Anesthesia in post-thyroidectomy patients carries the risk of potential complications such as the depression of myocardial function, decreased spontaneous ventilation, abnormal baroreceptor function, reduced plasma volume, anemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and impaired hepatic drug metabolism. In addition, these patients may be complicated by pigment induced acute renal failure such as rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis is a common syndrome in which injury to skeletal muscle results in the leakage of intracellular contents from myocytes into plasma. Moreover, massive rhabdomyolysis can produce life-threatening disseminated intravascular coagulation, myoglobinuric renal failure, acute cardiomyopathy, and various other complications. We experienced a case of acute renal failure caused by rhabdomyolysis during emergence from anesthesia in a post-thyroidectomy patient.