摘要：Background Adequate monitoring tools are required to optimise the immunosuppressive therapy of an individual patient. Particularly, in calcineurin inhibitors, as critical dose drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, the optimal monitoring strategies are discussed in terms of safety and efficacy. Nevertheless, no pharmacokinetic monitoring markers reflect the biological activity of the drug. A new quantitative analysis of gene expression was employed to directly measure the functional effects of calcineurin inhibition: the transcriptional activities of the nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT)-regulated genes in the peripheral blood. Methods/Design The CIS study is a randomised prospective controlled trial, comparing a ciclosporin A (CsA)-based immunosuppressive regimen monitored by CsA trough levels to a CsA-based immunosuppressive regimen monitored by residual NFAT-regulated gene expression. Pulse wave velocity as an accepted surrogate marker of the cardiovascular risk is assessed in both study groups. Our hypothesis is that an individualised CsA therapy monitored by residual NFAT-regulated gene expression results in a significantly lower cardiovascular risk compared to CsA therapy monitored by CsA trough levels. Discussion There is a lack of evidence in individualising standard immunosuppression in renal allograft recipients. The CIS study will consider the feasibility of individualised ciclosporin A immunosuppression by pharmacodynamic monitoring and evaluate the opportunity to reduce cardiovascular risk while maintaining sufficient immunosuppression. Trial registration EudraCT identifier 2011-003547-21, registration date 18 July 2011 https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu
