摘要：There is no doubt that most of the structural changes that took place in Egypt since the 23rdJuly 1952 army-led coup were operated from the top of the political pyramid and not as anexpression of a mass movement. The same holds true for the restricted political diversity inthe Sadat period, or the controlled liberal policies in the Mubarak regime. The controlledmode of change from above, conforms with the Pharaonic Political system described byGamal Hemdan. The ruler or head of state in Egypt always enjoyed unlimited authority thatborders on deification, and the legal and constitutional framework of the Egyptian stateendorses this situation from 1971. This study aims to present an informed vision of thedevelopment of civil society in Egypt under Mubarak. The growing number of the NGOscould be seen as a sign of democratization. However, in a case like Egypt, it is a movetowards consolidating authoritarianism.
