U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts for 2013-2015.

Osborne, Sarah ; Williams, Jamie

THE TRAVEL and tourism industry--as measured by the real output of goods and services sold directly to visitors--increased 4.7 percent in 2015 after increasing 2.8 percent in 2014, according to statistics from the travel and tourism satellite accounts of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). In comparison, the broader economy as measured by real gross domestic product (GDP) increased 2.4 percent in 2015 after increasing 2.4 percent in 2014. (1) These revised statistics on travel and tourism reflect the incorporation of the 2015 annual revision of the industry economic accounts, which was released on November 5, 2015. (2)

Highlights from the travel and tourism satellite accounts include the following:

* The acceleration in the travel and tourism industry in 2015 reflected accelerations in traveler accommodations, international passenger air transportation, and food and beverage services. Automotive rental and leasing also contributed to the acceleration.

* Real output increased in 19 of 24 commodities in 2015. Commodities experiencing the largest increases in real output include traveler accommodations, food and beverage services, international passenger air services, and automotive rental and leasing.

* Prices for tourism goods and services decreased 3.1 percent in 2015 after increasing 1.6 percent in 2014. The biggest contributor to the 2015 decrease in prices was gasoline, which decreased 26.7 percent. Despite the decrease in the overall price, most travel and tourism commodity prices increased.

The travel and tourism accounts are available on the BEA Web site; see the box "Data Availability."

The remainder of this article discusses trends in travel and tourism output and prices, tourism value added and employment.

Trends in Output and Prices

Real output

The 4.7 percent increase in real travel and tourism output in 2015 was concentrated in a few commodities. The leading contributors to the overall growth were traveler accommodations, international passenger air services, and food and beverage services. Traveler accommodations increased 5.2 percent after a 1.4 percent increase in 2014 and international passenger air services increased 11.0 percent in 2015 after increasing 0.4 percent. Food and beverage services increased 4.2 percent after a 3.2 percent increase (table A and chart 1).

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Prices

Travel and tourism prices decreased 3.1 percent in 2015. The decline was more than accounted for by a 26.7 percent decrease in the price of gasoline, which declined for the third consecutive year. Other contributors to the overall price decline were automotive rental and leasing, which fell 7.9 percent, and international air transportation services, which fell 6.8 percent. The decrease in overall prices was partly offset by gains in spectator sports, traveler accommodations, and passenger rail transportation services. Spectator sports increased 7.1 percent in 2015 after increasing 3.0 percent in 2014. Passenger rail transportation services increased 3.4 percent after a 0.8 percent increase in 2014 (table Band chart 2).

Total output

Total tourism-related output increased to $1.56 trillion in 2015, up 1.9 percent from $1.53 trillion in 2014. In 2015, total output consisted of $905.9 billion in direct tourism output and $657.2 billion in indirect tourism output. The 1.73 ratio of total output to direct output in 2015 implies that every dollar of direct tourism output required an additional 73 cents of indirect tourism output (chart 3).

Direct tourism output includes goods and services sold directly to visitors, such as passenger air travel. Indirect tourism output includes sales of all goods and services used to produce that direct output, such as jet fuel to fly the plane and catering services for international flights.

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Tourism Value Added and Employment

Value added

A sector's value added measures its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). In 2014 (the most recent year for which data are available), the travel and tourism industry's share of GDP was 2.6 percent (table C). Travel and tourism accounted for a larger share of GDP than other industries, such as utilities, computer and electronic products manufacturing, and broadcasting and telecommunications.

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Direct employment

Direct tourism employment includes jobs that involve producing goods and services that are sold directly to visitors. Airline pilots, hotel clerks, and travel agents are examples of such employees. Overall, direct employment decreased 0.4 percent in 2015. The largest contributor was food services and drinking places, which contributed 0.28 percentage point to the decline (chart 4 and table D).

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Total employment

Total tourism-related employment (the sum of direct and indirect jobs) decreased to 7.60 million jobs in 2015 from 7.63 million jobs in 2014. The 7.6 million jobs consisted of 5.35 million direct tourism jobs and 2.25 million indirect tourism jobs (chart 5). While direct tourism employment includes jobs that produce direct tourism output, such as airline pilots, indirect tourism employment comprises jobs that produce indirect tourism output, such as refinery workers producing jet fuel. The most recent data indicate that for every direct tourism job generated, an additional 0.42 of a job is indirectly generated.

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By Sarah Osborne and Jamie Williams

Data Availability

The complete set of detailed annual statistics for 1998 through 2014, statistics of output and employment for 2015, and quarterly statistics of output and employment from 1998 through 2014, are available on BEA's Web site under "Industry" and "Satellite Accounts."

Acknowledgments

Paul V. Kern of the Industry Sector Division supervised the preparation of the estimates. Sarah Osborne and Jamie Williams prepared the estimates. Seth Markowitz and Luke Mendelsohn assisted in table preparation.

Staff members of the Industry Sector Division, the Industry Analysis Division, the National Income and Wealth Division, the Government Division, and the Regional Income Division contributed to the development of the estimates.

The Office of Travel and Tourism Industries of the International Trade Administration provided funding for the preparation of the travel and tourism satellite accounts.

(1.) All measures of travel and tourism activity not identified as being in "real," inflation-adjusted terms are current-dollar estimates.

(2.) For more information, see Kevin B. Barefoot, Edward T. Morgan and Ksenia E. Shadrina, "Initial Statistics for the Second Quarter of 2015: Revised Statistics for 2012-2014 and the First Quarter of 2015," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 94 (December 2015).

Table A Annual Growth, Contributions to Growth, and Levels of
Real Output by Tourism Commodity in 2012-2015

Commodity                                               Annual growth
                                                           rates
                                                         (percent
                                                         change from
                                                         preceding
                                                           period)

                                                         2012   2013

All tourism goods and services                            1.3    4.3
 Traveler accommodations                                  3.1    4.0
 Food and beverage services                               1.0    1.5
 Transportation                                           1.4    4.7
  Passenger air transportation                           -3.4    1.2
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        -4.9    2.4
   International passenger air transportation services   -0.5    2.3
  All other transportation-related commodities            4.7    7.0
   Passenger rail transportation services                 4.1   -0.9
   Passenger water transportation services                7.3    3.8
   Intercity bus services                                 2.8   -2.9
   Intercity charter bus services                        -0.5    0.7
   Local bus and other transportation services            0.5   21.7
   Taxicab services                                      -0.5  -37.5
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services         7.0    6.4
   Automotive rental and leasing                          6.5    0.9
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                      -0.4    2.6
   Automotive repair services                           -10.7   11.9
   Parking                                              -13.5   37.3
   Highway tolls                                         -2.0   10.4
   Travel arrangement and reservation services            5.4    4.8
   Gasoline                                               6.8   10.8
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                 -0.1    5.5
  Recreation and entertainment                            2.7   -2.8
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   21.9  -18.4
   Spectator sports                                      -4.6    7.2
   Participant sports                                     1.2    5.0
   Gambling                                               0.7    2.1
   All other recreation and entertainment                -8.3   -6.0
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         -2.4   12.8

Commodity                                               Annual growth
                                                           rates
                                                         (percent
                                                         change from
                                                         preceding
                                                           period)

                                                         2014   2015

All tourism goods and services                            2.8    4.7
 Traveler accommodations                                  1.4    5.2
 Food and beverage services                               3.2    4.2
 Transportation                                           4.1    5.7
  Passenger air transportation                            2.6    6.7
   Domestic passenger air transportation services         3.8    4.3
   International passenger air transportation services    0.4   11.0
  All other transportation-related commodities            5.0    5.1
   Passenger rail transportation services                 1.7   -2.8
   Passenger water transportation services                7.0    6.3
   Intercity bus services                                -1.9    6.7
   Intercity charter bus services                         5.1   13.5
   Local bus and other transportation services           10.1    1.2
   Taxicab services                                     -37.1   -7.1
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services         4.2   -1.7
   Automotive rental and leasing                          8.3   13.2
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                       1.5    1.5
   Automotive repair services                           -10.8   -0.3
   Parking                                              -16.5   -6.2
   Highway tolls                                         -4.9    7.9
   Travel arrangement and reservation services            9.5    4.7
   Gasoline                                               5.8    4.0
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                  1.3    3.0
  Recreation and entertainment                            1.3    0.0
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   -2.0    5.3
   Spectator sports                                       0.5    2.4
   Participant sports                                     3.2    3.1
   Gambling                                               3.6    5.9
   All other recreation and entertainment                -4.9    1.2
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline          1.3    1.7

Commodity                                                Contributions

                                                         (percentage
                                                           points)

                                                          2012  2013

All tourism goods and services                            1.30   4.28
 Traveler accommodations                                  0.54   0.71
 Food and beverage services                               0.14   0.22
 Transportation                                           0.62   2.03
  Passenger air transportation                           -0.59   0.20
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        -0.56   0.06
   International passenger air transportation services   -0.03   0.14
  All other transportation-related commodities            1.21   1.84
   Passenger rail transportation services                 0.01   0.00
   Passenger water transportation services                0.10   0.06
   Intercity bus services                                 0.01  -0.01
   Intercity charter bus services                         0.00   0.00
   Local bus and other transportation services            0.00   0.13
   Taxicab services                                       0.00  -0.21
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services         0.02   0.02
   Automotive rental and leasing                          0.24   0.03
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                       0.00   0.00
   Automotive repair services                            -0.18   0.17
   Parking                                               -0.04   0.10
   Highway tolls                                          0.00   0.01
   Travel arrangement and reservation services            0.27   0.24
   Gasoline                                               0.78   1.28
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                 -0.01   1.31
  Recreation and entertainment                            0.30  -0.31
   Motion pictures and performing arts                    0.41  -0.41
   Spectator sports                                      -0.03   0.00
   Participant sports                                     0.02   0.07
   Gambling                                               0.04   0.11
   All other recreation and entertainment                -0.13  -0.09
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         -0.31   1.63

Commodity                                               Contributions

                                                         (percentage
                                                           points)

                                                         2014   2015

All tourism goods and services                           2.80   4.73
 Traveler accommodations                                 0.26   0.97
 Food and beverage services                              0.46   0.63
 Transportation                                          1.77   2.41
  Passenger air transportation                           0.43   1.10
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        0.40   0.47
   International passenger air transportation services   0.03   0.63
  All other transportation-related commodities           1.34   1.31
   Passenger rail transportation services                0.00  -0.01
   Passenger water transportation services               0.10   0.09
   Intercity bus services                                0.00   0.01
   Intercity charter bus services                        0.01   0.03
   Local bus and other transportation services           0.07   0.01
   Taxicab services                                     -0.12  -0.01
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services        0.02  -0.01
   Automotive rental and leasing                         0.31   0.52
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                      0.00   0.00
   Automotive repair services                           -0.17   0.00
   Parking                                              -0.06  -0.02
   Highway tolls                                         0.00   0.01
   Travel arrangement and reservation services           0.48   0.26
   Gasoline                                              0.70   0.43
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                 0.31   0.72
  Recreation and entertainment                           0.14   0.49
   Motion pictures and performing arts                  -0.04   0.09
   Spectator sports                                      0.00   0.02
   Participant sports                                    0.04   0.04
   Gambling                                              0.19   0.32
   All other recreation and entertainment               -0.06   0.02
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         0.18   0.23

Commodity                                                Real output
                                                         (millions of
                                                           chained
                                                        (2009) dollars)

                                                         2012     2013

All tourism goods and services                          728,095  759,265
 Traveler accommodations                                140,811  146,390
 Food and beverage services                             111,086  112,761
 Transportation                                         292,804  306,520
  Passenger air transportation                          113,136  114,446
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        73,055   74,784
   International passenger air transportation services   40,071   40,996
  All other transportation-related commodities          179,680  192,222
   Passenger rail transportation services                 1,964    1,946
   Passenger water transportation services               12,064   12,528
   Intercity bus services                                 1,304    1,267
   Intercity charter bus services                         1,497    1,507
   Local bus and other transportation services            4,113    5,006
   Taxicab services                                       3,929    2,457
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services         2,831    3,013
   Automotive rental and leasing                         32,682   32,969
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                         756      776
   Automotive repair services                            11,094   12,416
   Parking                                                1,887    2,590
   Highway tolls                                            616      680
   Travel arrangement and reservation services           40,436   42,379
   Gasoline                                              63,479   70,322
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                183,285  193,348
  Recreation and entertainment                           86,574   84,161
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   17,402   14,207
   Spectator sports                                       5,111    5,478
   Participant sports                                    11,576   12,150
   Gambling                                              41,186   42,038
   All other recreation and entertainment                11,337   10,659
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         96,767  109,196

Commodity                                                Real output
                                                        (millions of
                                                           chained
                                                        (2009) dollars)

                                                        2014     2015

All tourism goods and services                          780,518  817,436
 Traveler accommodations                                148,474  156,181
 Food and beverage services                             116,349  121,224
 Transportation                                         319,063  337,388
  Passenger air transportation                          117,400  125,212
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        77,618   80,979
   International passenger air transportation services   41,171   45,710
  All other transportation-related commodities          201,914  212,307
   Passenger rail transportation services                 1,979    1,923
   Passenger water transportation services               13,408   14,258
   Intercity bus services                                 1,243    1,326
   Intercity charter bus services                         1,583    1,798
   Local bus and other transportation services            5,509    5,576
   Taxicab services                                       1,546    1,437
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services         3,140    3,086
   Automotive rental and leasing                         35,701   40,407
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                         787      798
   Automotive repair services                            11,077   11,042
   Parking                                                2,164    2,029
   Highway tolls                                            646      698
   Travel arrangement and reservation services           46,412   48,585
   Gasoline                                              74,391   77,394
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                193,348  195,861
  Recreation and entertainment                           85,276   85,276
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   13,921   14,662
   Spectator sports                                       5,507    5,638
   Participant sports                                    12,536   12,919
   Gambling                                              43,531   46,103
   All other recreation and entertainment                10,135   10,260
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline        110,594  112,430

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table B. Annual Growth, Contributions to Growth, and Levels of
Chain-Type Price Indexes for Tourism Commodities in 2012-2015

                                                             Annual
                                                             growth
                                                             rates
                                                            (percent
                                                           change from
Commodity                                                   preceding
                                                             period)

                                                          2012  2013

All tourism goods and services                             2.8   0.5
 Traveler accommodations                                   3.0   0.7
 Food and beverage services                                3.1   2.1
 Transportation                                            2.9  -0.3
  Passenger air transportation                             4.7   0.2
   Domestic passenger air transportation services          4.8   0.1
   International passenger air transportation services     4.6   0.5
  All other transportation-related commodities             1.7  -0.6
   Passenger rail transportation services                  3.9   3.1
   Passenger water transportation services                -2.7  -0.4
   Intercity bus services                                  3.6   3.6
   Intercity charter bus services                          3.6   3.5
   Local bus and other transportation services             3.1   4.3
   Taxicab services                                        3.1   4.3
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services          2.1   1.4
   Automotive rental and leasing                          -2.3   1.5
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                        3.2   1.5
   Automotive repair services                              1.8   1.5
   Parking                                                 8.7   3.5
   Highway tolls                                           1.8   0.5
   Travel arrangement and reservation services             1.1   0.9
   Gasoline                                                3.3  -2.8
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                   2.3   0.9
  Recreation and entertainment                             2.2   1.0
   Motion pictures and performing arts                     2.0   1.1
   Spectator sports                                        3.3   2.6
   Participant sports                                      2.5  -0.9
   Gambling                                                2.1   1.5
   All other recreation and entertainment                  2.1   0.7
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline           2.4   0.7

                                                             Annual
                                                             growth
                                                             rates
                                                            (percent
                                                           change from
Commodity                                                   preceding
                                                             period)

                                                          2012  2013

All tourism goods and services                             2.8   0.5
 Traveler accommodations                                   3.0   0.7
 Food and beverage services                                3.1   2.1
 Transportation                                            2.9  -0.3
  Passenger air transportation                             4.7   0.2
   Domestic passenger air transportation services          4.8   0.1
   International passenger air transportation services     4.6   0.5
  All other transportation-related commodities             1.7  -0.6
   Passenger rail transportation services                  3.9   3.1
   Passenger water transportation services                -2.7  -0.4
   Intercity bus services                                  3.6   3.6
   Intercity charter bus services                          3.6   3.5
   Local bus and other transportation services             3.1   4.3
   Taxicab services                                        3.1   4.3
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services          2.1   1.4
   Automotive rental and leasing                          -2.3   1.5
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                        3.2   1.5
   Automotive repair services                              1.8   1.5
   Parking                                                 8.7   3.5
   Highway tolls                                           1.8   0.5
   Travel arrangement and reservation services             1.1   0.9
   Gasoline                                                3.3  -2.8
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                   2.3   0.9
  Recreation and entertainment                             2.2   1.0
   Motion pictures and performing arts                     2.0   1.1
   Spectator sports                                        3.3   2.6
   Participant sports                                      2.5  -0.9
   Gambling                                                2.1   1.5
   All other recreation and entertainment                  2.1   0.7
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline           2.4   0.7

                                                         Contributions

                                                          (percentage
                                                            points)
Commodity

                                                         2012   2013

All tourism goods and services                           2.78   0.54
 Traveler accommodations                                 0.54   0.13
 Food and beverage services                              0.45   0.30
 Transportation                                          1.44  -0.11
  Passenger air transportation                           0.91   0.05
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        0.69   0.01
   International passenger air transportation services   0.69   0.03
  All other transportation-related commodities           0.52  -0.15
   Passenger rail transportation services                0.01   0.01
   Passenger water transportation services              -0.04  -0.01
   Intercity bus services                                0.01   0.01
   Intercity charter bus services                        0.01   0.01
   Local bus and other transportation services           0.02   0.03
   Taxicab services                                      0.02   0.02
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services        0.01   0.01
   Automotive rental and leasing                        -0.09   0.06
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                      0.00   0.00
   Automotive repair services                            0.03   0.02
   Parking                                               0.02   0.01
   Highway tolls                                         0.00   0.00
   Travel arrangement and reservation services           0.05   0.04
   Gasoline                                              0.48  -0.35
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                 0.55   0.21
  Recreation and entertainment                           0.24   0.11
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   0.04   0.02
   Spectator sports                                      0.02   0.02
   Participant sports                                    0.04  -0.01
   Gambling                                              0.11   0.08
   All other recreation and entertainment                0.03   0.01
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         0.31   0.09

                                                         Contributions

                                                         (percentage
                                                            points)
Commodity

                                                         2012   2013

All tourism goods and services                           2.78   0.54
 Traveler accommodations                                 0.54   0.13
 Food and beverage services                              0.45   0.30
 Transportation                                          1.44  -0.11
  Passenger air transportation                           0.91   0.05
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        0.69   0.01
   International passenger air transportation services   0.69   0.03
  All other transportation-related commodities           0.52  -0.15
   Passenger rail transportation services                0.01   0.01
   Passenger water transportation services              -0.04  -0.01
   Intercity bus services                                0.01   0.01
   Intercity charter bus services                        0.01   0.01
   Local bus and other transportation services           0.02   0.03
   Taxicab services                                      0.02   0.02
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services        0.01   0.01
   Automotive rental and leasing                        -0.09   0.06
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                      0.00   0.00
   Automotive repair services                            0.03   0.02
   Parking                                               0.02   0.01
   Highway tolls                                         0.00   0.00
   Travel arrangement and reservation services           0.05   0.04
   Gasoline                                              0.48  -0.35
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                 0.55   0.21
  Recreation and entertainment                           0.24   0.11
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   0.04   0.02
   Spectator sports                                      0.02   0.02
   Participant sports                                    0.04  -0.01
   Gambling                                              0.11   0.08
   All other recreation and entertainment                0.03   0.01
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         0.31   0.09

                                                        Contributions

                                                        (percentage
                                                          points)
Commodity

                                                        2014   2015

All tourism goods and services                           1.63  -3.08
 Traveler accommodations                                 0.79   0.57
 Food and beverage services                              0.35   0.40
 Transportation                                          0.17  -4.19
  Passenger air transportation                           0.40  -0.72
   Domestic passenger air transportation services        0.26  -0.30
   International passenger air transportation services   0.14  -0.41
  All other transportation-related commodities          -0.24  -3.48
   Passenger rail transportation services                0.00   0.01
   Passenger water transportation services              -0.01   0.01
   Intercity bus services                                0.00  -0.01
   Intercity charter bus services                        0.00  -0.01
   Local bus and other transportation services           0.01   0.02
   Taxicab services                                      0.00   0.00
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services        0.01   0.01
   Automotive rental and leasing                         0.22  -0.34
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                     -0.01   0.00
   Automotive repair services                            0.02   0.02
   Parking                                               0.01   0.01
   Highway tolls                                         0.00   0.00
   Travel arrangement and reservation services           0.01   0.03
   Gasoline                                             -0.50  -3.22
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                 0.33   0.15
  Recreation and entertainment                           0.13   0.09
   Motion pictures and performing arts                   0.03   0.04
   Spectator sports                                      0.02   0.05
   Participant sports                                   -0.01  -0.03
   Gambling                                              0.09   0.01
   All other recreation and entertainment                0.01   0.02
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline         0.19   0.06

                                                         Price indexes
                                                        (index numbers,
                                                           2009=100)
Commodity

                                                        2012   2013

All tourism goods and services                          111.6  112.2
 Traveler accommodations                                103.9  104.7
 Food and beverage services                             106.8  109.1
 Transportation                                         120.7  120.4
  Passenger air transportation                          122.0  122.3
   Domestic passenger air transportation services       121.2  121.4
   International passenger air transportation services  123.6  124.3
  All other transportation-related commodities          119.9  119.2
   Passenger rail transportation services               109.3  112.6
   Passenger water transportation services               97.5   97.0
   Intercity bus services                               114.5  118.6
   Intercity charter bus services                       114.6  118.6
   Local bus and other transportation services          112.6  117.4
   Taxicab services                                     112.2  117.0
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services       102.6  104.1
   Automotive rental and leasing                         95.0   96.4
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                     110.2  111.9
   Automotive repair services                           105.9  107.5
   Parking                                              114.8  118.9
   Highway tolls                                        114.0  114.5
   Travel arrangement and reservation services          102.1  103.0
   Gasoline                                             155.3  150.9
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                106.0  106.9
  Recreation and entertainment                          105.2  106.3
   Motion pictures and performing arts                  104.4  105.6
   Spectator sports                                     105.4  108.1
   Participant sports                                   101.1  100.2
   Gambling                                             107.0  108.6
   All other recreation and entertainment               103.7  104.5
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline        106.6  107.4

                                                         Price indexes
                                                        (index numbers,
                                                           2009=100)
Commodity

                                                        2014   2015

All tourism goods and services                          114.0  110.5
 Traveler accommodations                                109.3  112.7
 Food and beverage services                             111.7  114.8
 Transportation                                         120.9  109.3
  Passenger air transportation                          125.3  120.0
   Domestic passenger air transportation services       124.3  120.8
   International passenger air transportation services  127.3  118.6
  All other transportation-related commodities          118.2  102.8
   Passenger rail transportation services               113.4  117.3
   Passenger water transportation services               96.4   97.2
   Intercity bus services                               118.3  111.0
   Intercity charter bus services                       118.3  111.1
   Local bus and other transportation services          118.9  121.5
   Taxicab services                                     118.5  121.0
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services       105.6  108.0
   Automotive rental and leasing                        102.1   94.0
   Other vehicle rental and leasing                     105.5  106.3
   Automotive repair services                           109.2  111.0
   Parking                                              121.8  124.9
   Highway tolls                                        115.2  108.8
   Travel arrangement and reservation services          103.1  103.7
   Gasoline                                             144.9  106.2
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping                108.4  109.0
  Recreation and entertainment                          107.7  108.6
   Motion pictures and performing arts                  107.5  109.9
   Spectator sports                                     111.4  119.3
   Participant sports                                    99.3   97.3
   Gambling                                             110.4  110.5
   All other recreation and entertainment               105.3  107.1
  Nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline        108.9  109.4

Table C. Travel and Tourism as a Share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
in 2007-2014

       Billions of dollars  Tourism
       GDP      Tourism     value
                value       added
                added       as a
                            share of
                            GDP

2007   14,478   402         2.78
2008   14,719   391         2.66
2009   14,419   366         2.54
2010   14,964   377         2.52
2011   15,518   404         2.60
2012   16,163   422         2.61
2013   16,663   454         2.72
2014   17,348   455         2.63

Table D Annual Growth, Contributions to Growth, and Levels of Direct
Employment by Tourism Industry in 2012-2015

                                                     Annual growth rates
                                                    (percent change from
                                                      preceding period)
Industry
                                                       2012   2013

All tourism industries                                  1.3     3.9
 Traveler accommodations                                2.2     1.7
 Vacation home rentals                                 -5.8    91.8
 Food services and drinking places                      2.1    -0.3
 Transportation                                         1.0    14.3
  Air transportation services                           0.8     2.1
  All other transportation-related industries           1.2    23.4
   Rail transportation services                         4.4    -1.8
   Water transportation services                        4.8    -7.3
   Interurban bus transportation                        2.5    -5.2
   Interurban charter bus transportation               -2.5    45.8
   Urban transit systems and other transportation      -3.6    41.4
   Taxi service                                        -0.4   -86.0
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services       4.3    88.3
   Automotive equipment rental and leasing              1.5    16.3
   Automotive repair services                         -10.6   107.1
   Parking lots and garages                            -5.7   193.5
   Toll highways                                       -5.6    11.2
   Travel arrangement and reservation services          3.3     7.4
   Petroleum refineries                                 6.8     0.0
   Gasoline service stations                            5.8    45.9
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping               -1.2     1.6
  Recreation and entertainment                          1.4    -4.9
   Motion pictures and performing arts                 17.1    31.6
   Spectator sports                                     9.3   -23.4
   Participant sports                                  -0.2     6.9
   Gambling                                             1.2   -30.1
   All other recreation and entertainment              -5.2    28.9
  Shopping                                             -4.3     9.5
   Industries producing nondurable
   PCE commodities, excluding
   petroleum
   refineries                                          -1.8    15.9
   Retail trade services, excluding
   gasoline service stations                           -5.0     7.4
 All other industries                                   4.1     6.3
  All other industries, excluding
  wholesale trade and
  transportation services                               1.6    -0.6
  Wholesale trade and
  transportation services                               6.8     9.3

                                                     Annual growth rates
                                                    (percent change from
                                                      preceding period)
Industry
                                                       2014    2015

All tourism industries                                  0.0    -0.4
 Traveler accommodations                                2.0     0.0
 Vacation home rentals                                 -2.5     0.0
 Food services and drinking places                     -0.8    -0.9
 Transportation                                         0.7     0.1
  Air transportation services                           1.3     0.1
  All other transportation-related industries           0.4     0.1
   Rail transportation services                        -0.2    -0.4
   Water transportation services                        5.1     0.5
   Interurban bus transportation                        1.0     0.5
   Interurban charter bus transportation                2.9     0.0
   Urban transit systems and other transportation       8.3     0.6
   Taxi service                                       -35.1   -18.0
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services       4.5     0.9
   Automotive equipment rental and leasing              5.6     2.0
   Automotive repair services                         -11.6    -1.8
   Parking lots and garages                           -14.4    -2.8
   Toll highways                                       -3.2    -0.9
   Travel arrangement and reservation services          1.3     0.3
   Petroleum refineries                                 0.3    -0.5
   Gasoline service stations                            3.4     0.4
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping               -2.2    -0.9
  Recreation and entertainment                         -4.4    -1.0
   Motion pictures and performing arts                 -4.9     0.6
   Spectator sports                                    -9.4    -1.8
   Participant sports                                  -4.8    -0.8
   Gambling                                            -1.3    -1.8
   All other recreation and entertainment              -5.5    -0.7
  Shopping                                              0.3    -0.7
   Industries producing nondurable
   PCE commodities, excluding
   petroleum
   refineries                                           0.3    -0.6
   Retail trade services, excluding
   gasoline service stations                            0.3    -0.7
 All other industries                                  -0.7    -0.6
  All other industries, excluding
  wholesale trade and
  transportation services                              -3.8    -1.2
  Wholesale trade and
  transportation services                               0.6    -0.4

                                                      Contributions
                                                    percentage points

Industry
                                                      2015    2012

All tourism industries                               -0.4     1.35
 Traveler accommodations                              0.0     0.55
 Vacation home rentals                                0.0    -0.01
 Food services and drinking places                   -0.9     0.68
 Transportation                                       0.1     0.20
  Air transportation services                         0.1     0.07
  All other transportation-related industries         0.1     0.14
   Rail transportation services                      -0.4     0.01
   Water transportation services                      0.5     0.03
   Interurban bus transportation                      0.5     0.01
   Interurban charter bus transportation              0.0    -0.01
   Urban transit systems and other transportation     0.6    -0.03
   Taxi service                                     -18.0     0.00
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services     0.9     0.01
   Automotive equipment rental and leasing            2.0     0.03
   Automotive repair services                        -1.8    -0.10
   Parking lots and garages                          -2.8    -0.02
   Toll highways                                     -0.9     0.00
   Travel arrangement and reservation services        0.3     0.11
   Petroleum refineries                              -0.5     0.01
   Gasoline service stations                          0.4     0.10
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping             -0.9    -0.23
  Recreation and entertainment                       -1.0     0.14
   Motion pictures and performing arts                0.6     0.08
   Spectator sports                                  -1.8     0.09
   Participant sports                                -0.8    -0.01
   Gambling                                          -1.8     0.04
   All other recreation and entertainment            -0.7    -0.06
  Shopping                                           -0.7    -0.37
   Industries producing nondurable
   PCE commodities, excluding
   petroleum
   refineries                                        -0.6    -0.04
   Retail trade services, excluding
   gasoline service stations                         -0.7    -0.33
 All other industries                                -0.6     0.15
  All other industries, excluding
  wholesale trade and
  transportation services                            -1.2    -0.02
  Wholesale trade and
  transportation services                            -0.4     0.17

                                                      Contributions
                                                    percentage points

Industry
                                                     2014    2015

All tourism industries                              -0.01   -0.43
 Traveler accommodations                             0.48    0.01
 Vacation home rentals                              -0.01    0.00
 Food services and drinking places                  -0.25   -0.28
 Transportation                                      0.16    0.02
  Air transportation services                        0.11    0.01
  All other transportation-related industries        0.05    0.02
   Rail transportation services                      0.00    0.00
   Water transportation services                     0.03    0.00
   Interurban bus transportation                     0.00    0.00
   Interurban charter bus transportation             0.01    0.00
   Urban transit systems and other transportation    0.09    0.01
   Taxi service                                     -0.04   -0.01
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services    0.02    0.00
   Automotive equipment rental and leasing           0.10    0.04
   Automotive repair services                       -0.19   -0.03
   Parking lots and garages                         -0.11   -0.02
   Toll highways                                     0.00    0.00
   Travel arrangement and reservation services       0.04    0.01
   Petroleum refineries                              0.00    0.00
   Gasoline service stations                         0.08    0.01
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping            -0.38   -0.15
  Recreation and entertainment                      -0.40   -0.09
   Motion pictures and performing arts              -0.03    0.00
   Spectator sports                                 -0.07   -0.01
   Participant sports                               -0.19   -0.03
   Gambling                                         -0.03   -0.04
   All other recreation and entertainment           -0.08   -0.01
  Shopping                                           0.02   -0.06
   Industries producing nondurable
   PCE commodities, excluding
   petroleum
   refineries                                        0.01   -0.01
   Retail trade services, excluding
   gasoline service stations                         0.02   -0.04
 All other industries                               -0.01   -0.04
  All other industries, excluding
  wholesale trade and
  transportation services                           -0.03   -0.02
  Wholesale trade and
  transportation services                            0.02   -0.01

                                                     Direct employment
                                                       (thousands)

Industry
                                                      2012  2013

All tourism industries                               5,176  5,376
 Traveler accommodations                             1,320  1,342
 Vacation home rentals                                   8     16
 Food services and drinking places                   1,660  1,655
 Transportation                                      1,030  1,178
  Air transportation services                          440    449
  All other transportation-related industries          591    729
   Rail transportation services                         10     10
   Water transportation services                        31     28
   Interurban bus transportation                        19     18
   Interurban charter bus transportation                13     19
   Urban transit systems and other transportation       43     60
   Taxi service                                         43      6
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services       15     28
   Automotive equipment rental and leasing              88    102
   Automotive repair services                           43     89
   Parking lots and garages                             14     41
   Toll highways                                         4      4
   Travel arrangement and reservation services         171    184
   Petroleum refineries                                  8      8
   Gasoline service stations                            91    132
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping               957    972
  Recreation and entertainment                         527    501
   Motion pictures and performing arts                  28     37
   Spectator sports                                     57     43
   Participant sports                                  206    220
   Gambling                                            176    123
   All other recreation and entertainment               60     77
  Shopping                                             429    470
   Industries producing nondurable
   PCE commodities, excluding
   petroleum
   refineries                                          109    126
   Retail trade services, excluding
   gasoline service stations                           321    344
 All other industries                                  201    214
  All other industries, excluding
  wholesale trade and
  transportation services                               61     61
  Wholesale trade and
  transportation services                              140    153

                                                     Direct employment
                                                       (thousands)

Industry
                                                      2014   2015

All tourism industries                               5,374   5,351
 Traveler accommodations                             1,368   1,369
 Vacation home rentals                                  15      15
 Food services and drinking places                   1,641   1,626
 Transportation                                      1,187   1,188
  Air transportation services                          455     455
  All other transportation-related industries          732     733
   Rail transportation services                         10      10
   Water transportation services                        30      30
   Interurban bus transportation                        18      18
   Interurban charter bus transportation                19      19
   Urban transit systems and other transportation       65      66
   Taxi service                                          4       3
   Scenic and sightseeing transportation services       29      29
   Automotive equipment rental and leasing             108     110
   Automotive repair services                           78      77
   Parking lots and garages                             35      34
   Toll highways                                         4       4
   Travel arrangement and reservation services         187     187
   Petroleum refineries                                  8       8
   Gasoline service stations                           137     137
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping               951     943
  Recreation and entertainment                         479     474
   Motion pictures and performing arts                  35      36
   Spectator sports                                     39      39
   Participant sports                                  210     208
   Gambling                                            122     120
   All other recreation and entertainment               73      73
  Shopping                                             472     469
   Industries producing nondurable
   PCE commodities, excluding
   petroleum
   refineries                                          127     126
   Retail trade services, excluding
   gasoline service stations                           345     343
 All other industries                                  212     211
  All other industries, excluding
  wholesale trade and
  transportation services                               59      58
  Wholesale trade and
  transportation services                              154     153

PCE Personal consumption expenditures