Children represent an important component of the population of every society, which is why all medical anthropological studies pay considerable attention to children’s skeletons. This paper presents an overview of the current knowledge of the diagnosis and interpretation of symptoms of various disorders found on children’s skeletons, with an emphasis on infancy. A detailed knowledge of the developmental stages of bone is required when analyzing children’s skeletal remains in order to avoid mistaking developmental changes for pathological ones. In the past considerable deformities of children’s skeletons were caused by metabolic diseases, such as rickets (vitamin D deficiency) or scurvy (vitamin C deficiency). Partial fractures are the most frequent trauma related changes, complete fractures less so, given the elasticity of children’s bones. Injuries often cause disproportional bone growth while in some cases they heal almost without a trace. Inflammatory changes in children’s bones are caused most frequently by tuberculosis or, later in life, by the congenital form of syphilis, though rarely by osteomyelitis. Sets of children’s skeletons allows for a deeper study of some congenital skeletal defects, such as premature ossification of the cranial sutures and spina bifida. In order to interpret findings correctly, it is important to understand the living and climatic conditions of the population being investigated, the society’s approach to child care and upbringing, characteristics of childhood diseases of the particular historic period, and the level of medical care.