期刊名称：ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
印刷版ISSN：2194-9042
电子版ISSN：2194-9050
出版年度：2008
卷号：XXXVII Part B4
页码：1631-1638
出版社：Copernicus Publications
摘要：Emergency response is the disaster management phase with the most extreme requirements. During the crisis management, several organizations coordinate their work based not only on well-defined policies and procedures (product of careful preparation) but also on the outcomes of the decision-making process. Much progress has been booked in the last years in providing the decision-making process with tools, which help in optimal and adequate crisis response. The importance of geo-information is appreciated at many levels and various initiatives were funded to support research and development of systems utilizing geo-information. Many countries have started development of Spatial Information Infrastructures for emergency response and early warning. However, most of these developments are mostly 2D.The paper elaborates on the need for 3D information in the view of several projects carried on in the Netherlands. The results of the user investigations have shown increased interest in 3D visualizations and extended functionality. Questionnaires and interviews with emergency response users and urban planners have show demand for systems utilising standardized models and services. Based on these requirements, recently started research on 3D BIM model and an interior model is briefly discussed. The paper concludes on research and developments in the 3D domain toward developing user-centric, context- aware applications
关键词：Disaster; Infrastructure; Platforms; Open Systems
