期刊名称：ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
印刷版ISSN：2194-9042
电子版ISSN：2194-9050
出版年度：2004
卷号：XXXV Part B5
页码：797-802
出版社：Copernicus Publications
摘要：Integrated multi-sensor systems, with their major progress in terms of sensor resolution, data rate and operational flexibility, have become a very attractive mapping tool over the last decade. In the aerial mapping application, for example, exterior orientation parameters (EO) for the imaging sensors are required. Using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) with Inertial Measurement Units (IMU), direct determination of the EO parameters can be obtained from the inertial/GPS navigation solution. This process is referred to as Direct Georeferencing (DG). Direct Georeferencing provides substantial benefits over the indirect determination method of estimating EO parameters from conventional aerial triangulation (AT) techniques using block of images with sufficient number of known control points. These benefits include the ability to map remote and inaccessible regions, and by replacing tie point measurements/matching and AT, significant cost-savings can be obtained for projects that do not require stereo models (such as projects with existing DEM, single image or strip/corridor mapping). The accuracy of Direct Georeferencing however, is limited by the accuracy attainable by the DGPS, IMU and any residual datum calibration errors. These can typically be as large as 10 cm RMSE, which is not sufficient for some large scale mapping applications. However, by combining the direct EO data in a traditional block adjustment, AT techniques can be used to remove the residual errors in the solution. This technique is known as Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO). It has several advantages over traditional AT, primarily since; the stable geometry provided by direct EO can reduce the number of required GCP and tie-point to a minimum. At the same time, ISO provides an excellent means to QA/QC the EO from a DG system
关键词：Aerial Mapping; Aerial Triangulation; Direct Georeferencing; GPS/INS
