Background: Epidemiologic studies of occupational lead exposure have suggested increased risks of cancers of the stomach, lung, kidney, brain, and meninges; however, the totality of the evidence is inconsistent.

Objective: We investigated the relationship between occupational lead exposure and cancer incidence at the five abovementioned sites in two prospective cohorts in Shanghai, China.

Methods: Annual job/industry-specific estimates of lead fume and lead dust exposure, derived from a statistical model combining expert lead intensity ratings with inspection measurements, were applied to the lifetime work histories of participants from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS; n = 73,363) and the Shanghai Men’s Health Study (SMHS; n = 61,379) to estimate cumulative exposure to lead fume and lead dust. These metrics were then combined into an overall occupational lead exposure variable. Cohort-specific relative hazard rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing exposed and unexposed participants were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression and combined by meta-analysis.

Results: The proportions of SWHS and SMHS participants with estimated occupational lead exposure were 8.9% and 6.9%, respectively. Lead exposure was positively associated with meningioma risk in women only ( n = 38 unexposed and 9 exposed cases; RR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.0), particularly with above-median cumulative exposure (RR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.4). However, all 12 meningioma cases among men were classified as unexposed to lead. We also observed non-significant associations with lead exposure for cancers of the kidney ( n = 157 unexposed and 17 ever exposed cases; RR = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.3) and brain ( n = 67 unexposed and 10 ever exposed cases; RR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.7, 4.8) overall.

Conclusions: Our findings, though limited by small numbers of cases, suggest that lead is associated with the risk of several cancers in women and men.

Citation: Liao LM, Friesen MC, Xiang YB, Cai H, Koh DH, Ji BT, Yang G, Li HL, Locke SJ, Rothman N, Zheng W, Gao YT, Shu XO, Purdue MP. 2016. Occupational lead exposure and associations with selected cancers: the Shanghai Men’s and Women’s Health Study cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 124:97–103; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408171

Address correspondence to L.M. Liao, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room 6-E632, MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Telephone: (240) 276-7288. E-mail: Linda.Liao@nih.gov

We appreciate the Shanghai residents who participated in the study. We thank the research staff of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study and the Shanghai Men’s Health Study for their dedication and contributions to the study.

This project was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (R37 CA070867 to W.Z., and R01 CA082729 and UM1 CA173640 to X.-O.S.) and by the Intramural Research Program (contract N02 CP1101066).

The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.

Received: 24 January 2014 Accepted: 17 June 2015 Advance Publication: 19 June 2015 Final Publication: 1 January 2016

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