出版社：Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE)
摘要：Introduction and development of membrane technology in the production of drinking water,in the last 30 years, is considered as a significant step in the field of water treatment effectiveness,comparable with the introduction of sand filters at the beginning of 20 age.The special roleplayed the high- and low- pressure-driven membrane processes as well as electrodialysis.Desalinationof seawater and brackish groundwater is often the way to obtaining drinking water.Significantimprovements in technology and design of reverse osmosis, the availability of alternative energysources, the possibility of pretreatment and applied materials have caused the process to becomeenvironmentally-friendly source of fresh water in many regions of the world, particularly in thosewhere their sources are limited.In the 1980s increased interest of nanofiltration and to some extentthe reverse osmosis as the methods of water softening, while in the 1990s.they start to be applied toremove micro-pollutants, also inorganic.To remove nitrate ions and fluoride, boron and metals (Fe,Mn and heavy metals) is successfully applied reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis, aswell as bioreactors and ultrafiltration integrated with coagulation and oxidation.
关键词：Membrane processes; removal of inorganic compounds; water desalination and softening;removal of anions and metals
