摘要：Se ofrece un análisis multidiciplinar de un molino neolítico recuperado en el yacimiento de Atxoste (Álava, País Vasco). El estudio geológicosobre la procedencia del soporte, el análisis de fitolitos que identifica los productos tratados, y la microscopía que señala las alteraciones poruso del instrumento y sus causas, se cruzan para denunciar una intensa actividad de procesado de materiales vegetales, muy posiblemente cereales.El contexto general, en el discurrir mesoneolítico, y en particular, referente al yacimiento, permiten identificar a Atxoste como un campamentoestable en los inicios del Neolítico donde se integran bien las prácticas de una economía de producción
其他摘要：In this work we present a study of a Neolithic mill from Atxoste (Álava, Basque Country). The settlement is a rock-shelter with long stratigraphy(about six meters): in the base we have identified a Magdalenian level, followed by several Mesolithic occupations and, finally, the Neolithic one.Atxoste represents the most common type of settlement documented along the Ebro Valley in the early stages of the Holocene, revealing the generalpatterns of land occupation pursued by human communities in the North of the Iberian Peninsula.The mill has been analyzed from a multidisciplinary perspective that includes morphological and cultural criteria. First of all, we are dealingwith the morphological aspects; the large size and weight of the stone and his curved aspect indicate that it would be used as a mill for grindingvegetables (possibly cereals). According to the geological studies, the artefact was made on an exogenous sandstone coming from 20 Km away.These data suggest a full control and exploitation of the land resources by the Neolithic communities and also, the need to incorporate these grindingtools into their production systems; probably because of the importance that domestic cereals have acquired in their diets.Phytolith analyses (the first for the Neolithic of the Basque Country) support the processing of plants that are compatible with cereals (Graminiae).We have observed that both the grain and the straw of the cereals were brought to the settlement, (the straw probably for consumption foranimals and/or preparation of the habitat). Furthermore, through the use-wear analysis we have recognised some macro and microscopic tracesalong the active surface of the mill, such as, striations, grain rounding and polishing and surface flattening. All these traces fit well with intensegrinding activities.Attending to the cultural aspects, we have revised the presence of this kind of instruments in the Mesolithic and Neolithic contexts along theIberian Peninsula. Our research concludes that there is an evolution both in the morphology and size of these artefacts: while in the Mesolithic wefind shorter mills related to the processing of wild plants, in the Neolithic we document larger stones normally used for grinding domestic cereals.To conclude, we can assume that in the Mesolithic levels of Atxoste the diet of the human groups was based in the consumption of wild (animaland vegetal) resources. Nevertheless, in the Early Neolithic stages (dated on the last third of the sixth millennia BC) these communities introducednew resources in their economic base. Apart from the mill, in this level we have documented the presence of domestic animals (correspondto sheep/goat) and sickle blades for harvesting cereals. All these data indicate that agriculture and livestock were present in the Early Neolithiclevels of Atxoste (and also in other contemporary sites), offering a more complex picture of the first Neolithic societies in this area.
