摘要：Smoking is recognized as the most important cause of preventable death and disease. Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for oral mucosal lesions and periodontal disease. An association between periodontal disease and smoking has been found in many studies. The negative influence of smoking on the response to non surgical and surgical periodontal therapy has also been indicated in the literature. The aim of this review is to update the general knowledge about the effects of smoking on periodontal disease process.
