摘要：This article draws upon the literature on governance so as to analyze substantive consequences of citizen participation in urban policies. Nevertheless, we believe that such analysis must take into account public policy’ ability to incorporate complexity. In order to do so, we suggest the notion of "integrality". Thus, understanding cities as urban assemblies made up of multiple versions of reality leads us to rethink the notion of politics. Subsequently, the idea of public action is developed offering new, hybrid and non modern concepts of political subjects and democracy.
