In the Early Modern period, Prague Castle was not only the core of the Bohemian Kingdom, but also one from centres of the economic and political life for all of central Europe. In recent decades, archaeological excavations discovered valuable features and deposits with archaeobotanical assemblages containing unusual and exotic plants, some of them a first in the region and in Europe. The article describes new plants as part of the material world of human society reflecting the high social status of the castle and the town inhabitants. The new species originate from various regions of the world and reflect the first wave of globalisation of the urban environment in central Europe. The ethnobotanical histories of the particular new plants are described.