Trends in U.S. Trade in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Services and in ICT-Enabled Services.

Grimm, Alexis N.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS technologies (ICT) play a vital role in the facilitation of trade in many types of services. Technological advances and reductions in costs for ICT over time have led to a greater opportunity for the remote provision and procurement of services across international borders. The desire to understand how these technological changes may affect international trade in ICT services and of the services trade taking place over ICT networks has led to increased interest in measuring such trade. This article builds on the international statistical community' recent progress toward more precisely defining the types of services that fall into these categories. It presents statistics for 1999-2014 of U.S. trade in ICT and potentially ICT-enabled services using statistics published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) on international trade in services. In keeping with the Bureau of Economic Analysis' mission, these statistics promote a better understanding how U.S. companies engaged in services trade are reaching global markets. They also shed light on whether and how companies have reconfigured their global value chains over time in response to improvements in ICT.

This article updates and extends an earlier paper, "Trends in Digitally Enabled Trade in Services, 1998-2010," which featured estimates of ICT-enabled services trade (referred in that article as "digitally enabled" services trade) compiled from statistics published by BEA. (1) This article refines the definition of ICT-enabled services used in the earlier article with the expanded detail in trade in services resulting from the comprehensive restructuring of the international economic accounts in 2014. (2) It also introduces statistics on trade in ICT services and country-level statistics on trade in potentially ICT-enabled services.

ICT services are those services that are used to facilitate information processing and communication. ICT services presented in this article include three categories of services from BEA' published statistics on international trade in services: telecommunications services, computer services, and charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software (table A). ICT-enabled services are "services with outputs delivered remotely over ICT networks." (3) This article also features a more broadly defined concept, potentially ICT-enabled services. For many types of services, the actual mode of delivery is unknown. Potentially ICT-enabled services include services types that can predominantly be delivered remotely over ICT networks without identifying the services that are delivered over ICT networks. See the box, "Defining ICT and Potentially ICT-Enabled Trade in Services." Statistics on potentially ICT-enabled services are composed of BEA' published statistics on international trade in insurance services; financial services; charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.; telecommunications, computer, and information services; and certain other services included in other business services (table A). Potentially ICT-enabled services include ICT services. Before 2006, limited detail is available for statistics on certain types of services trade. Consequently, ICT and potentially ICT-enabled statistics for 1999-2005 are partly based on estimates of subcomponents within services categories. (4)

In 2014, exports of ICT services were $68.4 billion, and imports of ICT services were $37.8 billion, resulting in a trade surplus in ICT services of $30.6 billion. Exports of potentially ICT-enabled services were $385.1 billion, and imports of potentially ICT-enabled services were $230.9 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of $154.2 billion (chart 1). The statistics on trade in ICT services and trade in potentially ICT-enabled services presented in this article are available starting for 1999, the earliest year for which BEA has published data on trade in services by type that allow for ICT services and potentially ICT-enabled services to be separately identified or estimated.5 From 1999 to 2014, ICT services exports and potentially ICT-enabled services exports and imports more than tripled, and ICT services imports more than doubled (chart 2).6 Exports of both ICT and potentially ICT-enabled services grew faster than imports, leading to an increase in the trade surplus in ICT services from 1.7 percent to 2.6 percent of total trade in services (exports plus imports) and to an increase in the trade surplus in potentially ICT-enabled services from 10.9 percent to 13.0 percent of total trade in services. The growth in the surplus on trade in potentially ICT-enabled services contributed to the growth of the surplus on trade in all services, which increased from 16.9 percent to 19.6 percent of total trade in services over the same period.

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This article describes trade in ICT services and in potentially ICT-enabled services in 2014 and examines trends in these series from 1999. First, overall trade is discussed, followed by a discussion of U.S. trade in ICT and potentially ICT-enabled services by partner country. Summary statistics are provided in each section. For additional statistics, see tables 1-8 that follow this article. The following are key findings identified in this article:

* From the early 2000s to 2008, trade in ICT and potentially ICT-enabled services grew most rapidly. Growth slowed considerably in 2009, reflecting the broader economic slowdown and then resumed in 2010 for exports and in 2011 for imports before starting to slow again in 2012. Exports and imports of ICT services contracted in 2014.

* In 2014, the majority of trade in ICT services was between affiliated trading partners, and the majority of trade in potentially ICT-enabled services was between unaffiliated trading partners.

* In 2014, Europe accounted for the most exports of ICT services, exports of potentially ICT-enabled services, and imports of potentially ICT-enabled services by region. Asia and Pacific accounted for the most imports of ICT services.

* In 2014, the United States had trade surpluses in ICT services with every region except the Middle East and with all regions in potentially ICT-enabled services. The largest trade surpluses in ICT services were with Europe and Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere. The largest surpluses in potentially ICT-enabled services were with Europe and Asia and Pacific.

U.S. Exports

ICT services

In 2014, the most recent year for which BEA' most detailed annual trade in services statistics are available, exports of ICT services were $68.4 billion, or 9.6 percent of total services exports (table B). By service type, more than half of ICT exports in 2014 were exports that reflect charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software (chart 3). By affiliation status of trading partners, just over half of all ICT exports were to affiliated purchasers in 2014 (table C).

From 1999, the earliest year for which BEA has published data on trade in services by type that allow for ICT services to be separately identified or estimated, to 2014, ICT exports increased at an average annual rate of 7.6 percent (table D). Over that same period, exports of all services types grew by an average annual rate of 6.6 percent, resulting in an increase in ICT services' share of all services exports to 9.6 percent from 8.3 percent (table B). Exports of ICT services grew rapidly from 2003 to 2008, but growth slowed in 2009, reflecting the broader economic slowdown. Growth resumed in 2010 and 2011, but slowed again from 2012 to 2013. ICT exports contracted in 2014. More than half of the increase in ICT exports from 1999-2014 was in exports that reflect charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software, which more than tripled over that period (chart 3).

Potentially ICT-enabled services

Exports of potentially ICT-enabled services were $385.1 billion in 2014, accounting for 54.2 percent of total services exports (table B). The services categories with the largest potentially ICT-enabled exports in 2014 were exports that reflect charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. and the potentially ICT-enabled services types categorized under other business services (chart 4). In 2014, 50.5 percent of potentially ICT-enabled exports were to affiliated trading partners (table C). (7)

From 1999 to 2014, potentially ICT-enabled exports grew at an average annual rate of 8.4 percent (table D). Exports of not potentially ICT-enabled services, which mainly consist of travel (for all purposes including education), transport, maintenance and repair services n.i.e., and government goods and services n.i.e., grew at an average annual rate of 5.0 percent over the same period, resulting in an increase in potentially ICT-enabled services' share of all services exports to 54.2 percent from 42.3 percent. Most of this growth was in the first half of the period; growth slowed in 2009 but resumed in 2010 and 2011, before slowing again from 2012 to 2014.

Among the major categories of services, the largest increases in potentially ICT-enabled services exports for 1999-2014 were in charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., the potentially ICT-enabled portion of other business services, and in financial services (chart 4). The major categories with the fastest average annual rates of growth over the same period were insurance services (12.3 percent) and financial services (10.5 percent) (table 1).

U.S. Imports

ICT services

Imports of ICT services were $37.8 billion, accounting for 7.9 percent of total services imports in 2014 (table B). Nearly two-thirds of ICT imports were in computer services (chart 3). Seventy percent of all ICT imports were from affiliated trading partners (table C).

From 1999 to 2014, ICT imports grew at an average annual rate of 6.5 percent, while imports of all services types grew at an average annual rate of 6.2 percent, leading to a slight increase in the share of ICT services imports of all services imports to 7.9 percent from 7.6 percent (tables D and B). ICT imports more than doubled from 2002 to 2008, but their growth slowed in 2009. As with growth in ICT exports, after increasing from 2010 to 2011, growth in ICT imports again slowed from 2012 to 2013 and ICT imports contracted in 2014. More than 80 percent of the increase in ICT imports over the period 1999-2014 was due to an increase in imports of computer services, and the remainder was more than accounted for by an increase in imports that reflected charges for the use of computer software. Imports of telecommunications services contracted between 1999 and 2014 (chart 3).

Potentially ICT-enabled services

In 2014, imports of potentially ICT-enabled services were $230.9 billion, accounting for 48.4 percent of total services imports (table B). The potentially ICT-enabled services in other business services and insurance services combined for more than half of total potentially ICT-enabled services imports (chart 4). In 2014, 52.9 percent of potentially ICT-enabled imports were from unaffiliated trading partners (table C).

From 1999 to 2014, potentially ICT-enabled imports grew at an average annual rate of 8.9 percent, while imports of not potentially ICT-enabled services grew at an average annual rate of 4.4 percent, resulting in an increase in potentially ICT-enabled services' share of all services imports to 48.4 percent from 33.3 percent (tables D and B). Growth was most rapid in 2004-2008, then slowed in 2009-2010, reflecting the broader economic slowdown. Growth resumed in 2011, but again slowed from 2012 to 2014.

Other business services and insurance services together accounted for nearly two-thirds of the increase in potentially ICT-enabled services imports in 1999-2014 (chart 4). They also were the categories with the most rapid growth over the same period; insurance grew at an average annual rate of 11.8 percent, and the potentially ICT-enabled services in other business services--research and development services, professional and management consulting services, architectural and engineering services, industrial engineering, training services, and other business services n.i.e.--collectively grew at an average annual rate of 10.4 percent (table 2).

U.S. Trade Balance

ICT services

The surplus on ICT services was $30.6 billion in 2014, primarily reflecting a surplus on charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software (table B). From 1999 to 2014, the surplus on ICT services grew at an average annual rate of 9.4 percent, while the surplus on all services types grew at an average annual rate of 7.5 percent, leading to an increase in the ICT services' share of the all-services surplus to 13.1 percent from 10.1 percent (tables D and B). Nearly all of the increase in the surplus on ICT services in 1999-2014 was due to an increase in the surplus on charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software. Over the same period, the balance of trade in telecommunications services shifted from a deficit to a surplus, and the deficit on computer services grew.

Potentially ICT-enabled services

In 2014, the surplus on potentially ICT-enabled services was $154.2 billion, primarily reflecting surpluses on charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., financial services, and the potentially ICT-enabled components in other business services (table B). A deficit on insurance services was partly offsetting. From 1999 to 2014, the surplus on potentially ICT-enabled services grew at an average annual rate of 7.7 percent, while the surplus on imports of not potentially ICT-enabled services grew at an average annual rate of 7.2 percent, resulting in a slight increase in the potentially ICT-enabled services' share of the surplus on total services to 66.2 percent from 64.6 percent (tables D and B). An increase in the surpluses on financial services and on charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. more than accounted for the increase in the surplus on potentially ICT-enabled services.

ICT and ICT-Enabled Services by Partner Country

The share of total services trade in ICT and potentially ICT-enabled services exports and imports varies by region and by country. BEA' statistics on potentially ICT-enabled services by country use a slightly different definition of potentially ICT-enabled services than for the all-country totals in the previous section because less detail is available by service type in BEA' published statistics of trade in services by country. (8) For countries for which one or more of the components of ICT or potentially ICT-enabled services exports or imports was suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies, a range of possible values was calculated to rank the value of ICT and potentially ICT services exports and imports for all countries whose U.S. exports and imports of services are separately published by BEA. (9)

U.S. exports

ICT services

By major region, the 2014 rank ordering of ICT services exports was the same as the rank ordering of total exports. Europe accounted for the most exports of ICT and total services, followed by Asia and Pacific and Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (table E and chart 5). Nonetheless, ICT services shares of total exports varied by region. The largest ICT shares were for Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (11.9 percent) and Europe (10.4 percent); the Middle East had the lowest share (3.5 percent) (table E). By country, the top five destinations for ICT exports in 2014 of those separately published by BEA were Brazil, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and Germany (chart 6). (10) These top five countries are among the top nine markets for total services exports, but Brazil' ranking is much higher for ICT exports than its rank of eighth-largest export market for total services exports.

Exports of ICT services to Europe grew to $27.7 billion in 2014 from $14.5 billion in 2006, representing an average annual growth rate of 8.4 percent (chart 7). (11) More than half of the increase in ICT services exports to Europe over that period was due to an increase in charges for the use of computer software in 2007, particularly to Ireland and to the United Kingdom. Exports of ICT services to other top destinations also grew strongly from 2006 to 2014. Exports to Asia and Pacific grew at an average annual rate of 5.7 percent. Exports to Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere grew at an annual average rate of 16 percent.

Potentially ICT-enabled services

As with ICT services exports, Europe was the largest regional destination for U.S. exports of potentially ICT-enabled services in 2014, followed by Asia and Pacific and by Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (table E and chart 8). For three regions potentially ICT-enabled services accounted for half or more of all services exports: Europe (68.7 percent), Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (50.7 percent), and Africa (50.0 percent). Potentially ICT-enabled services exports accounted for the lowest regional share in the Middle East (40.1 percent). By country, the top five destinations of potentially ICT-enabled exports in 2014 were the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Japan, and Switzerland (chart 9). These countries were also among the top seven markets for total services exports in 2014.

Exports of potentially ICT-enabled services to the top regional destination, Europe, grew to $183.7 billion in 2014 from $111.2 billion in 2006, representing an average annual growth rate of 6.5 percent (chart 10). Exports of potentially ICT-enabled services to other top regional destinations also grew strongly from 2006 to 2014. Exports of potentially ICT-enabled services to Asia and Pacific grew by an average annual rate of 8.9 percent. Exports to Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere grew at an average annual rate of 9.8 percent.

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U.S. imports

ICT services

Asia and Pacific was the largest regional source for U.S. imports of ICT services in 2014, followed by Europe (table E and chart 11). The two regions were ranked in the reverse order for total services imports. The regions where the largest shares of total services imports were accounted for by ICT services were Canada (16.9 percent) and Asia and Pacific (12.3 percent). Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (3.4 percent) and Africa (3.5 percent) had the lowest shares (table E). The top five countries of origin for ICT imports in 2014 were India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Mexico (chart 12). Although these countries were also among the top ten countries of origin for total services imports in 2014, the rank ordering is quite different. India ranked seventh and Canada ranked fourth for total services imports.

Imports of ICT services from the top region of origin, Asia and Pacific, grew to $15.2 billion in 2014 from $7.8 billion in 2007, representing an average annual growth rate of 9.9 percent (chart 7). (12) Nearly all of the increase over that period was due to an increase in computer services. In contrast, imports of ICT services from Europe grew more slowly, growing at an average annual rate of 3.0 percent from 2006 to 2014, which led to Asia and Pacific overtaking Europe as the top region of origin for ICT imports in 2011.

Potentially ICT-enabled services

Europe was the largest regional source for imports of potentially ICT-enabled services in 2014, followed by Asia and Pacific and Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (table E and chart 13). Potentially ICT-enabled services accounted for a majority of all services imports (52.7 percent) from Europe and just under half of all imports from Canada (49.8 percent) and Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (49.0 percent) (table E). The top five countries of origin of potentially ICT-enabled imports in 2014 were the United Kingdom, Bermuda, India, Japan, and Switzerland. These countries were all in the top seven countries of origin for total services imports in 2014.

Imports of potentially ICT-enabled services from the top region of origin, Europe, increased to $106.9 billion in 2014 from $73.9 billion in 2006, representing an average annual growth rate of 4.7 percent (chart 10). Imports of potentially ICT-enabled services from other top regions of origin also grew strongly over this period. Imports from Asia and Pacific grew at an average annual rate of 9.5 percent. Imports from Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere grew at an average annual rate of 7.4 percent.

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U.S. trade balance

ICT services

In 2014, the largest surpluses by region in ICT services were with Europe and with Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere (table E). The United States also had surpluses in ICT services with Asia and Pacific, Africa, and Canada and a deficit with the Middle East. In contrast, the largest surplus for total services was with Asia and Pacific. The five largest surpluses in ICT services were with Brazil, Japan, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, and Bermuda (chart 15). The largest deficit was with India, which was more than accounted for by a deficit in computer services.

The surplus on ICT services from Europe grew to $14.7 billion in 2014 from $4.2 billion in 2007. Most of the increase over that period was in charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software and in computer services. The surplus in Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere also grew significantly, to $12.4 billion from $2.4 billion; an increase in the surplus with Brazil accounted for nearly half of the increase.

Potentially ICT-enabled services

The largest surpluses by region in potentially ICT-enabled services in 2014 were with Europe and Asia and Pacific. Total services trade surpluses for these two regions were ranked in the reverse order. The United States also had surpluses on potentially ICT-enabled services with Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere, Canada, the Middle East, and Africa. (13) The five largest trade surpluses in potentially ICT-enabled imports in 2014 were with Ireland, Canada, the United Kingdom, Korea, and China (chart 16). The largest deficits were with Bermuda and India.

The surplus on potentially ICT-enabled services from the region with the largest surplus, Europe, increased to $76.8 billion in 2014 from $37.3 billion in 2006. The surplus on potentially ICT-enabled services with Asia and Pacific increased to $35.3 billion from $19.1 billion. In Asia and Pacific, increases in the surpluses in ICT services with China ($8.0 billion in 2014 from $2.1 billion in 2006), Australia ($7.6 billion from $2.5 billion), and Korea ($8.3 billion from $3.8 billion) together exceeded an increase in the deficit with India ($13.3 billion from $3.5 billion).

Potentially ICT-enabled services

ICT-enabled services are "services that are delivered remotely over ICT networks" and "include activities that can be specified, performed, delivered, evaluated and consumed electronically." (4) This broad definition includes a variety of types of services, excluding those services types that necessarily involve the movement of physical objects or people or those that require face-to-face contact. Unlike ICT services, it is not possible to identify precisely ICT-enabled services using the EBOPS 2010 classification because the EBOPS classification system is based on the types of services traded, not the mode of delivery of the service. UNCTAD therefore recommends measuring a related concept, potentially ICT-enabled services, which includes service types that can predominantly be delivered remotely over ICT networks, a subset of which are actually delivered via that method. Potentially ICT-enabled services include ICT services as well as other potentially ICT-enabled services and correspond to the following services types in BEA' published statistics on international trade in services: insurance services; financial services; charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.; telecommunications, computer, and information services; and certain services included in other business services, including professional and management consulting services and research and development. Potentially ICT-enabled services include ICT services. The full list of services types identified as being potentially ICT-enabled is shown by the shaded (yellow and blue) rows in table A.

1. The definitions are from Sturgeon, Fredriksson, Fondeur, and Korka.

2. Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (Geneva: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2010) and Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2009).

3. Sturgeon, Fredriksson, Fondeur, and Korka, 3, paragraph 6.

4. Sturgeon, Fredriksson, Fondeur, and Korka, 3, paragraph 8, and 9, paragraph 22.

By Alexis N. Grimm

Data Availability

Tables A-E and 1-8 presented in this article are available in an Excel file on BEA's Web site. Statistics on ICT services and potentially ICT-enabled services for 2015 will be released in October 2016 when BEA publishes its most detailed annual statistics for U.S. international services. The statistics presented in this article for 2013 and 2014 will also be revised at that time.

Worldwide Trends in ICT-Enabled Trade in Services

Many countries do not compile statistics at the level of detail needed to calculate ICT services or potentially ICT-enabled services trade statistics. In addition, in recent years, many countries have restructured their trade in services statistics to conform more closely with the "Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification" presented in the updated Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010, thus limiting the comparability of statistics for recent years with those for older years. Despite these limitations, data on trade in services collected by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from its member countries were used to calculate comparable estimates of ICT and potentially ICT-enabled trade for 2010-2014 for a set of countries that accounted for 67 percent of world exports and 58 percent of world imports in 2014. (1) For these countries, 50 percent of exports and 46 percent of imports were potentially ICT-enabled in 2014, an increase in both shares from 47 percent of exports and 43 percent of imports in 2010. These figures suggest that the share of global trade in services accounted for by potentially ICT-enabled trade has increased over this period. The shares for other countries are lower than the shares for the United States, which remained at 54 percent for exports in 2014 and 2010,and decreased slightly to 48 percent in 2014 from 49 percent in 2010 for imports.

(1) The countries included in this comparison are Australia, Canada, the European Union (28 member countries), Hong Kong, Israel, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. The shares of world exports and imports for this set of countries were calculated using the World Trade Organization' 2015 international trade in services statistics. Potentially ICT-enabled services exports and imports were calculated for these countries using statistics available in the OECD.stat database on trade in services by partner country as the sum of the following services type categories: insurance and pension services; financial services; charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.; telecommunications, computer, and information services; research and development services; professional and management consulting services; architectural, engineering, scientific and other technical services; and other business services n.i.e.

Defining ICT and Potentially ICT-Enabled Trade in Services--Continues

Guidance on standards for internationally comparable statistics on ICT and ICT-enabled services has been by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Task Group on Measuring Trade in ICT Services and ICT- Enabled Services. (1) The task group' October 2015 report is the first to offer a detailed classification of ICT-enabled services based on existing international statistical guidelines for compiling trade in services statistics, including the United Nations' Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010 (MSITS) and the International Monetary Fund' Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition. (2)

ICT services

ICT services are those that are "intended to enable and/or fulfill the function of information processing and communication." (3) UNCTAD identified a number of industries in the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4 that should be classified as ICT services industries. To facilitate the production of detailed statistics on trade in ICT services, UNCTAD also proposed a corresponding grouping of ICT services categories based on the Extended Balance of Payments Services classification (EBOPS 2010) established by MSITS. In BEA' published statistics on international trade in services, these services types are telecommunications services, computer services, and charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software, as shown in the blue shaded rows of table A.

For 1999-2005, statistics on services trade that reflect charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software are not available because of source data limitations. However, published statistics are available for its parent category, charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. and for one subcomponent of that parent category not considered an ICT service, charges for the use of movies and television programming. To provide estimates of ICT trade for these years, these data were used to calculate a range of possible values for ICT exports and imports for each year in 1999-2005. The lower bound of the range is equal to the sum of telecommunications and computer services and the upper bound is equal to the sum of telecommunications services, computer services, and charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. less charges for the use of movies and television programming. The data were also used to calculate a point estimate for 1999-2005 ICT services by multiplying charges for the use of intellectual property associated with computer software' 2006 share of nonmovie/television programming charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. (0.32 for exports and 0.13 for imports) by the value of nonmovie/television programming charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e in the earlier years. An example of these calculations for 2005 is shown in chart I, and the point estimates and the range of possible values for 1999-2005 are shown by the dotted lines and shaded areas extending from the solid line graphs of ICT services exports and imports in chart 2 on page 2.

Potentially ICT-enabled services

ICT-enabled services are "services that are delivered remotely over ICT networks" and "include activities that can be specified, performed, delivered, evaluated and consumed electronically." (4) This broad definition includes a variety of types of services, excluding those services types that necessarily involve the movement of physical objects or people or those that require face-to-face contact. Unlike ICT services, it is not possible to identify precisely ICT-enabled services using the EBOPS 2010 classification because the EBOPS classification system is based on the types of services traded, not the mode of delivery of the service. UNCTAD therefore recommends measuring a related concept, potentially ICT-enabled services, which includes service types that can predominantly be delivered remotely over ICT networks, a subset of which are actually delivered via that method. Potentially ICT-enabled services include ICT services as well as other potentially ICT-enabled services and correspond to the following services types in BEA's published statistics on international trade in services: insurance services; financial services; charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.; telecommunications, computer, and information services; and certain services included in other business services, including professional and management consulting services and research and development. Potentially ICTenabled services include ICT services. The full list of services types identified as being potentially ICT-enabled is shown by the shaded (yellow and blue) rows in table A.

For 1999-2005, statistics on services trade for the service types within technical, trade-related, and other business services are not available because of source data limitations. However, published statistics are available for technical, trade-related, and other business services as a whole and for a separate subcomponent of that parent category not considered potentially ICT-enabled, operating leasing services. These two series were used to calculate a range of possible values for potentially ICT-enabled exports and imports, with the lower bound equal to the sum of insurance services, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., telecommunications, computer, and information services, professional and management consulting services, and research and development services and the upper bound equal to the sum of those categories as well as technical, trade-related, and other business services less operating leasing services. A point estimate for potentially ICT-enabled services was also calculated for 1999-2005 by identifying the share of technical, trade-related, and other business services less operating leasing services considered potentially ICT-enabled in 2006 (0.73 for exports and 0.68 for imports), and multiplying that share by the value of technical, trade-related, and other business services less operating leasing in 1999-2005. An example of these calculations for 2005 is shown in chart II, and the point estimates and range of possible values for 1999-2005 are shown by the dotted lines and shaded areas extending from the solid line graphs of potentially ICT-enabled services exports and imports in chart 2 on page 2.

(1.) The definitions are from Sturgeon, Fredriksson, Fondeur, and Korka.

(2.) Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (Geneva: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2010) and Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2009).

(3.) Sturgeon, Fredriksson, Fondeur, and Korka, 3, paragraph 6.

(4.) Sturgeon, Fredriksson, Fondeur, and Korka, 3, paragraph 8, and 9, paragraph 22.

(1.) Maria Borga and Jennifer Koncz-Bruner. "Trends in Digitally Enabled Trade in Services, 1998-2010" (June 2012).

(2.) For more information, see Maria Borga and Kristy L. Howell, "The Comprehensive Restructuring of the International Economic Accounts: Changes in Definitions, Classifications, and Presentations," SURVEY OF CUR RENT BUSINESS 90 (March 2014).

(3.) Timothy J. Sturgeon, TorbjA[paragraph]rn Fredriksson, Scarlett Fondeur, and Diana Korka, International Trade in ICT Services and ICT-Enabled Services: Proposed Indicators from the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Division on Technology and Logistics, Science, Technology and ICT Branch, ICT Analysis Section, October 2015).

(4.) For more detailed definitions of ICT and potentially ICT-enabled services, see the box "Defining ICT and Potentially ICT-Enabled Trade in Services." For the full list of types of trade in services in BEA' published statistics that are identified as ICT and as potentially ICT-enabled, see table 1.

(5.) The statistics presented in this article are calculated from BEA' published statistics on trade in services, not from the underlying data used to compile the services trade statistics. For future years, statistics on trade in ICT services and trade in potentially ICT-enabled services will be calculated from the underlying data by the same processing system used for the other services trade statistics. The statistics in this article may differ slightly from those that will be published in future years because of differences in the rounding procedures used.

(6.) All statistics presented in this article are in current dollars and all growth rates are in nominal terms.

(7.) In addition to the services types included in potentially ICT-enabled services for the trade by all affiliation types, the statistics by affiliation also include trade-related services, sports and performing arts, and mining, which cannot be disaggregated from the potentially ICT-enabled services in the category "other" technical, trade-related, and other business services (lines 58 and 117 of international services table 2.3). In 2014, the total of these three categories for all countries accounted for 53.8 percent of the category "other" technical, trade-related, and other business services exports and 1.5 percent of potentially ICT-enabled services exports; for imports, these shares were 37.4 percent and 1.8 percent, respectively.

(8.) In addition to those services types included in potentially ICT-enabled services for the trade with all countries statistics, the statistics by partner country also include trade-related services, sports and performing arts, and mining, which cannot be disaggregated from the potentially ICT-enabled services in the category "other" technical, trade-related, and other business services (lines 58 and 117 of international services table 2.3). In 2014, the total of these three categories for all countries accounted for 53.8 percent of the category "other" technical, trade-related, and other business services exports and 1.5 percent of potentially ICT-enabled services exports. For imports these shares were 37.4 percent and 1.8 percent, respectively.

(9.) ICT and potentially ICT-enabled statistics have more suppressions than some other BEA datasets because the suppression procedures applied to the components did not account for the eventuality that the ICT and potentially ICT-enabled totals would be published. In most cases the categories that are suppressed are relatively small parts of the total. For countries where one or more components are suppressed, charts 6, 9, 12, and 14-16 include an upper bound and lower bound that establish a range of possible values. The lower bound is equal to the sum of the unsuppressed services types included in ICT or potentially ICT-enabled services that appear in charts 6, 9, 12, and 14-16. The upper bound is calculated as the sum of the parent category of the suppressed component less any unsuppressed sub-categories of that parent that are not considered ICT or potentially ICT-enabled services trade in charts 6, 9, 12, and 14-16. The lower bound is used to rank each country' total ICT services and potentially ICT-enabled services trade in charts 6-14. More sophisticated methods for determining the lower and upper bounds exist and may have served to tighten the range of the bounds, but these were not used to compile these charts.

(10.) Ireland has also historically been an important market for ICT services exports, but the values of exports of various components of ICT services exports have been suppressed since 2010 to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies. In 2014 the upper bound for ICT services exports to Ireland was 10,124, which was larger than exports to the United Kingdom, the top market identified using available data.

(11.) The year 2006 was the first for which BEA has published data on trade in services by type and by country that allow for ICT services by partner country to be calculated from published statistics.

(12.) The year 2007 was the first for which BEA has published data on trade in services by type and by country that allow for ICT services imports from Asia and Pacific to be calculated from published statistics.

(13.) Imports of potentially ICT-enabled services from the Middle East and Africa were suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data from individual companies in 2014, but based on the range of possible values for the trade balance in potentially ICT-enabled services ($3.4-$6.8 billion for the Middle East and $3.3-$5.3 billion for Africa), the United States had a trade surplus with both regions. See footnote 9 for an explanation of how the range of values was calculated.

Table A. Trade in Selected Services Types by ICT and Potentially
ICT-Enabled Services Categories, 2014
[Millions of dollars]

                                                            Exports

Total services                                              710,565
Potentially ICT-enabled services                            385,108
 ICT services                                                68,374
 Other potentially ICT-enabled services                     316,734
Not potentially ICT-enabled services                        325,457
Total services                                              710,565
 Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.                      22,389
 Transport                                                   90,031
 Travel (for all purposes including education)              177,241
 Insurance services                                          17,417
 Financial services                                          87,290
 Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.        130,362
  Industrial processes                                       48,723
  Computer software                                          39,514
  Trademarks                                                 16,883
  Franchise fees                                              5,735
  Audio-visual and related products                          19,414
  Other intellectual property                                    94
 Telecommunications, computer, and information services      35,885
  Telecommunications services                                13,550
  Computer services                                          15,310
  Information services                                        7,025
 Other business services                                    129,514
  Research and development services                          33,192
  Professional and management consulting services            59,487
  Technical, trade-related, and other business services      36,834
   Architectural and engineering services                    12,343
   Construction                                               1,971
   Industrial engineering                                     4,085
   Mining                                                     3,797
   Operating leasing services                                 7,505
   Trade-related services                                     1,269
   Sports and performing arts                                   817
   Training services                                          2,515
   Other business services n.i.e.                             2,532
 Government goods and services n.i.e.                        20,438

                                                            Imports

Total services                                              477,428
Potentially ICT-enabled services                            230,875
 ICT services                                                37,815
 Other potentially ICT-enabled services                     193,060
Not potentially ICT-enabled services                        246,553
Total services                                              477,428
 Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.                       7,468
 Transport                                                   94,219
 Travel (for all purposes including education)              110,787
 Insurance services                                          50,096
 Financial services                                          19,503
 Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.         42,124
  Industrial processes                                       23,783
  Computer software                                           6,773
  Trademarks                                                    (D)
  Franchise fees                                                (D)
  Audio-visual and related products                           7,643
  Other intellectual property                                   114
 Telecommunications, computer, and information services      33,314
  Telecommunications services                                 6,656
  Computer services                                          24,386
  Information services                                        2,272
 Other business services                                     95,752
  Research and development services                          33,048
  Professional and management consulting services            38,163
  Technical, trade-related, and other business services      24,542
   Architectural and engineering services                     4,986
   Construction                                               2,261
   Industrial engineering                                     2,691
   Mining                                                     1,762
   Operating leasing services                                 3,509
   Trade-related services                                     1,390
   Sports and performing arts                                   992
   Training services                                          1,260
   Other business services n.i.e.                             5,690
 Government goods and services n.i.e.                        24,163

                                                            Balance

Total services                                              233,137
Potentially ICT-enabled services                            154,233
 ICT services                                                30,559
 Other potentially ICT-enabled services                     123,674
Not potentially ICT-enabled services                         78,904
Total services                                              233,137
 Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.                      14,921
 Transport                                                   -4,188
 Travel (for all purposes including education)               66,454
 Insurance services                                         -32,679
 Financial services                                          67,787
 Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.         88,238
  Industrial processes                                       24,940
  Computer software                                          32,741
  Trademarks                                                    (D)
  Franchise fees                                                (D)
  Audio-visual and related products                          11,771
  Other intellectual property                                   -20
 Telecommunications, computer, and information services       2,571
  Telecommunications services                                 6,894
  Computer services                                          -9,076
  Information services                                        4,753
 Other business services                                     33,762
  Research and development services                             144
  Professional and management consulting services            21,324
  Technical, trade-related, and other business services      12,292
   Architectural and engineering services                     7,357
   Construction                                                -290
   Industrial engineering                                     1,394
   Mining                                                     2,035
   Operating leasing services                                 3,996
   Trade-related services                                      -121
   Sports and performing arts                                  -175
   Training services                                          1,255
   Other business services n.i.e.                            -3,158
 Government goods and services n.i.e.                        -3,725

ICT Information and communications technology
ICT services
Other potentially ICT-enabled services
(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of the data of individual
companies.
n.i.e. Not included elsewhere

Chart 1. Trade in ICT and Potentially ICT-Enabled Services, 2014

                           Exports  Imports  Balance
                              Billions of dollars

Not ICT-enabled services   325.5    246.6     78.9
Other potentially
ICT-enabled services       316.7    193.1    123.7
ICT services                68.4     37.8     30.6
Potentially ICT-enabled
services                   385.1    230.9    154.2

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Table B. Trade in ICT Services and in Potentially ICT-Enabled Services,
1999-2014

                                Potentially ICT-enabled services

          All                     Total          ICT services
       services
       (Millions       Total
      of dollars)  (Millions of    As a         Total        As a
                     dollars)      share      (Millions      share
                                  of all     of dollars)    of all
                                 services                  services
                                 (Percent)                 (Percent)
                                  Exports

1999   271,343       114,830        42.3        22,646        8.3
2000   290,381       122,220        42.1        23,472        8.1
2001   274,323       122,616        44.7        23,215        8.5
2002   280,670       132,452        47.2        24,009        8.6
2003   289,972       142,427        49.1        25,852        8.9
2004   337,966       168,062        49.7        29,537        8.7
2005   373,006       183,124        49.1        32,009        8.6
2006   416,738       215,508        51.7        35,494        8.5
2007   488,396       258,566        52.9        44,908        9.2
2008   532,817       277,769        52.1        49,915        9.4
2009   512,722       280,768        54.8        49,940        9.7
2010   563,333       305,582        54.2        55,910        9.9
2011   627,781       342,399        54.5        63,244       10.1
2012   656,411       353,520        53.9        66,796       10.2
2013   687,894       369,975        53.8        70,714       10.3
2014   710,565       385,108        54.2        68,374        9.6

                                  Imports

1999   192,893        64,140        33.3        14,697        7.6
2000   216,115        71,477        33.1        14,183        6.6
2001   213,465        77,194        36.2        14,135        6.6
2002   224,379        86,991        38.8        13,821        6.2
2003   242,219        92,427        38.2        15,112        6.2
2004   283,083       106,644        37.7        16,693        5.9
2005   304,448       114,163        37.5        18,519        6.1
2006   341,165       141,358        41.4        22,162        6.5
2007   372,575       164,067        44.0        26,394        7.1
2008   409,052       189,872        46.4        29,790        7.3
2009   386,801       194,961        50.4        30,626        7.9
2010   409,313       200,976        49.1        32,621        8.0
2011   435,761       216,537        49.7        36,615        8.4
2012   452,013       221,013        48.9        37,604        8.3
2013   463,700       225,840        48.7        38,267        8.3
2014   477,428       230,875        48.4        37,815        7.9

                                   Balance

1999    78,450        50,690        64.6         7,949       10.1
2000    74,266        50,744        68.3         9,290       12.5
2001    60,858        45,421        74.6         9,080       14.9
2002    56,291        45,461        80.8        10,187       18.1
2003    47,753        50,000       104.7        10,740       22.5
2004    54,883        61,418       111.9        12,843       23.4
2005    68,558        68,961       100.6        13,490       19.7
2006    75,573        74,150        98.1        13,332       17.6
2007   115,821        94,499        81.6        18,514       16.0
2008   123,765        87,897        71.0        20,125       16.3
2009   125,921        85,807        68.1        19,314       15.3
2010   154,020       104,606        67.9        23,289       15.1
2011   192,020       125,862        65.5        26,629       13.9
2012   204,398       132,507        64.8        29,192       14.3
2013   224,194       144,135        64.3        32,447       14.5
2014   233,137       154,233        66.2        30,559       13.1

        Potentially ICT-enabled    Not potentially ICT-
              services               enabled services
            Other potentially
               ICT-enabled                      As a
                services                       share
          Total        As a         Total      of all
       (Millions of   share     (Millions of  services
         dollars)     of all       dollars)   (Percent)
                     services
                     (Percent)


1999      92,183       34.0        156,513       57.7
2000      98,748       34.0        168,161       57.9
2001      99,401       36.2        151,707       55.3
2002     108,443       38.6        148,218       52.8
2003     116,575       40.2        147,545       50.9
2004     138,526       41.0        169,904       50.3
2005     151,115       40.5        189,882       50.9
2006     180,014       43.2        201,230       48.3
2007     213,658       43.7        229,830       47.1
2008     227,854       42.8        255,048       47.9
2009     230,828       45.0        231,954       45.2
2010     249,672       44.3        257,751       45.8
2011     279,155       44.5        285,382       45.5
2012     286,724       43.7        302,891       46.1
2013     299,261       43.5        317,919       46.2
2014     316,734       44.6        325,457       45.8



1999      49,443       25.6        128,753       66.7
2000      57,294       26.5        144,638       66.9
2001      63,060       29.5        136,271       63.8
2002      73,169       32.6        137,388       61.2
2003      77,315       31.9        149,792       61.8
2004      89,951       31.8        176,439       62.3
2005      95,643       31.4        190,285       62.5
2006     119,196       34.9        199,807       58.6
2007     137,673       37.0        208,508       56.0
2008     160,082       39.1        219,180       53.6
2009     164,335       42.5        191,840       49.6
2010     168,355       41.1        208,337       50.9
2011     179,922       41.3        219,224       50.3
2012     183,409       40.6        231,000       51.1
2013     187,573       40.5        237,860       51.3
2014     193,060       40.4        246,553       51.6



1999      42,741       54.5         27,760       35.4
2000      41,454       55.8         23,522       31.7
2001      36,341       59.7         15,437       25.4
2002      35,273       62.7         10,830       19.2
2003      39,260       82.2         -2,247       -4.7
2004      48,575       88.5         -6,535      -11.9
2005      55,471       80.9           -403       -0.6
2006      60,818       80.5          1,423        1.9
2007      75,985       65.6         21,322       18.4
2008      67,772       54.8         35,868       29.0
2009      66,493       52.8         40,114       31.9
2010      81,317       52.8         49,414       32.1
2011      99,233       51.7         66,158       34.5
2012     103,315       50.5         71,891       35.2
2013     111,688       49.8         80,059       35.7
2014     123,674       53.0         78,904       33.8

ICT Information and communications technology

Chart 3. Trade in ICT Services by Service Type, 1999-2014

      Total    Charges for the     Telecommunications  Computer
             use of intellectual        services       services
             property associated
                with computer
                 software (1)
                               Exports
                        Billions of dollars

1999  22.6         12.7                   5.6           4.3
2000  23.5         13.8                   5.3           4.4
2001  23.2         13.0                   6.0           4.2
2002  24.0         14.3                   5.4           4.4
2003  25.9         15.1                   5.8           5.0
2004  29.5         18.2                   6.3           5.1
2005  32.0         20.5                   6.1           5.3
2006  35.5         22.7                   7.1           5.7
2007  44.9         29.5                   8.2           7.2
2008  49.9         31.4                  10.0           8.5
2009  49.9         31.0                  10.1           8.8
2010  55.9         36.0                  10.9           9.0
2011  63.2         39.5                  12.4          11.4
2012  66.8         40.5                  13.7          12.6
2013  70.7         42.5                  14.5          13.8
2014  68.4         39.5                  13.6          15.3

                               Imports

1999  14.7          1.7                   7.3           5.8
2000  14.2          2.1                   6.2           5.9
2001  14.1          2.1                   5.9           6.1
2002  13.8          2.4                   5.2           6.1
2003  15.1          2.4                   5.4           7.3
2004  16.7          2.9                   5.6           8.2
2005  18.5          3.1                   5.4          10.0
2006  22.2          3.0                   6.3          12.8
2007  26.4          4.8                   7.3          14.3
2008  29.8          6.1                   7.8          15.9
2009  30.6          6.2                   7.6          16.8
2010  32.6          5.2                   8.0          19.4
2011  36.6          5.7                   7.0          23.9
2012  37.6          6.6                   7.2          23.9
2013  38.3          6.5                   7.3          24.4
2014  37.8          6.8                   6.7          24.4

(1.) Charges for the use of intellectual property associated with
computer software are estimated for 1999-2005. See the box "Defining
ICT and Potentially ICT-Enabled Trade in Services" for a detailed
explanation of the estimation method.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Table C. Trade in ICT Services and in Potentially ICT-Enabled Services
by Affiliation, 2006-2014

                                             Total services
                                           Level           Average
                                   (Millions of dollars)    annual
                                                            growth
                                                          (Percent)
                                     2006      2014       2006-2014

Total services exports              416,738  710,565          6.9
ICT services                         35,494   68,374          8.5
Potentially ICT-enabled services    215,508  385,108          7.5
 Insurance services (1)               9,445   17,417          7.9
 Financial services                  47,882   87,290          7.8
 Charges for the use of
 intellectual property n.i.e.        83,549  130,362          5.7
 Telecommunications, computer,
 and information services (2)        17,184   35,885          9.6
 Potentially ICT-enabled services
 in other business services          57,448  114,154          9.0
Total services imports              341,165  477,428          4.3
ICT services                         22,162   37,815          6.9
Potentially ICT-enabled services    141,358  230,875          6.3
 Insurance services (1)              39,382   50,096          3.1
 Financial services                  14,733   19,503          3.6
 Charges for the use of
 intellectual property n.i.e.        25,038   42,124          6.7
 Telecommunications, computer,
 and information services (2)        19,776   33,314          6.7
 Potentially ICT-enabled
 services in other business
 services                            42,429   85,838          9.2

                                             Unaffiliated
                                         Level             Average
                                   (Millions of dollars)   annual
                                                           growth
                                                          (Percent)
                                     2006     2014        2006-2014

Total services exports              307,679  512,848         6.6
ICT services                         17,487   31,693         7.7
Potentially ICT-enabled services       n.a.     n.a.        n.a.
 Insurance services (1)               9,445   17,417         7.9
 Financial services                  37,283   69,649         8.1
 Charges for the use of
 intellectual property n.i.e.        28,276   47,962         6.8
 Telecommunications, computer,
 and information services (2)        12,451   20,233         6.3
 Potentially ICT-enabled services
 in other business services            n.a.     n.a.        n.a.
Total services imports              272,413  345,917         3.0
ICT services                          8,200   11,345         4.1
Potentially ICT-enabled services       n.a.     n.a.        n.a.
 Insurance services (1)              39,382   50,096         3.1
 Financial services                   8,139   11,230         4.1
 Charges for the use of
 intellectual property n.i.e.         7,175   13,816         8.5
 Telecommunications, computer,
 and information services (2)         7,754   10,985         4.5
 Potentially ICT-enabled
 services in other business
 services                              n.a.     n.a.        n.a.

                                               Affiliated
                                           Level           Average
                                   (Millions of dollars)    annual
                                                            growth
                                                          (Percent)
                                       2006   2014        2006-2014

Total services exports              109,058  197,718          7.7
ICT services                         18,009   36,681          9.3
Potentially ICT-enabled services       n.a.     n.a.         n.a.
 Insurance services (1)               .....    .....        .....
 Financial services                  10,599   17,641          6.6
 Charges for the use of
 intellectual property n.i.e.        55,273   82,400          5.1
 Telecommunications, computer,
 and information services (2)         4,733   15,652         16.1
 Potentially ICT-enabled services
 in other business services            n.a.     n.a.         n.a.
Total services imports               68,751  131,510          8.4
ICT services                         13,963   26,471          8.3
Potentially ICT-enabled services       n.a.     n.a.         n.a.
 Insurance services (1)               .....    .....        .....
 Financial services                   6,594    8,272          2.9
 Charges for the use of
 intellectual property n.i.e.        17,863   28,309          5.9
 Telecommunications, computer,
 and information services (2)        12,023   22,328          8.0
 Potentially ICT-enabled
 services in other business
 services                              n.a.     n.a.         n.a.

n.a. not available
..... Not applicable
ICT Information and communications technology
n.i.e. Not included elsewhere
(1) Insurance services transactions are considered to be unaffiliated
even when they are between affiliated companies because the services
are considered to be provided to the policyholders who pay the
insurance premiums and who are unaffiliated with either company. The
only insurance services considered to be affiliated are primary
insurance transactions between a U.S. company that is not an insurance
company and an affiliated foreign insurance company, such as a captive
foreign insurance affiliate. Data on these affiliated insurance
services are not separately available.
(2) Transactions in basic telecommunications services are considered to
be unaffiliated, even when the services flow through affiliated
channels, because they represent the distribution of revenues collected
from unaffiliated customers. Other types of telecommunications
services, such as value-added services, may flow through either
affiliated or unaffiliated channels, and are recorded accordingly.

Table D. Growth in Trade in ICT Services and in Potentially ICT-Enabled
Services, 2000-2014 [Percent change from preceding year]

                                        Potentially
                                    ICT-enabled services
                            All              ICT        Other
                         services  Total  services  potentially
                                                    ICT-enabled
                                                      services
                                         Exports

2000                        7.0      6.4      3.6        7.1
2001                       -5.5      0.3     -1.1        0.7
2002                        2.3      8.0      3.4        9.1
2003                        3.3      7.5      7.7        7.5
2004                       16.6     18.0     14.3       18.8
2005                       10.4      9.0      8.4        9.1
2006                       11.7     17.7     10.9       19.1
2007                       17.2     20.0     26.5       18.7
2008                        9.1      7.4     11.1        6.6
2009                       -3.8      1.1      0.1        1.3
2010                        9.9      8.8     12.0        8.2
2011                       11.4     12.0     13.1       11.8
2012                        4.6      3.2      5.6        2.7
2013                        4.8      4.7      5.9        4.4
2014                        3.3      4.1     -3.3        5.8
Compound average annual
growth                      6.6      8.4      7.6        8.6

                                       Imports

2000                       12.0     11.4     -3.5       15.9
2001                       -1.2      8.0     -0.3       10.1
2002                        5.1     12.7     -2.2       16.0
2003                        8.0      6.2      9.3        5.7
2004                       16.9     15.4     10.5       16.3
2005                        7.5      7.1     10.9        6.3
2006                       12.1     23.8     19.7       24.6
2007                        9.2     16.1     19.1       15.5
2008                        9.8     15.7     12.9       16.3
2009                       -5.4      2.7      2.8        2.7
2010                        5.8      3.1      6.5        2.4
2011                        6.5      7.7     12.2        6.9
2012                        3.7      2.1      2.7        1.9
2013                        2.6      2.2      1.8        2.3
2014                        3.0      2.2     -1.2        2.9
Compound average annual
growth                      6.2      8.9      6.5        9.5

                                      Balance

2000                       -5.3      0.1     16.9       -3.0
2001                      -18.1    -10.5     -2.3      -12.3
2002                       -7.5      0.1     12.2       -2.9
2003                      -15.2     10.0      5.4       11.3
2004                       14.9     22.8     19.6       23.7
2005                       24.9     12.3      5.0       14.2
2006                       10.2      7.5     -1.2        9.6
2007                       53.3     27.4     38.9       24.9
2008                        6.9     -7.0      8.7      -10.8
2009                        1.7     -2.4     -4.0       -1.9
2010                       22.3     21.9     20.6       22.3
2011                       24.7     20.3     14.3       22.0
2012                        6.4      5.3      9.6        4.1
2013                        9.7      8.8     11.2        8.1
2014                        4.0      7.0     -5.8       10.7
Compound average annual
growth                      7.5      7.7      9.4        7.3


                             Not
                         potentially
                          ICT-enable
                           services
                           Exports

2000                         7.4
2001                        -9.8
2002                        -2.3
2003                        -0.5
2004                        15.2
2005                        11.8
2006                         6.0
2007                        14.2
2008                        11.0
2009                        -9.1
2010                        11.1
2011                        10.7
2012                         6.1
2013                         5.0
2014                         2.4
Compound average annual
growth                       5.0

                          Exports

2000                        12.3
2001                        -5.8
2002                         0.8
2003                         9.0
2004                        17.8
2005                         7.8
2006                         5.0
2007                         4.4
2008                         5.1
2009                       -12.5
2010                         8.6
2011                         5.2
2012                         5.4
2013                         3.0
2014                         3.7
Compound average annual
growth                       4.4

                          Balance

2000                       -15.3
2001                       -34.4
2002                       -29.8
2003                        (1)
2004                       190.9
2005                       -93.8
2006                        (1)
2007                      1398.4
2008                        68.2
2009                        11.8
2010                        23.2
2011                        33.9
2012                         8.7
2013                        11.4
2014                        -1.4
Compound average annual
growth                       7.2

ICT Information and communications technology
(1) The growth rates for the balances for 2003 and 2006 are not shown,
because the balance
transitioned to a surplus from a deficit or to a deficit from a surplus.

Chart 4. Trade in Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by Service Type,
1999-2014

                                     Charges      Telecommu-
                                     for the      nications,
                                      use of       computer,   Other
                                   intellectual      and      business
             Insurance  Financial    property    information  services
      Total   services  services      n.i.e.       services      (1)
                                    Exports
                             Billions of dollars

1999  114.8     3.1         19.4          47.7       12.3        32.3
2000  122.2     3.6         22.1          51.8       12.2        32.4
2001  122.6     3.4         21.9          49.5       12.8        35.0
2002  132.5     4.4         24.5          53.9       12.5        37.2
2003  142.4     6.0         27.8          56.8       14.1        37.7
2004  168.1     7.3         36.4          67.1       15.0        42.3
2005  183.1     7.6         39.9          74.4       15.5        45.7
2006  215.5     9.4         47.9          83.5       17.2        57.4
2007  258.6    10.8         61.4          97.8       20.2        68.4
2008  277.8    13.4         63.0         102.1       23.1        76.1
2009  280.8    14.6         64.4          98.4       23.8        79.5
2010  305.6    14.4         72.3         107.5       25.0        86.3
2011  342.4    15.1         78.3         123.3       29.2        96.5
2012  353.5    16.8         76.7         124.4       32.5       103.1
2013  370.0    17.1         84.1         127.9       35.0       105.9
2014  385.1    17.4         87.3         130.4       35.9       114.2

                                    Imports

1999   64.1     9.4          8.3          13.3       13.3        19.8
2000   71.5    11.3         10.9          16.6       12.4        20.3
2001   77.2    16.7         10.2          16.7       12.4        21.2
2002   87.0    21.9          9.0          19.5       11.7        24.9
2003   92.4    25.2          8.9          19.3       13.1        25.9
2004  106.6    29.1         11.2          23.7       14.2        28.5
2005  114.2    28.7         12.1          25.6       16.0        31.8
2006  141.4    39.4         14.7          25.0       19.8        42.4
2007  164.1    47.5         19.2          26.5       22.4        48.5
2008  189.9    58.9         17.2          29.6       24.7        59.5
2009  195.0    63.8         14.4          31.3       25.8        59.7
2010  201.0    61.5         15.5          32.6       29.0        62.4
2011  216.5    55.7         17.4          36.1       32.8        74.7
2012  221.0    55.5         16.7          38.7       32.8        77.4
2013  225.8    53.4         18.5          39.0       33.8        81.1
2014  230.9    50.1         19.5          42.1       33.3        85.8

(1.) The category other business services reflects only the services
types categorized under other business services that are considered
potentially ICT-enabled. The point estimates of exports and imports in
these services types for 1999-2005 are model based. See the box
"Defining ICT and Potentially ICT-Enabled Trade in Services" for a
detailed explanation of the estimation method.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 5. ICT Services Exports by Major Area, 2014

                   Billions of dollars

Europe                   27.7
Asia and Pacific         18.0
Latin America and
Other Western
Hemisphere               15.6
Canada                    5.1
Middle East               1.0
Africa                    0.9

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Table E. Trade in ICT Services and in Potentially ICT-Enabled Services
by Major Area, 2014

                                  Potentially ICT-
                                  enabled services
                                  All        Total
                               services  (Millions of
                              (Millions     dollars)
                                  of
                               dollars)

                              Exports

All countries                  710,565     390,992
 Canada                         61,353      29,212
 Europe                        267,497     183,687
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere            131,554      66,656
 Africa                         14,475       7,231
 Middle East                    27,764      11,132
 Asia and Pacific              205,216      92,965
 International organizations
 and unallocated                 2,706         110

                              Imports

All countries                  477,428     235,019
 Canada                         30,074      14,991
 Europe                        203,023     106,909
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere             95,027      46,596
 Africa                          8,608         (D)
 Middle East                    15,823         (D)
 Asia and Pacific              123,621      57,715
 International organizations
 and unallocated                 1,251       1,061

                              Balance

All countries                  233,137     155,973
 Canada                         31,279      14,221
 Europe                         64,474      76,778
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere             36,527      20,060
 Africa                          5,867         (D)
 Middle East                    11,941         (D)
 Asia and Pacific               81,595      35,250
 International organizations
 and unallocated                 1,455        -951

                                        Potentially
                                  ICT-enabled services
                                Total       ICT services
                                 As a      Total      As a
                                share    (Millions   share
                               of all        of      of all
                              services     dollar)  services
                              (Percent)             (Percent)


All countries                   55.0       68,374       9.6
 Canada                         47.6        5,140       8.4
 Europe                         68.7       27,725      10.4
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere             50.7       15,646      11.9
 Africa                         50.0          917       6.3
 Middle East                    40.1          960       3.5
 Asia and Pacific               45.3       17,987       8.8
 International organizations
 and unallocated                 4.1            0       0.0



All countries                   49.2       37,815       7.9
 Canada                         49.8        5,074      16.9
 Europe                         52.7       13,041       6.4
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere             49.0        3,214       3.4
 Africa                          (D)          301       3.5
 Middle East                     (D)        1,030       6.5
 Asia and Pacific               46.7       15,155      12.3
 International organizations
 and unallocated                84.8            0       0.0



All countries                   66.9       30,559      13.1
 Canada                         45.5           66       0.2
 Europe                        119.1       14,684      22.8
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere             54.9       12,432      34.0
 Africa                          (D)          616      10.5
 Middle East                     (D)          -70      -0.6
 Asia and Pacific               43.2        2,832       3.5
 International organizations
 and unallocated               -65.4            0       0.0

                              Not potentially ICT-
                               enabled services
                                 Total        As a
                              (Millions of   share
                                 dollars)    of all
                                            services
                                            (Percent)



All countries                    319,573      45.0
 Canada                           32,141      52.4
 Europe                           83,810      31.3
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere               64,898      49.3
 Africa                            7,244      50.0
 Middle East                      16,632      59.9
 Asia and Pacific                112,251      54.7
 International organizations
 and unallocated                   2,596      95.9



All countries                    242,409      50.8
 Canada                           15,083      50.2
 Europe                           96,114      47.3
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere               48,431      51.0
 Africa                              (D)       (D)
 Middle East                         (D)       (D)
 Asia and Pacific                 65,906      53.3
 International organizations
 and unallocated                     190      15.2



All countries                     77,164      33.1
 Canada                           17,058      54.5
 Europe                          -12,304     -19.1
 Latin America and Other
 Western Hemisphere               16,467      45.1
 Africa                              (D)       (D)
 Middle East                         (D)       (D)
 Asia and Pacific                 46,345      56.8
 International organizations
 and unallocated                   2,406     165.4

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
ICT Information and communications technology
NOTE. The regions do not sum to the totals for all countries for
potentially ICT-enabled services, other potentially ICT-enabled
services, and not potentially ICT-enabled services because a slightly
different definition of potentially ICT-enabled services was used to
produce the statistics by partner country.

Chart 6. Growth in Exports of ICT Services by Country, 2006-2014 and
Exports of ICT Services by Major Category of Service Type and by
Country, 2014



                             Compound
                              annual          2014 Total (1)
2014  Partner                 growth    Point   Lower   Upper
Rank  country                2006-2014  value   bound   bound

 1    Brazil                   19.6     6,710    ....    ....
 2    United Kingdom            3.4     5,412    ....    ....
 3    Canada                    4.8     5,140    ....    ....
 4    Japan                     2.0     4,665    ....    ....
 5    Germany                   3.6     2,512    ....    ....
 6    Switzerland              14.6     2,156    ....    ....
 7    Taiwan                   10.1     2,114    ....    ....
 8    Mexico                    6.7     1,739    ....    ....
 9    Bermuda                  28.9     1,659    ....    ....
10    Australia                 5.6     1,625    ....    ....
11    Argentina                19.5     1,511    ....    ....
12    France                    0.4     1,493    ....    ....
13    Republic of Korea         5.0     1,479    ....    ....
14    India                    17       1,472    ....    ....
15    China                     7.8     1,311    ....    ....
16    Netherlands               4.7     1,195    ....    ....
17    Venezuela                15.6     1,128    ....    ....
18    Italy                    -0.6       879    ....    ....
19    Sweden                   11.2       844    ....    ....
20    Chile                    15.8       584    ....    ....
21    Singapore (2)            -6.1       (D)     583   1,442
22    Belgium-Luxembourg        (D)       (D)     571   1,254
23    Spain                     2.4       553    ....    ....
24    South Africa              3.9       453    ....    ....
25    Hong Kong                 (D)       (D)     386   2,977
26    Israel                    9.5       322    ....    ....
27    Malaysia                  7.6       317    ....    ....
28    Thailand                  9.8       233    ....    ....
29    Ireland                   (D)       (D)     231  10,124
30    Norway                    3.0       206    ....    ....
31    Philippines              -3.6       174    ....    ....
32    New Zealand               5.5       158    ....    ....
33    Indonesia                12.0       144    ....    ....
34    Saudi Arabia             -1.5       118    ....    ....

                            Charges for the
                          use of intellectual
                               property
                            associated with    Telecommu-
2014  Partner                  computer        nications    Computer
Rank  country                  software         services    services

 1    Brazil                     2,250            3,799         661
 2    United Kingdom             1,662            1,541       2,209
 3    Canada                     2,677              684       1,779
 4    Japan                      3,524              230         911
 5    Germany                    1,549              271         692
 6    Switzerland                  989              112       1,055
 7    Taiwan                     1,975               27         112
 8    Mexico                       913              325         501
 9    Bermuda                    1,570               23          66
10    Australia                    780              145         700
11    Argentina                    267            1,180          64
12    France                       743              217         533
13    Republic of Korea          1,192               88         199
14    India                        577              141         754
15    China                        815              113         383
16    Netherlands                  683              171         341
17    Venezuela                    165              912          51
18    Italy                        512              156         211
19    Sweden                       239              300         305
20    Chile                        288              236          60
21    Singapore (2)                (D)              123         460
22    Belgium-Luxembourg           (D)              220         351
23    Spain                        326               88         139
24    South Africa                 259               22         172
25    Hong Kong                    (D)              170         216
26    Israel                       162               30         130
27    Malaysia                     170               40         107
28    Thailand                      88               29         116
29    Ireland                      (D)               (D)        231
30    Norway                        80               26         100
31    Philippines                   57               54          63
32    New Zealand                   81               20          57
33    Indonesia                     51               19          74
34    Saudi Arabia                  17               40          61

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of ICT services exports are
published, a point value is given for the total of ICT services
exports. For countries where one or more components of ICT services
exports is suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual companies,
a range of possible values is given in the lower bound and upper bound
columns. For more information on how the lower and upper bounds were
calculated, see footnote 9.
(2.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 8. Potentially ICT-Enabled Services Exports by Major Area, 2014

                   Billions of dollars

Europe                   183.7
Asia and Pacific         93.0
Latin America and
Other Western
Hemisphere               66.7
Canada                    29.2
Middle East               11.0
Africa                    7.2

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart 9. Growth in Exports of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by
Country, 2006-2014 and Exports of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by
Major Category of Service Type and by Country, 2014


                          Compound
                           annual
                           average        2014 Total (1)
2014  Partner              growth     Point   Lower  Upper
Rank  country             2006-2014   value   Bound  bound   Insurance

 1    United Kingdom (3)     2.5        (D)  40,486  42,855    1,906
 2    Ireland                (D)        (D)  38,027  15,157      320
 3    Canada                 5.6     29,213    ....    ....    2,898
 4    Japan                  2.5     23,254    ....    ....    2,074
 5    Switzerland            (D)        (D)  23,115  24,777      269
 6     Germany               (D)     16,210    ....    ....      269
 7    China                 18.0     13,523    ....    ....      172
 8    Netherlands            8.6     12,731    ....    ....       62
 9    Brazil                17.1     12,574    ....    ....      468
10    Australia             11.0     11,332    ....    ....      838
11    Bermuda                (D)     10,261    ....    ....    3,452
12    Belgium-Luxembourg    11.7      9,931    ....    ....       99
13    France                40.6      9,845    ....    ....      262
14    Republic of Korea      9.8      9,570    ....    ....      267
15    Singapore              (D)      8,922    ....    ....      221
16    Mexico                 6.9      8,807    ....    ....      484
17    Taiwan                 (D)      6,975    ....    ....       75
18    Hong Kong (4)          9.9      6,834    ....    ....       78
19    Italy                  0.4      4,321    ....    ....       95
20    India                 13.4      4,007    ....    ....       82
21    Spain                  0.8      3,580    ....    ....      303
22    Argentina              (D)        (D)   2,825   3,079       99
23    Sweden                 (D)        (D)   2,407   3,971       12
24    Venezuela              (D)        (D)   2,187   2,451      115
25    Saudi Arabia           (D)        (D)   2,130   3,206       19
26    Israel                11.9      1,969    ....    ....      116
27    South Africa (4)      14.3      1,903    ....    ....       43
28    Thailand              13.2      1,709    ....    ....       94
29    Chile (3)             15.0        (D)   1,676   1,869      188
30    Malaysia              11.4      1,619    ....    ....       33
31    Norway                 6.1      1,599    ....    ....       47
32    Indonesia              9.1      1,187    ....    ....       34
33    Philippines            (D)      1,038    ....    ....       39
34    New Zealand            (D)        925    ....    ....       39

                                                    Telecom-
                                       Charges    munications,
                                       for the     computer,
                                       use of         and
2014  Partner             Financial  intellecual  information
Rank  country              services   property     services

 1    United Kingdom (3)    14,971      9,731        4,862
 2    Ireland                2,722     18,752        1,076
 3    Canada                 5,870      8,732        3,113
 4    Japan                  3,033      8,693        1,567
 5    Switzerland            1,517     10,636        1,399
 6     Germany               3,290      5,953        1,308
 7    China                  3,133      6,826          653
 8    Netherlands            1,949      4,788          612
 9    Brazil                 2,119      4,074        4,617
10    Australia              3,602      2,884        1,224
11    Bermuda                1,377      2,193          100
12    Belgium-Luxembourg     3,725      2,430          634
13    France                 2,536      3,215          925
14    Republic of Korea        903      6,082          381
15    Singapore                982      3,329          736
16    Mexico                 1,508      3,169          954
17    Taiwan                   612      5,164          196
18    Hong Kong (4)          1,497      3,353          446
19    Italy                  1,219      1,603          588
20    India                    806      1,108        1,033
21    Spain                  1,004      1,369          306
22    Argentina                469        791        1,286
23    Sweden                   544      1,167          684
24    Venezuela                262        677          985
25    Saudi Arabia             929        207          209
26    Israel                   394        593          213
27    South Africa (4)         358        774          251
28    Thailand                 393        507          180
29    Chile (3)                383        530          327
30    Malaysia                 309        628          167
31    Norway                   508        259          186
32    Indonesia                277        286          116
33    Philippines              234        327          134
34    New Zealand              284        323          111


                             R&D and        Technical
                           professional   trade-related,
                               and          and other
2014  Partner               management      business
Rank  country               consulting      services (3)

 1    United Kingdom (3)       9,016            (D)
 2    Ireland                 15,157            (D)
 3    Canada                   6,034          2,566
 4    Japan                    7,255            632
 5    Switzerland              9,294            (D)
 6     Germany                 4,712            678
 7    China                    1,026          1,713
 8    Netherlands              5,050            270
 9    Brazil                     670            626
10    Australia                1,437          1,347
11    Bermuda                  3,115             24
12    Belgium-Luxembourg       2,936            107
13    France                   2,145            762
14    Republic of Korea        1,324            613
15    Singapore                3,250            404
16    Mexico                   1,135          1,557
17    Taiwan                     505            423
18    Hong Kong (4)            1,166            294
19    Italy                      634            182
20    India                      583            395
21    Spain                      411            187
22    Argentina                  180            (D)
23    Sweden                     (D)            (D)
24    Venezuela                  148            (D)
25    Saudi Arabia               766            (D)
26    Israel                     579             74
27    South Africa (4)           159            318
28    Thailand                   238            297
29    Chile (3)                  248            (D)
30    Malaysia                   306            176
31    Norway                     295            304
32    Indonesia                  290            184
33    Philippines                149            155
34    New Zealand                 96             72

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of potentially ICT-enabled
services exports are published, a point value is given for the total of
potentially ICT-enabled services exports. For countries where one or
more components of potentially ICT-enabled services exports is
suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual companies, a range of
possible values is given in the lower and upper bound columns. For more
information on how the lower and upper bounds were calculated, see
footnote 9.
(2.) The category technical, trade-related, and other business services
reflects only the services types that are considered potentially
ICT-enabled.
(3.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
(4.) Average annual growth shown is for 2007-2014 because values from
2006 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 11. ICT Services Imports by Major Area, 2014

                          Billions of dollars

Asia and Pacific                 15.2
Europe                           13.0
Canada                            5.1
Latin America and
Other Western Hemisphere          3.2
Middle East                       1.0
Africa                            0.3

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart 12. Growth in Imports of ICT Services by Country, 2006-2014 and
Imports of ICT Services by Major Category of Service Type and by
Country, 2014


                           Compound
                            annual
                           average
2014  Partner               growth     Point  Lower  Upper
Rank  country             2006-2014    value  Bound  bound
                           Percent   Millions of dollars

 1    India                  17.1     11,188   ....   ....
 2    Canada                  8.1      5,074   ....   ....
 3    United Kingdom         -0.9      2,810   ....   ....
 4    Ireland                15.2      1,506   ....   ....
 5    Mexico                 12.7      1,001   ....   ....
 6    Germany (2)             2.0        (D)    948  3,196
 7    China                   (D)        (D)    911  1,087
 8    Israel (3)             15.5        759   ....   ....
 9    Netherlands            -0.9        697   ....   ....
10    Japan                  -2.9        624   ....   ....
11    France                 -7.8        622   ....   ....
12    Switzerland             (D)        (D)    614  1,973
13    Brazil                 14.2        491   ....   ....
14    Singapore               7.5        372   ....   ....
15    Sweden                  6.8        348   ....   ....
16    Australia              -0.7        336   ....   ....
17    Italy                  -2.9        323   ....   ....
18    Belgium-Luxembourg      6.6        305   ....   ....
19    Malaysia               25.5        277   ....   ....
20    Hong Kong (2)           8.5        (D)    227    296
21    Philippines             (D)        (D)    215  1,234
22    Spain (3)              -4.8        201   ....   ....
23    Republic of Korea       5.3        124   ....   ....
24    Norway (3)             -3.5         67   ....   ....
25    Bermuda                13.5         66   ....   ....
26    Chile                   6.9         51   ....   ....
27    Taiwan (2)              9.7        (D)     48    132
28    New Zealand            -1.5         39   ....   ....
29    South Africa          -18.0         39   ....   ....
30    Argentina               (D)        (D)     38     80
31    Saudi Arabia           -5.2         26   ....   ....
32    Venezuela              -1.0         23   ....   ....
33    Indonesia               0.8         17   ....   ....
34    Thailand                (D)        (D)     11     58

                            Charges for the
                          use of intellectual
                                property
                            associated with    Telecommu-
2014  Partner                   computer       nications   Computer
Rank  country                   software       services    services


 1    India                         268           326        10,594
 2    Canada                        129           318         4,627
 3    United Kingdom                482           955         1,373
 4    Ireland                     1,250            44           212
 5    Mexico                          3           559           439
 6    Germany (2)                   (D)           113           835
 7    China                         (D)           196           715
 8    Israel (3)                    191            26           542
 9    Netherlands                    57           460           180
10    Japan                         281            99           244
11    France                         94           124           404
12    Switzerland                   (D)            62           552
13    Brazil                         14           120           357
14    Singapore                      25            75           272
15    Sweden                         78           102           168
16    Australia                      40            70           226
17    Italy                          20           157           146
18    Belgium-Luxembourg             54            96           155
19    Malaysia                        2            21           254
20    Hong Kong (2)                 (D)           179            48
21    Philippines                   (*)           215           (D)
22    Spain (3)                      14           143            44
23    Republic of Korea              14            50            60
24    Norway (3)                      3            10            54

25    Bermuda                       (*)            65             1
26    Chile                         (*)            25            26
27    Taiwan (2)                      8            40           (D)
28    New Zealand                     1            23            15
29    South Africa                    1            24            14
30    Argentina                       2            36           (D)
31    Saudi Arabia                  (*)            20             6
32    Venezuela                       1            16             6
33    Indonesia                       1            13             3
34    Thailand                      (*)            11           (D)

(*) Transactions between zero and $500,000
(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of ICT services imports are
published, a point value is given for the total of ICT services
imports. For countries where one or more components of ICT services
imports is suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual companies,
a range of possible values is given in the lower and upper bound
columns. For more information on how the lower and upper bounds were
calculated, see footnote 9.
(2.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
(3.) Average annual growth shown is for 2007-2014 because values from
2006 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 13. Potentially ICT-Enabled Services Imports by Major Area, 2014

                          Billions of dollars

Asia and Pacific                 106.9
Europe                            57.7
Canada                            46.6
Latin America and
Other Western Hemisphere          15.0
Middle East                       (D)
Africa                            (D)

(D) Surppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart 14. Growth in Imports of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by
Country, 2006-2014 and Imports of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by
Major Category of Service Type and by Country, 2014

                                          2014 Total (1)
                           Compound
                            annual
                           average
2014  Partner               growth    Point   Lower   Upper
Rank  country             2006-2014   value   bound   bound  Insurance
                           Percent          Millions of dollars

 1    United Kingdom         3.7     30,402    ....    ....    4,874
 2    Bermuda                (D)        (D)  23,121  23,319   22,893
 3    India                 16.9     17,286    ....    ....       50
 4    Japan                  4.3     17,215    ....    ....      361
 5    Switzerland           15.3     15,679    ....    ....    6,319
 6    Canada                 4.5     14,991    ....    ....      560
 7    Germany (3)            3.8        (D)  13,822  15,738    2,733
 8    Ireland                (D)        (D)  11,891  12,260    2,909
 9    France                -0.5      7,023    ....    ....      558
10    Netherlands            3.8      5,984    ....    ....       76
11    China                 18.1      5,567    ....    ....       56
12    Belgium-Luxembourg    11.2      5,199    ....    ....      193
13    Brazil                 (D)        (D)   4,429   4,957       44
14    Australia              5.7      3,749    ....    ....      121
15    Mexico (3)             7.8        (D)   3,294   4,802       40
16    Singapore              (D)        (D)   2,973   3,386      113
17    Israel (4)             9.4      2,948    ....    ....      (*)
18    Philippines            (D)      2,352    ....    ....      (*)
19    Hong Kong (3)          4.8        (D)   2,052   2,726       18
20    Sweden                 0.4      1,960    ....    ....       74
21    Italy                  1.5      1,767    ....    ....       97
22    Spain                  7.1      1,593    ....    ....      233
23    Republic of Korea      7.8      1,267    ....    ....       73
24    Taiwan                 (D)        (0)   1,035   1,135       13
25    Malaysia               (D)        (D)     915     382        4
26    Argentina              (D)        (D)     773     873        7
27    South Africa          -0.7        590    ....    ....        1
28    Norway                 (D)        (D)     545     869       55
29    Saudi Arabia           (D)        487    ....    ....        8
30    New Zealand (4)        8.4        350    ....    ....        1
31    Chile                  7.3        349    ....    ....      (*)
32    Thailand               6.2        306    ....    ....      (*)
33    Venezuela (4)          3.9        246    ....    ....        8
34    Indonesia             13.6        229    ....    ....      (*)

                                                   Telecom-
                                     Charges     munications,
                                     for the       computer,
                                      use of          and
2014  Partner             Financial intellecual  information
Rank  country             services   property      services
                                Millions of dollars

 1    United Kingdom        6,144       4,049        2,640
 2    Bermuda                 161         (D)           67
 3    India                   436         364       11,344
 4    Japan                 1,031      12,406          376
 5    Switzerland             412       5,116          712
 6    Canada                1,659       1,054        5,089
 7    Germany (3)             617       4,263        1,007
 8    Ireland                 163       1,840          262
 9    France                  687       2,400          567
10    Netherlands             195         803          701
11    China                   421         285          968
12    Belgium-Luxembourg      381         658          258
13    Brazil                  398       1,269          479
14    Australia               656         594          318
15    Mexico (3)              365         697        1,011
16    Singapore               423          70          374
17    Israel (4)               33         302          573
18    Philippines             115           5        1,234
19    Hong Kong (3)           680          94          254
20    Sweden                  119         875          274
21    Italy                   328         126          321
22    Spain                   252         112          336
23    Republic of Korea       247         153          114
24    Taiwan                  112          32          124
25    Malaysia                 83          18          277
26    Argentina                65         292           78
27    South Africa             87           7           40
28    Norway                   55          20           66
29    Saudi Arabia            149           3           27
30    New Zealand (4)          37          34           44
31    Chile                    47          74           54
32    Thailand                120           9           58
33    Venezuela (4)            44          93           22
34    Indonesia                83           2           17

                                         Technical,
                                        trade-annual
                            R&D and      and related,
                          professional    and other
2014  Partner              management      business
Rank  country              consulting     services (2)
                             Millions of dollars

 1    United Kingdom         10,200          2,495
 2    Bermuda                   (D)            (D)
 3    India                   4,322            770
 4    Japan                   2,707            334
 5    Switzerland             2,918            202
 6    Canada                  4,677          1,952
 7    Germany (3)             5,202            (0)
 8    Ireland                 6,717            (D)
 9    France                  2,308            503
10    Netherlands             3,860            349
11    China                   3,415            422
12    Belgium-Luxembourg      3,571            138
13    Brazil                  2,239            (D)
14    Australia                 951          1,109
15    Mexico (3)              1,181            (D)
16    Singapore               1,993            (D)
17    Israel (4)              1,975             65
18    Philippines               863            135
19    Hong Kong (3)           1,006            (D)
20    Sweden                    551             67
21    Italy                     776            119
22    Spain                     527            133
23    Republic of Korea         546            134
24    Taiwan                    754            (D)
25    Malaysia                  533            (D)
26    Argentina                 331            (D)
27    South Africa              310            145
28    Norway                    349            (D)
29    Saudi Arabia               41            259
30    New Zealand (4)            82            152
31    Chile                     122             52
32    Thailand                  119            190
33    Venezuela (4)              38             41
34    Indonesia                  79             48

(*) Transactions between zero and $500,000
(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of potentially ICT-enabled
services imports are published, a point value is given for the total of
potentially ICT-enabled services imports. For countries where one or
more components of potentially ICT-enabled services imports is
suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual companies, a range of
possible values is given in the lower and upper bound columns. For more
information on how the lower and upper bounds were calculated, see
footnote 9.
(2.) The category technical, trade-related, and other business services
reflects only the services types that are considered potentially
ICT-enabled.
(3.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
(4.) Average annual growth shown is for 2007-2014 because values from
2006 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 13. Potentially ICT-Enabled Services Imports by Major Area, 2014

                   Billions of dollars

Europe                   106.9
Asia and Pacific          57.7
Latin America and
Other Western
Hemisphere                46.6
Canada                    15.0
Middle East                (D)
Africa                     (D)

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart 14. Growth in Imports of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by
Country, 2006-2014 and Imports of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services by
Major Category of Service Type and by Country, 2014


                           Compound
                            annual
                            average
2014  Partner               growth    Point   Lower   Upper
Rank  country             2006-2014   value   bound   bound  Insurance
                           Percent           Millions of dollars

 1    United Kingdom         3.7     30,402    ....    ....    4,874
 2    Bermuda                (D)        (0)  23,121  23,319   22,893
 3    India                 16.9     17,286    ....    ....       50
 4    Japan                  4.3     17,215    ....    ....      361
 5    Switzerland           15.3     15,679    ....    ....    6,319
 6    Canada                 4.5     14,991    ....    ....      560
 7    Germany (3)            3.8        (D)  13,822  15,738    2,733
 8    Ireland                (D)        (D)  11,891  12,260    2,909
 9    France                -0.5      7,023    ....    ....      558
10    Netherlands            3.8      5,984    ....    ....       76
11    China                 18.1      5,567    ....    ....       56
12    Belgium-Luxembourg    11.2      5,199    ....    ....      193
13    Brazil                 (D)        (D)   4,429   4,957       44
14    Australia              5.7      3,749    ....    ....      121
15    Mexico (3)             7.8        (D)   3,294   4,802       40
16    Singapore              (D)        (D)   2,973   3,386      113
17    Israel (4)             9.4      2,948    ....    ....      (*)
18    Philippines            (D)      2,352    ....    ....      (*)
19    Hong Kong (3)          4.8        (D)   2,052   2,726       18
20    Sweden                 0.4      1,960    ....    ....       74
21    Italy                  1.5      1,767    ....    ....       97
22    Spain                  7.1      1,593    ....    ....      233
23    Republic of Korea      7.8      1,267    ....    ....       73
24    Taiwan                 (D)        (D)   1,035   1,135       13
25    Malaysia               (D)        (D)     915     382        4
26    Argentina              (D)        (D)     773     873        7
27    South Africa          -0.7        590    ....    ....        1
28    Norway                 (D)        (D)     545     869       55
29    Saudi Arabia           (D)        487    ....    ....        8
30    New Zealand (4)        8.4        350    ....    ....        1
31    Chile                  7.3        349    ....    ....      (*)
32    Thailand               6.2        306    ....    ....      (*)
33    Venezuela (4)          3.9        246    ....    ....        8
34    Indonesia             13.6        229    ....    ....      (*)

                                                    Telecom-
                                       Charges    munications,
                                       for the      computer,
                                        use of        and
2014  Partner             Financial  intellecual  information
Rank  country             services    property      services


 1    United Kingdom        6,144       4,049          2,640
 2    Bermuda                 161         (0)             67
 3    India                   436         364         11,344
 4    Japan                 1,031      12,406            376
 5    Switzerland             412       5,116            712
 6    Canada                1,659       1,054          5,089
 7    Germany (3)             617       4,263          1,007
 8    Ireland                 163       1,840            262
 9    France                  687       2,400            567
10    Netherlands             195         803            701
11    China                   421         285            968
12    Belgium-Luxembourg      381         658            258
13    Brazil                  398       1,269            479
14    Australia               656         594            318
15    Mexico (3)              365         697          1,011
16    Singapore               423          70            374
17    Israel (4)               33         302            573
18    Philippines             115           5          1,234
19    Hong Kong (3)           680          94            254
20    Sweden                  119         875            274
21    Italy                   328         126            321
22    Spain                   252         112            336
23    Republic of Korea       247         153            114
24    Taiwan                  112          32            124
25    Malaysia                 83          18            277
26    Argentina                65         292             78
27    South Africa             87           7             40
28    Norway                   55          20             66
29    Saudi Arabia            149           3             27
30    New Zealand (4)          37          34             44
31    Chile                    47          74             54
32    Thailand                120           9             58
33    Venezuela (4)            44          93             22
34    Indonesia                83           2             17

                                        Technical,
                            R&D and       trade
                          professional   related,
                              and       and other
2014  Partner              management     business
Rank  country              consulting   services (2)


 1    United Kingdom          10,200      2,495
 2    Bermuda                    (D)        (0)
 3    India                    4,322        770
 4    Japan                    2,707        334
 5    Switzerland              2,918        202
 6    Canada                   4,677      1,952
 7    Germany (3)              5,202        (D)
 8    Ireland                  6,717        (D)
 9    France                   2,308        503
10    Netherlands              3,860        349
11    China                    3,415        422
12    Belgium-Luxembourg       3,571        138
13    Brazil                   2,239        (D)
14    Australia                  951      1,109
15    Mexico (3)               1,181        (D)
16    Singapore                1,993        (D)
17    Israel (4)               1,975         65
18    Philippines                863        135
19    Hong Kong (3)            1,006        (D)
20    Sweden                     551         67
21    Italy                      776        119
22    Spain                      527        133
23    Republic of Korea          546        134
24    Taiwan                     754        (D)
25    Malaysia                   533        (D)
26    Argentina                  331        (D)
27    South Africa               310        145
28    Norway                     349        (D)
29    Saudi Arabia                41        259
30    New Zealand (4)             82        152
31    Chile                      122         52
32    Thailand                   119        190
33    Venezuela (4)               38         41
34    Indonesia                   79         48

(*) Transactions between zero and $500,000
(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of potentially ICT-enabled
services imports are published, a point value is given for the total of
potentially ICT-enabled services imports. For countries where one or
more components of potentially ICT-enabled services imports is
suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual companies, a range of
possible values is given in the lower and upper bound columns. For more
information on how the lower and upper bounds were calculated, see
footnote 9.
(2.) The category technical, trade-related, and other business services
reflects only the services types that are considered potentially
ICT-enabled.
(3.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
(4.) Average annual growth shown is for 2007-2014 because values from
2006 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 15. Growth in the Trade Balance on ICT Services by Country,
2006-2014 and the Trade Balance on ICT Services by Major Category of
Service Type and by Country, 2014



                           Compound    2014 Total (1)
                            annual
                            average
2014  Partner               growth    Point   Lower  Upper
Rank  country             2006-2014   value   bound  bound
                           Percent    Millions of dollars

 1    Brazil                 22.3     6,219    ....   ....
 2    Japan                   3.0     4,041    ....   ....
 3    United Kingdom         10.9     2,602   1,982  2,066
 4    Taiwan                  (D)       (D)    ....   ....
 5    Bermuda                30.1     1,593   1,431  1,473
 6    Argentina               (D)       (D)    ....   ....
 7    Republic of Korea       (D)     1,355    ....   ....
 8    Australia               8.0     1,289    ....   ....
 9    Venezuela              16.4     1,105    ....   ....
10    France                 17.2       871    ....   ....
11    Mexico                 16.0       738    ....   ....
12    Italy                   1.0       556    ....   ....
13    Chile                  17.1       533    ....   ....
14    Netherlands            26.1       498    ....   ....
15    Sweden                 15.6       496    ....   ....
16    South Africa           14.2       414    ....   ....
17    Spain (3)              -4.3       352    ....   ....
18    Belgium-Luxembourg      (D)       (D)     266    949
19    China                   (D)       (D)     224    400
20    Singapore               (D)       (D)     211  1,070
21    Switzerland             (D)       (D)     183  1,542
22    Thailand                (D)       (D)     175    222
23    Norway (3)             -7.1       139    ....   ....
24    Indonesia              14.8       127    ....   ....
25    New Zealand             9.2       119    ....   ....
26    Saudi Arabia           -0.1        92    ....   ....
27    Hong Kong               (D)       (D)      90  2,750
28    Canada                -27.1        66    ....   ....
29    Malaysia              -13.8        40    ....   ....
30    Israel (3)             60.3      -437    ....   ....
31    Germany (2)             1.0       (D)    -684  1,564
32    Philippines             (D)       (D)   1,060    -41
33    Ireland                 (D)       (D)  -1,275   -430
34    India                  17.2    -9,716    ....   ....

                          Charges for the
                               use of
                            intellectual
                             property
                          associated with
2014  Partner                computer      Telecommunications  Computer
Rank  country                software           services       services


 1    Brazil                   2,236              3,679           304
 2    Japan                    3,243                131           667
 3    United Kingdom           1,180                586           836
 4    Taiwan                   1,967                -13           (D)
 5    Bermuda                  1,570                -42            65
 6    Argentina                  265              1,144           (D)
 7    Republic of Korea        1,178                 38           139
 8    Australia                  740                 75           474
 9    Venezuela                  164                896            45
10    France                     649                 93           129
11    Mexico                     910               -234            62
12    Italy                      492                 -1            65
13    Chile                      288                211            34
14    Netherlands                626               -289           161
15    Sweden                     161                198           137
16    South Africa               258                 -2           158
17    Spain (3)                  312                -55            95
18    Belgium-Luxembourg         (D)                124           196
19    China                      (D)                -83          -332
20    Singapore                  (D)                 48           188
21    Switzerland                (D)                 50           503
22    Thailand                    88                118           (D)
23    Norway (3)                  77                 16            46
24    Indonesia                   50                  6            71
25    New Zealand                 80                 -3            42
26    Saudi Arabia                17                 20            55
27    Hong Kong                  (D)                 -9           168
28    Canada                   2,548                366        -2,848
29    Malaysia                   168                 19          -147
30    Israel (3)                 -29                  4          -412
31    Germany (2)                (D)                158          -143
32    Philippines                 57               -161           (D)
33    Ireland                    (D)                (D)            19
34    India                      309               -185        -9,840

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of ICT services exports are
published, a point value is given for the total of ICT services
exports. For countries where one or more components of ICT services
exports is suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual companies,
a range of possible values is given in the lower bound and upper bound
columns. For more information on how the lower and upper bounds were
calculated, see footnote 9.
(2.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
(3.) Average annual growth shown is for 2007-2014 because values from
2006 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 16. Growth in the Trade Balance on Potentially ICT-Enabled
Services by Country, 2006-2014 and the Trade Balance on Potentially
ICT-Enabled Services by Major Category of Service Type and by Country,
2014


                          Compound         2014 Total (1)
                           annual
                          average
2014  Partner              growth      Point    Lower     Upper
Rank  country             2006-2014    value    bound     bound
                           Percent        Millions of dollars

 1    Ireland                (D)         (D)    25,767   26,299
 2    Canada                16.9      14,222      ....     ....
 3    United Kingdom (3)     1.5         (D)    10,084   12,453
 4    Republic of Korea     10.2       8,303      ....     ....
 5    China                 17.9       7,956      ....     ....
 6    Australia             14.9       7,583      ....     ....
 7    Switzerland            (D)         (D)     7,436    9,098
 8    Brazil                 (D)         (D)     6,991    7,519
 9    Netherlands           15.4       6,747     5,417    5,517
10    Japan                 -1.5       6,039     5,132    5,545
11    Taiwan                 (D)         (D)      ....     ....
12    Singapore              (D)         (D)      ....     ....
13    Belgium-Luxembourg    12.2       4,732     3,814    4,488
14    Hong Kong              (D)         (D)      ....    ....
15    France (4)            11.6       2,822     2,448    3,956
16    Italy                 -0.3       2,554     1,952    2,306
17    Mexico (3)            16.5         (D)      ....     ....
18    Spain                 -2.5       1,987     1,941    2,205
19    Argentina              (D)         (D)      ....     ....
20    Venezuela              (D)         (D)      ....     ....
21    Saudi Arabia           (D)         (D)      ....     ....
22    Chile (3)             17.8         (D)      ....     ....
23    South Africa (4)      16.9       1,313     1,643    2,719
24    Thailand              17.7       1,213     1,327    1,520
25    Malaysia               (D)         (D)      ....     ....
26    Indonesia             10.8         958     1,061      528
27    New Zealand            (D)         575       447    2,011
28    Sweden                 (D)         (D)      ....     ....
29    Norway                 (D)         (D)      ....     ....
30    Germany                (D)         (D)      ....     ....
31    Israel (4)           110.2        -979       426      750
32    Philippines            (D)      -1,314      -206    1,710
33    India                 18.2     -13,279   -14,201  -12,884
34    Bermuda                (D)         (D)      ....     ....


                                                  Charges
                                                  for the
                                                  use of
2014  Partner                        Financial  intellecual
Rank  country             Insurance  services     property
                                Millions of dollars

 1    Ireland               -2,589     2,559       16,912
 2    Canada                 2,338     4,211        7,678
 3    United Kingdom (3)    -2,968     8,827        5,682
 4    Republic of Korea        194       656        5,929
 5    China                    116     2,712        6,541
 6    Australia                717     2,946        2,290
 7    Switzerland           -6,050     1,105        5,520
 8    Brazil                   424     1,721        2,805
 9    Netherlands              -14     1,754        3,985
10    Japan                  1,713     2,002       -3,713
11    Taiwan                    62       500        5,132
12    Singapore                108       559        3,259
13    Belgium-Luxembourg       -94     3,344        1,772
14    Hong Kong                 60       817        3,259
15    France (4)              -296     1,849          815
16    Italy                     -2       891        1,477
17    Mexico (3)               444     1,143        2,472
18    Spain                     70       752        1,257
19    Argentina                 92       404          499
20    Venezuela                107       218          584
21    Saudi Arabia              11       780          204
22    Chile (3)                188       336          456
23    South Africa (4)          42       271          767
24    Thailand                  94       273          498
25    Malaysia                  29       226          610
26    Indonesia                 34       194          284
27    New Zealand               38       247          289
28    Sweden                   -62       425          292
29    Norway                    -8       453          239
30    Germany               -2,464     2,673        1,690
31    Israel (4)               116       361          291
32    Philippines               39       119          322
33    India                     32       370          744
34    Bermuda              -19,441     1,216          (D)

                            Telecom-
                          munications,    R&D and       Technical,
                            computer,   professional  trade-related,
                              and           and         and other
2014  Partner             information   management       business
Rank  country               services    consulting     services (2)
                                    Millions of dollars

 1    Ireland                   814        8,440              1
 2    Canada                 -1,976        1,357            614
 3    United Kingdom (3)      2,222       -1,184            (D)
 4    Republic of Korea         267          778            479
 5    China                    -315       -2,389          1,291
 6    Australia                 906          486            238
 7    Switzerland               687        6,376            (D)
 8    Brazil                  4,138       -1,569            (D)
 9    Netherlands               -89        1,190            -79
10    Japan                   1,191        4,548            298
11    Taiwan                     72         -249            (D)
12    Singapore                 362        1,257            (D)
13    Belgium-Luxembourg        376         -635            -31
14    Hong Kong                 192          160            (D)
15    France (4)                358         -163            259
16    Italy                     267         -142             63
17    Mexico (3)                -57          -46            (D)
18    Spain                     -30         -116             54
19    Argentina               1,208         -151            (D)
20    Venezuela                 963          110            (D)
21    Saudi Arabia              182          725            (D)
22    Chile (3)                 273          126            (D)
23    South Africa (4)          211         -151            173
24    Thailand                  122          119            107
25    Malaysia                 -110         -227            (D)
26    Indonesia                  99          211            136
27    New Zealand                67           14            -80
28    Sweden                    410          (D)            (D)
29    Norway                    120          -54            (D)
30    Germany                   301         -490            (D)
31    Israel (4)               -360       -1,396              9
32    Philippines            -1,100         -714             20
33    India                 -10,311       -3,739           -375
34    Bermuda                    33          (D)            (D)

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual companies.
.... Not applicable
(1.) For countries where all components of potentially ICT-enabled
services exports and imports are published, a point value is given for
the trade balance on potentially ICT-enabled services. For countries
where one or more components of potentially ICT-enabled services
exports or imports is suppressed to avoid the disclosure of individual
companies, a range of possible values is given in the lower and upper
bound columns. For more information on how the lower and upper bounds
were calculated, see footnote 9.
(2.) The category technical, trade-related, and other business services
reflects only the services types that are considered potentially
ICT-enabled.
(3.) Average annual growth shown is for 2006-2013 because values from
2014 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
(4.) Average annual growth shown is for 2007-2014 because values from
2006 were suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual
companies.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Chart 1. Estimation of ICT Services in 2005

                 Exports                       Imports

Upper bound               Charges for the
                          use of intellectual
                          property, n.i.e
                          less movies and
                 75.8     television           40.0
Lower bound      11.4                          15.4

Estimated value           Telecommunications
of ICT services  32.0     and computer         18.5
                          services

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart II. Estimation of Potentially ICT-Enabled Services in 2005

                 Exports                         Imports

Upper bound       186.2   Technical,              117.0
                          trade-related,
                          and other
                          business services
                          less operating
                          leasing services

Lower bound       174.9                           108.0

Estimated value   186.2   Insurance services,     114.2
of ICT services           financial services,
                          charges for the use
                          of intellectual
                          property n.i.e.,
                          telecommunications,
                          computer, and
                          information services,
                          research and
                          development services,
                          and professional and
                          management consulting
                          services

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.