摘要：This study is to investigate the effect of stretch and massage on the range of motion of knee or hamstring flexibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of both treatments separately, their comparison and during treatment period of 12 weeks. Static stretch and four kinds of massage including stroking, percussion, effleurage and kneading were carried out on 45 male badminton players in the age of 13 to 19 years. An experimental control group design was selected for this study. The subjects, whose left leg hamstring flexibility was less than 70 degree, were randomly divided into three groups of 15 each. Two experimental groups of Static Stretch (Group -A), Massage (Group-B) and control group. The training sessions were conducted thrice a week. Measurement of hamstring flexibility was taken before and after an experimental period of twelve weeks by AKET (Active Knee Extension Test). ANOVA was applied among different training groups i.e., static stretch, massage and control group of male badminton players on hamstring flexibility (active knee range of motion). To find out the paired mean differences where F-test is significant the Scheffe's Post-Hoc test was employed. There was no significant difference between massage treatment and static stretch treatment on hamstring flexibility (active knee range of motion) of male badminton players.
关键词：Stretch; Massage; hamstring flexibility; active knee range of motion and ; AKET (Active Knee Extension Test) ; ; INTRODUCTION ; Badminton is one of the most widely-played sports in the world. In India; badminton is ; one of the most popular sports; apart from cricket. 30.9% of patients in Badminton suffer ; from Strain which is the result of muscular-fiber tears due to overstretching that can be ; decreased by increasing the flexibility of muscles. Decreased knee range of motion ; (hamstring flexibility) is suggested to be one of the predisposing factors for hamstring ; strains. The studies show that the athletes with reduced range of motion are more ; susceptible to muscle injury than their more flexible counterparts. Besides professional ; exercises; flexibility plays an important role in general health. To enhance flexibility ; physiotherapist and expert people have different methods of which stretch exercises are ; one of them which is prescribed for pains in the lower part of spinal cord. Chan et al. ; (2001) did a research on flexibility and passive resistance of the hamstring of young ; adults using two different static stretching protocols. A significant increase in flexibility ; Abstract ; ; var currentpos;timer; function initialize() { timer=setInterval("scrollwindow()";10);} function sc(){clearInterval(timer); }function scrollwindow() { currentpos=document.body.scrollTop; window.scroll(0;++currentpos); if (currentpos != document.body.scrollTop) sc();} document.onmousedown=scdocument.ondblclick=initialize International Educational E-Journal; {Quarterly}; ISSN 2277-2456; Volume-III; Issue-III; July-Aug-Sept 2014 ; ; ; w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 7 7 ; - ; 2 4 5 6 ; ; Page 225 ; of hamstrings was found in both of the two training groups (p<0.05). Those subjects ; receiving the foam and stretch treatment had the greatest increase in hip ROM (P < .05). ; Those subjects receiving the stretch only; foam and stretch; and foam only had greater hip ; ROM values than controls (P < .05). Davis et al. (2005) studied on the effectiveness of 3 ; stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility using consistent stretching parameters; and ; they compared the effects of 3 common stretching techniques on the length of the ; hamstring muscle group during a 4-week training program. Statistical analysis (p <= ; 0.05) revealed a significant interaction of stretching technique and duration of stretch. ; Kelleher and Amanda (2003) did a research on the delayed effect of proprioceptive ; neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching on hamstring flexibility to determine the ; delayed effects of stretching; both static and PNF; on hamstring flexibility following ; exercise. Another method which experts suggest to be used for flexibility is applying ; massage to break the vicious cycle that causes muscle spasm; and consequently; muscle ; pain. Muscle spasm causes muscle pain directly by stimulating mechano-sensitive pain ; receptors or indirectly by compressing the blood vessels resulting in ischemia (Guyton & ; Hall; 2000). ; The large proportion of massage application in sports events is due to many coaches and ; athletes holding the belief; based on observations and experiences; that massage can ; provide several benefits to the body such as increased blood flow; reduced muscle tension ; and neurological excitability; and an increased sense of well-being. There is limited ; scientific evidence; however; to support the use of massage for enhancing performance; ; enhancing recovery from injury; or for preventing muscular injury. Jones and Valerie ; (2004) did a study to determine whether sports massage is more effective than static ; stretching in preparing an athlete for maximum performance and they found a significant ; increase in range of motion after both the static stretch and sports massage treatments. ; METHOD AND PROCEDURE ; The objective of the study was to find out the effect of static stretch and massage on ; hamstring range of motion of knee (flexibility). Pre-test; post-test experimental design ; was used to find out the effect of static stretch and massage on the subjects. An ; experimental control group design was selected for this study in which forty five subjects ; whose their left leg hamstring flexibility were less than 70 degree were selected by ; AKET (active knee extension test) for the sample of this study. Subjects were divided ; into three groups of 15 each; two groups served as experimental and one as control group. ; The subjects were randomly selected from Panjab University; Chandigarh and Sports ; Complex; Sector 42; Chandigarh. Pre-test was conducted on three groups to know the ; level of hamstring range of motion of knee (flexibility). Post-tests were done on both ; groups after 12 weeks of treatment. The massage group (experimental group) got ; massage treatments on their hamstring muscle 25 minutes ; ; and it was a compound ; massage including Stroking; Effleurage; Kneading and Percussion on left leg of each ; subject which was carried out on each subject separately by the researcher. The static ; group (experimental group) got stretching treatments on their hamstring muscle for 9 ; times that was sustained for 30 seconds and the recovery time between stretches was 60 ; seconds. The researcher controlled the time by Chronometer and informed the subject ; while stretching. In addition to that the researcher observed the subject to keep his knee ; straight while stretching. Stretch and Massage were not done on control group. Subjects
