摘要：Discussing the issues regarding the specifications of higher education as the climax of higher education system is very important. In this regard, studying the historical background of changes in higher education could create a basis for a comprehensive and dynamic system in this area. The present study conducted a comparative investigation on the turning points, operators, obstacles and principles of changes and reform process of higher education system of Iran, Japan, Sweden and Germany using Isaac Candle method concluded that it’s necessary to move toward lack educational centrism, having internal academic quality control mechanism instead of external committees , participation of all higher education system beneficiaries in educational changes process, continuity of educational reforms according to original researches, legal legislation verifications and executive guarantees of these laws, educational reforms and changes management considering the cultural, economic and social conditions and according to a general overview of the historical and programming background in order to internationalize the higher education and move it towards the improvement and upgrading of performance quality of academic systems.
关键词：comparative study; educational reforms and changes; higher education
