced and the surgeon was looking at the screen while preforming the surgery (Henning and Look, 1971; O’Sullivan, 1991). Although initially experienced as “not easy” there was no direct notion that special training was required to optimize this hand-eye coordination by using camera navigation. This is astonishing as in the beginning of the 1970’s, with the introduction of microsurgery, courses were introduced all over the world to learn not only how to handle fine micro-instruments and fine suture material but also to adapt to the eye-hand coordination, mandatory for the performance of microsurgical operations by looking through the microscope (Boeckx et al., 1981). It can be questioned whether the surgeons who have been trained this way didn’t have too many difficulties performing laparoscopic procedures while looking at a screen. Laparoscopy was percept as a minimal invasive procedure and the late 80’s were revolutionary years for laparoscopy.
