Trade in services in 2013 and services supplied through affiliates in 2012.

Grimm, Alexis N. ; Krishnan, Charu S.

TO PROVIDE a broad perspective on services provided by and to the United States in international markets, this article presents information on services provided, both in the conventional sense--that is, trade in services--and on services supplied through the channel of direct investment by affiliates of multinational enterprises (MNEs). (1) Trade in services in this article refers to exports and imports that are included in the U.S. international transactions accounts (ITAs). Services supplied through affiliates refers to services supplied by majority-owned affiliates of MNEs through the channel of direct investment. It covers transactions between foreign affiliates of U.S. companies and foreign residents, both in the local economy and in other foreign markets, and transactions between U.S. affiliates of foreign companies and U.S. residents. Because of the importance of proximity to customers in the delivery of services, many MNEs serve foreign markets partly or wholly through their affiliates located in, or close to, the markets they serve. In 2012, as in previous years, the majority of services both delivered and obtained by the United States internationally was through affiliates (table A and chart 1).

In June 2014, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) introduced a new presentation of the ITAs as part of a comprehensive restructuring of the international economic accounts to more closely align them with international statistical guidelines for compiling balance of payments statistics. (2) The presentation of trade in services in this article has been modified from that of past years to align with the restructured ITAs, which now include nine broad categories of services rather than seven. As part of this alignment, this year's article includes statistics on services provided to, and received from, nonresidents by U.S. government agencies, both military and nonmilitary, as part of a new category "government goods and services n.i.e." (not included elsewhere). With this change, this article now provides detailed information on all trade in services, not just trade in private services. For more information on the definitions and methodology of the major trade in services categories, see Part III in International Economic Accounts: Concepts and Methods.

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In 2013, U.S. exports of services were $687.4 billion, and U.S. imports of services were $462.1 billion, resulting in a services trade surplus of $225.3 billion (chart 2). (3) The United States retained its position as the world's leader in exports and imports of services. (4) In 2012--the latest year for which statistics are available--services supplied to foreign markets through majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational enterprises were $1,293.0 billion. Services supplied to the United States through majority-owned U.S. affiliates of foreign multinationals were $801.9 billion.

U.S. Trade in Services 2013

In 2013, the U.S. surplus on trade in services increased 10 percent, to $225.3 billion, after increasing 6 percent in 2012. In contrast to the persistent U.S. deficit on trade in goods, which was $701.7 billion in 2013, the United States has historically recorded a surplus on trade in services (chart 2). Growth in exports accelerated in 2013, while growth in imports continued to decelerate from the relatively high rate of 2011 (table A). This occurred as the real gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States and some of its major trading partners grew at a slower rate in 2013 than in 2012 (chart 3). In addition, the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies of many of the major U.S. trading partners was largely unchanged in 2013 (chart 4).

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Both exports and imports reached record levels. For exports, the largest increases were in travel (for all purposes including education), $11.9 billion, and in financial services, $7.5 billion (table B). For imports, the largest increases were in transport, $5.7 billion, and in other business services, $5.4 billion. Summary statistics on trade in services by category and the five largest countries in each category are presented on pages 6-15. For more detailed statistics, see tables 1-7.2 that accompany this article.

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Growth in exports accelerated to 5 percent in 2013 from 4 percent in 2012 (table B). The pace of growth varied by type of service. For exports, all categories except insurance grew, and the largest percentage increases were in financial services, 10 percent, and maintenance and repair services, 8 percent. The growth in financial services reflected growth in financial management, financial advisory, and custody services. The growth in maintenance and repair services reflected growth in industrial-type maintenance services.

For imports, five of the nine categories grew, and the largest percentage increases were in financial services, 10 percent, and in transport, 7 percent. The growth in financial services reflected growth in financial management, financial advisory, and custody services and in credit card and other credit-related services. The growth in transport reflected growth in sea and air transport.

By area, Europe remained the largest market for U.S. services exports, followed by the Asia and Pacific region. By country, the top 10 markets for U.S. exports in 2013 were nearly unchanged from those in 2012; Korea replaced Australia as the tenth largest market in 2013 (table C). Canada was the top market for exports in 2013; the top categories of exports were travel (for all purposes including education) and charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. The United Kingdom was the second largest market for exports in 2013; the top categories of exports were financial services and other business services.

Europe remained the largest source of U.S. services imports, followed by the Asia and Pacific region. By country, the top 10 sources of U.S. imports in 2013 were nearly unchanged from those in 2012; Ireland replaced China as the tenth largest provider of services to the United States in 2013. The United Kingdom was the top provider of services to the United States; the top categories of imports were other business services and transport. Germany was the second-largest provider of services to the United States; the top categories of imports were transport and other business services.

Services trade includes trade between unaffiliated parties and trade within multinational enterprises. Trade within MNEs (affiliated trade) accounted for 27 percent of exports in 2013, down 1 percent from 2012. Affiliated trade accounted for 28 percent of imports in 2013, up 1 percent from 2012. For exports, growth in unaffiliated trade increased 2 percentage points in 2013, from 4 percent to 6 percent, and growth in affiliated trade decreased 2 percentage points, from 5 percent to 3 percent. For imports, growth in unaffiliated trade decreased 2 percentage points in 2013, from 3 percent to 1 percent, and growth in affiliated trade increased 1 percentage point, from 5 percent to 6 percent.

Services Supplied Through Affiliates in 2012

U.S. international services delivered via the channel of direct investment consist of (1) services supplied to local markets and other foreign markets by foreign affiliates of U.S. MNEs and (2) services supplied to the U.S. market by U.S. affiliates of foreign MNEs. In 2012, services supplied by U.S. MNEs to foreign markets through their affiliates increased to $1,293.0 billion from $1,247.0 billion in 2011. Services supplied by foreign MNEs to the United States through their U.S. affiliates increased to $801.9 billion from $781.6 billion. The difference between international services supplied through affiliates to foreign markets and to U.S. markets was $491.1 billion in 2012, compared with $462.4 billion in 2011. Selected summary statistics on services supplied by foreign affiliates of U.S. MNEs for certain countries and industries of the affiliate and on services supplied by U.S. affiliates of foreign MNEs for certain countries of ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) and industries of the affiliate are presented on pages 16-19. (5) For more detailed statistics, see tables 8-10.2 that accompany this article.

Services supplied abroad through foreign affiliates of U.S. MNEs grew 4 percent in 2012 after growing 8 percent in 2011. The sharp decline in growth reflected weaker economic growth in many of the major markets served by affiliates as well as in emerging markets (chart 3). In Europe, the euro area slid into recession in 2012, and growth in the United Kingdom was less than half of 1 percent. Canada's real GDP growth also slowed but remained higher than that of Europe. Growth in emerging markets and developing economies, such as Mexico, slipped slightly. This weakened the expansion of services supplied by affiliates in markets that in 2011, had accounted for more than half of the growth. Japan's real GDP growth rebounded in 2012 after a contraction in 2011 that at least partly resulted from the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami.

The value of the dollar relative to the currencies of many of the U.S.'s largest trading partners was largely unchanged throughout 2012. However, in Japan, the dollar strengthened against the yen (chart 4).

Services supplied abroad through affiliates increased in all major regions, but the largest increases were for affiliates in the Asia and Pacific region, followed by affiliates in Europe and in South and Central America. In Asia and Pacific, all major industry categories grew; the largest increases were in professional, scientific, and technical services and in insurance. More than two-fifths of the growth in services supplied in Asia and Pacific was due to increases in services supplied by affiliates in China, where economic growth slipped but was still robust, and in Australia, one of the fastest growing advanced economies in 2012. Services supplied by affiliates in Europe grew 2 percent despite Europe's weak economic situation; about two-thirds of the growth was due to a sharp increase in growth in services supplied in Ireland, particularly in information services supplied to unaffiliated customers in other countries. Increases for European affiliates in information services and in retail trade more than offset large decreases in banking and finance and in wholesale trade. Despite weak economic growth in South and Central America, services supplied by affiliates grew 8 percent in 2012, led by increases in Mexico and in Chile; more than half of the increase was in finance and insurance and in professional, scientific, and technical services.

Services supplied by foreign affiliates of U.S. MNEs increased in most major industry categories, but approximately two-thirds of the total increase was in professional, scientific, and technical services, in information services, and in retail trade. In professional, scientific, and technical services, the largest increases were in architectural, engineering, and related services and in computer systems design and related services. In information services, more than half of the increase was in "Internet service providers, web search portals, data processing services, Internet publishing and broadcasting, and other information services," mainly in services supplied by affiliates that provide Internet search and social networking services and by affiliates in software publication services, particularly in Ireland. In retail trade, the inclusion of services supplied by newly acquired foreign affiliates accounted for more than half of the increase, and the largest increases were in general merchandise and miscellaneous store retailers.

U.S. MNEs not only supply services to foreign markets via the channel of direct investment through foreign affiliates (the focus of this article), but they also supply services to the U.S. market. Services supplied to foreign markets accounted for 92 percent, and services supplied to the U.S. market accounted for the remaining 8 percent of foreign affiliates' $1,405.7 billion in services supplied worldwide in 2012. Services supplied to foreign markets through the channel of direct investment include services provided by U.S. MNEs' affiliates to both their local markets and other foreign markets. In 2012, transactions in the local market accounted for 72 percent of services supplied worldwide by affiliates, while transactions with parties in other foreign markets accounted for 20 percent.

In 2012, services supplied to the U.S. market by U.S. affiliates of foreign MNEs grew 3 percent, down from 11 percent in 2011, despite somewhat stronger U.S. economic growth (chart 3). Growth in services supplied through affiliates was unevenly distributed by region of UBO, and affiliates with UBOs in Europe and in Asia and Pacific together more than accounted for the growth. For affiliates with UBOs in Europe, more than half of the increase was in German-headquartered affiliates, particularly those in finance and insurance. Growth in services supplied by affiliates with UBOs in Europe increased in most major industries; the largest increases were in professional, scientific, and technical services, especially advertising and related services, and in wholesale trade. For affiliates with UBOs in Asia and Pacific, the increase was driven by growth in U.S. affiliates with UBOs in Japan, which accounted for more than 80 percent of the total increase in services supplied by affiliates with UBOs in Asia and Pacific. By industry, the largest increases in Asia and Pacific were in wholesale trade and in administration, support, and waste management, particularly in employment services. For affiliates of UBOs in all other major regions, services supplied grew weakly (South and Central America and Canada) or contracted (the Middle East, the United States, Other Western Hemisphere, and Africa).

Services supplied by U.S. affiliates of foreign MNEs increased in seven of the eight major industry categories; the largest increases were in wholesale trade, in professional, scientific, and technical services, and in administration, support, and waste management. Higher sales of many types of goods led to increases in distributive services supplied by U.S. affiliates in wholesale trade that were spread across subindustries but that were concentrated in affiliates with UBOs in Asia and Pacific (particularly in Japan) and in Europe. Additions of affiliates to the BEA survey universe due to foreigners acquiring or establishing U.S. affiliates strongly contributed to the increases in professional, scientific, and technical services and in administration, support and waste management. In professional, scientific, and technical services, most of the increase was in advertising and related services, especially for affiliates with UBOs in France, and in computer systems design and related services, particularly for affiliates with UBOs in Germany. In administration, support, and waste management, the increase was mostly in employment services, and the largest increases were for affiliates with UBOs in Japan. Decreases in services supplied by affiliates in transportation and warehousing, particularly affiliates with UBOs in Canada, and in finance and insurance partly offset increases in other industries.

Foreign MNEs not only supply services to the U.S. market via the channel of direct investment through U.S. affiliates (the focus of this article), but also to other markets. However, U.S. market transactions typically account for the vast majority of their services supplied worldwide, as they did in 2012, when U.S. market transactions accounted for 91 percent of U.S. affiliates' $883.3 billion in services supplied worldwide. This large share reflects the dominant size of the U.S. market, compared with the sizes of other nearby markets.

Data Availability

Detailed statistics for U.S. international services accompany this article in tables 1-10.2. For the first time, trade in services statistics and statistics on services supplied internationally through majority-owned affiliates can be accessed through BEA's interactive tables. These tables cover additional years of data and supplemental detail not available in the tables that accompany this article.

U.S. Trade in Services--Maintenance and Repair Services

Exports of maintenance and repair services increased 8 percent, reflecting increased exports to Europe and to the Middle East.

Exports to countries other than the top five increased 8 percent, reflecting strong increases to European countries, such as Italy, Ireland, and France.

Imports of maintenance and repair services decreased 4 percent, reflecting decreased imports from Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere and from Asia and Pacific.

Imports from the United Kingdom increased 7 percent in 2013 after decreasing 4 percent in 2012.

U.S. Trade in Services--Transport

Transport exports increased 4 percent. The growth was driven by a 6 percent increase in air services, which accounted for 75 percent of exports in transport in 2013 (chart 5).

Air passenger services increased 6 percent, reflecting an increase in the number of foreign visitors on U.S. airlines. Average airfares decreased.

Air port services increased 13 percent, reflecting a large increase in exports to Europe.

Exports to the United Kingdom increased 9 percent, reflecting increases in air port services and air passenger services and in other modes of transport.

Transport imports increased 7 percent, reflecting increases in sea services and in air services. Sea services accounted for 40 percent of transport imports, air services accounted for 55 percent in 2013 (chart 6).

Air passenger services increased 8 percent, reflecting increases in the number of U.S. travelers on foreign airlines and in average airfares.

Imports from countries other than the five largest markets increased 7 percent. The larger increases were in imports from Asian countries, such as Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong.

U.S. Trade in Services--Travel (for All Purpose Including Education)

Travel exports increased 7 percent as the number of foreign visitors to the United States increased while their average expenditures were nearly unchanged.

Education-related exports increased 10 percent as the number of foreign students in the United States increased more than 7 percent and average tuition increased 1 percent.

Travel exports to China increased 18 percent in 2013, reflecting a 24 percent increase in education-related travel and a 14 percent increase in other business travel and other personal travel.

Travel exports to the United Kingdom decreased 3 percent, reflecting a decrease in average travel expenditures. The number of visitors from the United Kingdom increased.

Exports to countries other than the five largest markets increased 8 percent with strong increases in exports to countries in the Middle East (chart 7).

Travel imports increased 4 percent in 2013 after increasing 12 percent in 2012; the deceleration was due to slower growth in the number of U.S. travelers abroad and to slower growth in their average expenditures in 2013.

Imports from Mexico increased 13 percent. Mexico remained the largest market for U.S. travel abroad in 2013 resulting from increases in the number of U.S. travelers to Mexico and in their average expenditures.

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U.S. Trade in Services--Insurance Services

Exports of insurance decreased 3 percent in 2013, mainly because of a 5 percent decrease in reinsurance that was driven by a decrease in exports to Europe.

Exports to Canada decreased 4 percent because of decreases in both reinsurance and direct insurance. Despite the decrease, Canada remained the top market for U.S. insurance services overall as well as for direct insurance.

Exports to Japan decreased 13 percent, mainly because of a decrease in reinsurance. Reinsurance premium imports decreased 8 percent after increasing 24 percent in 2012. (Premiums typically increase sharply following major disasters, such as the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami.)

Imports of insurance services decreased 5 percent, mainly reflecting a decrease in reinsurance.

Imports of reinsurance services decreased despite an increase in reinsurance premium imports that reflected an increase after Superstorm Sandy in 2012. Although premiums increased, reinsurance services decreased because claims payable increased more than premiums. (For information on how insurance services are calculated see Part III in International Economic Accounts: Concepts and Methods.

Insurance imports from Bermuda continued to decrease, falling 7 percent from imports in 2012.

U.S. Trade in Services--Financial Services

Exports of financial services increased 10 percent in 2013 after decreasing 2 percent in 2012, The largest increase was in financial management services.

Exports of financial management services increased 16 percent. Overall rising equity markets contributed to the growth in assets under management. Several hedge funds posted large increases in exports of financial management services as a result of increases in performance fees collected.

Exports to countries other than the top five increased 12 percent, reflecting larger increases in exports to Germany and China.

Imports of financial services imports increased 10 percent in 2013 after decreasing 2 percent in 2012. The largest increases were in credit card and other credit-related services and in financial management services.

Imports of credit card and other credit-related services increased 16 percent. Imports of credit card services increased more than other credit-related services, reflecting stronger consumer confidence and increased consumer spending in 2013.

Imports from countries other than the top five increased 6 percent, reflecting larger increases in imports from Hong Kong and Australia.

U.S. Trade in Services--Charges for the Use of Intellectual Property

Exports that reflect charges for the use of intellectual property increased 3 percent, mostly reflecting an in' crease in charges associated with computer software (chart 8).

Exports that reflect charges associated with the use of computer software increased 6 percent, mostly reflecting increased exports to Europe, particularly to Ireland.

Exports to Ireland increased 7 percent, maintaining the country's position as the top recipient of exports that reflect these charges.

Exports to Japan decreased 9 percent in 2013, causing it to drop to the fourth-largest recipient of exports from the second-largest recipient.

Imports that reflect charges for the use of intellectual property decreased 1 percent. The largest decrease was in charges associated with other intellectual property and computer software (chart 9).

Unaffiliated imports decreased 6 percent, driven by decreases in imports that reflect charges for the use of industrial processes from Europe and of charges for the use of audio-visual and related products from international organizations. Audio-visual and related products dropped from a high level in 2012, which included charges for the rights to broadcast the London Summer Olympic Games.

Imports from Japan increased 28 percent, mainly reflecting an increase in charges associated with the use of industrial processes.

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U.S. Trade in Services--Telecommunications, Computer, and Information Services

Exports of telecommunications, computer, and information services increased 4 percent in 2013 after increasing 10 percent in 2012.

Exports of information services increased 10 percent. The largest increases were in exports to Ireland and the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom remained the largest recipient of exports in 2013 despite decreasing 1 percent in 2013. This decrease was largely the result of a decrease in computer services.

Imports of telecommunications, computer, and information services increased 2 percent in 2013 after decreasing 2 percent in 2012.

Imports of computer services increased 2 percent. The largest increases were in imports from Europe and from Asia and Pacific.

Imports from Canada decreased 11 percent, mainly reflecting a decrease in computer services.

U.S. Trade in Services--Other Business Services Exports

Exports of other business services increased 3 percent, mainly due to increases in professional and management consulting services and in research and development services.

Exports of professional and management consulting services increased 4 percent. The largest increase was * in exports to Asia and Pacific. These exports accounted for 45 percent of total exports of other business services in 2013 (chart 10).

Exports to Switzerland decreased 3 percent, reflecting decreases both in professional and management consulting services and in research and development services.

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U.S. Trade in Services--Other Business Services Imports

Imports of other business services increased 6 percent, mainly because of a 12 percent increase in research and development services.

The increase in research and development services was driven by an increase in imports from Europe; imports from Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere and the Middle East also increased strongly. Imports of research and development services accounted for 35 percent of total imports of other business services in 2013 (chart 11).

Imports of other business services from Ireland increased 31 percent, driven by a 32 percent increase in research and development services.

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U.S. Trade in Services--Government Goods and Services

Exports of government goods and services increased 1 percent, with stronger growth in exports to Asia and Pacific.

Imports decreased 9 percent, reflecting large decreases in imports from Asia and Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East.

Imports from countries other than the largest five markets decreased 12 percent, with larger decreases in imports from Taiwan, Belgium-Luxembourg, and Canada.

Services Supplied by Affiliates--To Foreign Persons Through Foreign Affiliates

In Europe, services supplied by affiliates increased modestly in 2012 (chart 12). However, as a result of significant increases in other regions, Europe's share of all services supplied to foreign persons dropped to less than half of the worldwide total. This is the lowest share for Europe since 1999, the first year for which BEA published statistics by region on services supplied by affiliates (chart 13).

In Ireland, services supplied by affiliates increased. Most of the increase was in information services. The increase was largest for affiliates that provide internet search and social networking services and for software publishers.

In Chile, services supplied increased in most major industries, and more than half of the increase was in professional, scientific, and technical services, especially architectural, engineering, and related services.

In Bermuda, services supplied increased, and most of the increase was attributable to existing affiliates in finance and insurance and in real estate and rental and leasing.

In South Africa, services supplied increased, and the increase was almost fully accounted for by acquisitions of affiliates in retail trade.

In China, services supplied increased and the increase was widespread across industries. The largest increases were in accommodation and food services and in wholesale trade.

In India, services supplied increased, and the increase was largely due to an increase in professional, scientific, and technical services, especially in computer systems design and related services.

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Services Supplied by Affiliates--To Foreign Persons Through Foreign Affiliates

In transportation equipment manufacturing, services supplied decreased. More than half of the decrease was in Europe, where declining motor vehicle sales contributed to a drop in services supplied in secondary activities, particularly in wholesaling.

In retail trade, services supplied increased. More than half of the increase was due to the acquisition of new affiliates in several subindustries, especially in Europe.

In finance and insurance, the increase in insurance services supplied exceeded the decrease in finance services. More than half of the increase in insurance was accounted for by an increase in premiums earned at existing affiliates in Japan, particularly affiliates in life insurance carriers. The decrease in finance were more than accounted for by a decrease in services supplied by affiliates in the United Kingdom, especially in banking and commodities trading.

In real estate and rental and leasing, services supplied increased. Nearly half of the increase was in intercompany sales of intellectual property licensing activities, which is included in "lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets." This increase represented a strong reversal from negative growth in 2011 (chart 14).

In architectural, engineering, and related services, services supplied increased. The increase was mainly related to new projects in mining, power, and petrochemicals undertaken by affiliates in several countries, particularly Australia.

In mining, services supplied increased. The increase was due to growth in support activities for oil and gas operations supplied by new and existing affiliates.

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Services Supplied by Affiliates--To U.S. Persons Through U.S. Affiliates

For Germany, services supplied increased, and nearly every major industry category contributed to the increase. The largest increase was for existing affiliates in finance and insurance.

For Spain, services supplied decreased, and the decrease was more than accounted for by a decrease in finance that was mostly due to the transfer of ownership from foreign MNEs to U.S. companies of some affiliates, resulting in a decrease in total services supplied by U.S. affiliates of foreign MNEs.

For the United Kingdom, services supplied increased, and the largest increases were in accommodation and food services (mainly in food services and drinking places) and in finance and insurance.

For Other Western Hemisphere, services supplied decreased, mostly because of the sales to U.S. companies of some mining affiliates that had secondary activities in wholesaling. Liquidations of some affiliates in finance also contributed to the decrease. This contraction, combined with slower growth for South and Central America, led to much slower growth for Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere in 2012 than in 2011 (chart 16).

For Saudi Arabia, services supplied decreased sharply. The decrease was more than accounted for by a decrease in services supplied in manufacturers' secondary activities, as a result of some manufacturing affiliates divesting their retail trade operations.

For Japan, services supplied increased, and the largest increases were in wholesale trade and in administration, support, and waste management, mainly as a result of acquisitions of U.S. affiliates in employment services.

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Services Supplied by Affiliates--To U.S. Persons Through U.S. Affiliates

In manufacturing, services supplied increased in affiliates' secondary activities, especially for affiliates in transportation equipment and machinery manufacturing.

In wholesale trade, services supplied increased, and the large increase was widespread across subindustries. The largest increase was in electrical goods merchant wholesalers, but services supplied by affiliates in other durable- and nondurable-goods wholesaling also grew substantially.

In information, growth in telecommunications services supplied more than offset a significant decrease in services supplied in software publishing. Growth was especially strong in wireless telecommunications.

Finance and insurance is the largest major industry category for services supplied to U.S. persons by affiliates with foreign UBOs (chart 19). Finance decreased more than insurance, and the decrease was more than accounted for by acquisitions of U.S. affiliates by U.S. companies and liquidations of affiliates in banking. Services supplied by affiliates in insurance decreased as a result of a decline in premiums, especially in life insurance.

In advertising and related services, services supplied increased, and more than three-quarters of the increase was in affiliates with UBOs in France.

In administration, support, and waste management, services supplied increased, and the increase was mostly due to an increase in employment services, especially for affiliates with UBOs in Japan.

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Revisions

The revised statistics published in this article supersede those presented in the October 2013 Survey of Current Business.

Trade in services. The revised statistics on trade in services published in this article are consistent in both value and presentation with the less detailed statistics by type of service published in the July 2014 Survey, which included a substantial restructuring of the trade in services statistics. (1a) This section uses the old presentation of services trade so that readers can compare this year's revisions to those presented in previous October Survey articles.

Exports and imports for 1999-2012 were revised. The revisions for 1999-2012 reflect revisions resulting from a new methodology to measure travel exports and imports as well as a revision to the number of U.S. travelers for travel imports and passenger fare imports. (2a) Additionally, the revisions for 2011 and 2012 reflect newly available and revised source data for all types of services (table R).

Travel exports were revised upward for 1999 and for 2010-2012 and were revised downward for all other years as a result of the new travel methodology. Travel imports were revised downward for 1999-2003 and were revised upward for all other years as a result of the new travel methodology and the revisions to the number of U.S. travelers. The downward revision to the number of U.S. travelers also resulted in downward revisions to passenger fare imports for 1999-2013.

For 2011 and 2012, total exports and imports were revised slightly upward. The largest revision was to exports for 2011, which was revised upward 0.9 percent. Imports were revised upward 0.1 percent for 2011. For 2012, exports were revised upward 0.1 percent, and imports were revised upward 0.5 percent. For exports, the main contributor to the upward revisions for 2011 was travel and for 2012, royalties and license fees. For imports, the main contributor to the upward revisions for 2011 and 2012 was travel.

Services supplied through affiliates. The statistics for services supplied through affiliates for 2012 are preliminary. The statistics for 2011 were revised to incorporate newly available and revised source data. For 2011, services supplied to foreign persons by U.S. multinational enterprises (MNEs) through their majority-owned foreign affiliates were revised downward 3.1 percent ($40.0 billion). Services supplied to the United States by foreign MNEs through their majority-owned U.S. affiliates were revised upward 3.7 percent ($27.6 billion).

Improving the International Services Statistics

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) continues to improve its statistics on international services. Some changes have now been implemented, and others are under way. (1b)

Improved methodology for travel, improved source data for travel and air passenger transport, and an expanded definition of travel

Beginning with statistics for 1999, BEA has implemented an improved methodology for estimating exports and imports of travel services. This methodology is the outcome of an extensive review of the methodology and data sources used to compile travel statistics for transactions with countries other than Canada and Mexico. During the review process, BEA considered several alternative approaches to estimating travel transactions, such as using a survey of credit, debit, and charge card issuers and a one-time survey of international travelers that measured travelers' propensities for using different payment methods. After a thorough evaluation of the alternatives, BEA chose to continue the previous general methodology of multiplying the number of travelers by an estimate of average travel expenditures. Key data sources have not changed; however, the use of the data has been refined, and new supplemental source data have been introduced. Average expenditures continue to be based on information from the Survey of International Air Travelers (SIAT) administered by the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Under the new methodology, the SIAT information is used to establish baseline estimates of average travel expenditures, which are supplemented with information from (1) the survey of credit, debit, and charge card issuers administered by BEA, (2) other sources of information on traveler expenditures, including studies commissioned by BEA, and (3) bilateral comparisons of BEA's source data and other countries' source data. The baseline estimates are adjusted to account for particular limitations often faced by expenditure surveys, including underreported spending.

BEA continues to use data on the number of travelers collected by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to estimate travel and air passenger transport (previously called "passenger fares"), but it has introduced two significant improvements in the use of these data. First, BEA has fully incorporated the number of outbound U.S. travelers that the DHS began collecting under an improved electronic method in July 2010. The change in collection methods revealed that for some countries, the number of U.S. travelers estimated under the earlier collection method was significantly higher than the number of U.S. travelers reported under the new electronic collection method. To correct this overestimation and to avoid a break in series between July 2010 and the prior periods, BEA has revised downward the number of outbound travelers used in the statistics on imports of both travel and passenger fares back to January 1999. Second, BEA has developed an improved method for allocating outbound U.S. travelers to individual countries for its statistics on travel imports. This method is based on the relationships observed in the SIAT data between the U.S. traveler's initial country of disembarkation outside the United States and the ultimate country or countries of destination.

In addition to the methodological changes, the definition of travel has been broadened to include both health-related travel and education-related travel as well as expenditures on goods and services by border, seasonal, and other short-term workers, all of which were previously classified under other private services. (2b) The expanded definition brings the U.S. trade in services statistics into closer alignment with international guidelines as outlined in the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition (BPM6), and improves the comparability of BEA's travel statistics with those of other countries. To distinguish between the new definition and the previous definition, the category has been renamed "travel (for all purposes including education)."

In addition to the expanded definition of travel, BEA has introduced statistics on business travel and on personal travel. The distinction between business travel and personal travel is based on the main purpose of travel and not on the type of good or service consumed. Business travel includes (1) expenditures by border, seasonal, and other short-term workers and (2) other business travel. Personal travel covers travel for all nonbusiness purposes, including (1) health-related travel, (2) education-related travel, and (3) other personal travel. BEA uses information from the SIAT to separate what was defined as travel under the previous definition--that is, expenditures by those traveling for all purposes other than health, education, or short-term work--into other business travel and other personal travel.

Improvements to the benchmark survey of insurance transactions

BEA has made several changes to the 2013 Benchmark Survey of Insurance Transactions by U.S. Insurance Companies with Foreign Persons (BE-140). The 2013 benchmark survey, currently under way, asks companies to provide additional detail on large, infrequent insurance contracts. These contracts are defined as reinsurance contracts with premiums assumed or ceded that are $1 billion or more than the size of the average regular contracts in the prior year. These transactions can result in significant variations in the insurance services statistics. The additional information on these transactions will allow BEA to better assess the components of these contracts.

Additionally, totals are collected for each type of insurance transaction for all companies, regardless of the size of their transactions. This is a change from the previous benchmark survey, where data by type of transaction was voluntary if the total for each type of transaction was $2 million or less. The additional information on large, infrequent reinsurance transactions and the expanded mandatory collection of data by type of transaction will allow BEA to improve the measurement of insurance services in the international transactions accounts.

Identifying the types of transactions of intellectual property

As part of BEA's ongoing efforts to bring the international economic accounts into closer alignment with BPM6 guidelines, BEA has begun the process of identifying the rights to use intellectual property, the rights to reproduce or distribute intellectual property, and the outright sales and purchases of intellectual property. Under BPM6, the classification of each type of transaction depends on the type of intellectual property. Transactions in rights to reproduce or distribute intellectual property and some transactions in rights to use intellectual property should be classified under charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. Transactions related to the outright purchase or sale of intellectual property and certain transactions related to its use should be reclassified to the respective services categories. For example, outright sales and purchases of outcomes of research and development, such as the outright sale or purchase of a patent or a copyright, should be recorded in research and development services, whereas transactions in the rights to use such outcomes should be recorded under charges for the use of intellectual property.

By providing statistics that distinguish between rights to use, rights to reproduce, and outright purchases or sales, BEA will improve the usefulness and bilateral comparability of BEA's intellectual property statistics. Moreover, the appropriate classification of these transactions will result in statistics that better conform to national economic accounts concepts, including gross domestic product and the net stock of fixed assets and consumer durable goods.

The 2011 Benchmark Survey of Transactions in Selected Services and Intellectual Property with Foreign Persons (BE-120) asked companies to voluntarily distinguish their transactions in the various types of intellectual property. BEA plans to seek the approval of the Office of Management and Budget to make responses to this survey item mandatory so that BEA's statistics in trade in intellectual property will more closely conform to international guidelines.

Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others

BEA has not yet implemented the treatment of manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others ("goods for processing") that is recommended by the BPM6 international guidelines. Under BEA's current treatment, a change in ownership is imputed when goods enter or leave the United States. The value of those goods is included in goods exports and imports.

Under BPM6, goods that are sent abroad for processing without a change in ownership and that are returned to the United States after processing are to be excluded from statistics on trade in goods, and the processing fee charged by the foreign manufacturing service provider should be recorded as U.S. imports of services. Similarly, goods that enter the United States for processing without a change in ownership and that are returned to the country of ownership after processing are to be excluded from statistics on trade in goods, and the processing fee charged by the U.S. manufacturing service provider should be recorded as U.S. exports of services.

In addition, goods sent abroad for processing and subsequently sold abroad are to be recorded as U.S. exports of goods when they are sold, and any inputs purchased abroad by the U.S. firm and processed abroad should be recorded as U.S. imports of goods; the processing fee should be recorded as U.S. imports of services. Similarly, goods entering the United States for processing and subsequently sold in the United States are to be recorded as U.S. imports of goods when they are sold, and any inputs purchased in the United States by the foreign firm and processed in the United States should be recorded as U.S. exports of goods; the processing fee should be recorded as U.S. exports of services.

Currently, detailed information on the processing fees received and paid by U.S. firms for manufacturing services and on the underlying goods transactions are not available in the U.S. statistical system or are not identifiable in any other source data. Despite these challenges, BEA continues to conduct research to determine feasible approaches for implementing this treatment. BEA plans to move forward on two fronts:

For imports of processing services, BEA is evaluating the addition of questions to BEA surveys that would ask U.S. companies to report their imports from nonresidents for processing services on goods that do not reenter the United States.

In May of 2014, BEA and its sister statistical agencies, the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, agreed to carry out a multiyear project to examine the impact of globalization and contract manufacturing services on U.S. businesses and U.S. economic statistics.

Developing a personal, cultural, and recreational services (PCR) category

BEA's new presentation of the international transactions accounts does not separately include the BPM6 standard component "personal, cultural, and recreational (PCR) services" because the source data are not adequate for preparing quarterly statistics on this category. In the BPM6, PCR services are separated into two categories: audiovisual and related services and other PCR services. Many of the transactions that would fall under PCR services are included, but not identifiable, in the BEA categories of "other business services" and "charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e."

BEA currently presents several PCR service transactions under other business services including the following:

* Fees to performers, athletes, directors, and producers involved with concerts, theatrical and musical productions, sporting events, and similar events

* Remotely provided telemedicine services

* Online nontravel education

BEA currently presents other transactions in PCR services, including licenses to use audio-visual and related products--such as books, movies, and sound recordings--under charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. because BEA lacks the source data needed to distinguish between the licenses to use, reproduce, or distribute audio-visual and related products.

BEA plans to enhance the collection of data on its Survey of Transactions in Selected Services and Intellectual Property with Foreign Persons (BE-120/125) to identify service types associated with PCR services and to reclassify them to that category. In addition, BEA plans to explore methods for estimating other types of PCR services that cannot be collected through business surveys.

Plans to introduce financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)

Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) captures the service fees implicitly received by financial intermediaries for their lending and deposit services through the margin between interest payable for loans and deposits and a reference rate that represents an interbank lending rate, such as the federal funds rate. BEA continues to evaluate methods for estimating FISIM exports and imports from data on U.S. bank lending to foreign residents and U.S. bank deposits from foreign residents as well as from data on U.S. loans from, and U.S. deposits with, banks abroad. The inclusion of FISIM estimates in the international transactions accounts will necessitate changes to the BEA estimation methodologies for income receipts and payments and for financial services exports and imports so that the implicit services are included in financial services and only pure interest is included in interest flows. BEA plans to introduce FISIM into the international accounts in a future annual revision.

Comparing U.S. Trade in Services With Services Supplied Through Affiliates

The statistics on U.S. trade in services and services supplied through affiliates represent services provided to, and received from, international markets. These statistics cover all four modes of the supply of services: (1) cross-border supply, (2) consumption abroad, (3) commercial presence, and (4) presence of natural persons. (1c)

U.S. trade in services covers services between residents and nonresidents delivered through three of these modes: cross-border supply, consumption abroad, and the presence of natural persons. These transactions are recorded as U.S. exports and U.S. imports in the international transactions accounts (ITAs), also called the balance of payments accounts. The trade statistics cover both affiliated and unaffiliated transactions between U.S. residents and foreign residents. Affiliated transactions consist of intrafirm trade within multinational enterprises--trade between U.S. parent companies and their foreign affiliates and trade between U.S. affiliates and their foreign parent groups. Unaffiliated transactions are with foreigners that neither own, nor are owned by, the U.S. party to the transaction.

Services supplied through affiliates includes the mode commercial presence. The statistics cover transactions between foreign affiliates of U.S. enterprises and foreign residents, both in the local economy and in other foreign markets, and transactions between U.S. affiliates of foreign enterprises and U.S. residents. (2c) However, these transactions are not considered U.S. exports or U.S. imports in the ITAs because under the residency principle of balance-of-payments accounting, affiliates of multinational enterprises are considered residents of the countries where they are located rather than residents of the country of their owners. For affiliates in industries other than wholesale and retail trade, insurance, and banking, services supplied through affiliates are the sales of services reported by multinational enterprises. For wholesale and retail trade, insurance, and banking, specific adjustments are made to reported sales of services to better capture the value of services supplied. (3a) Sales of services are defined as sales of intangible outputs; therefore, they generally exclude the sales by establishments in manufacturing, mining (except support activities), agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (except support activities), and construction, which typically produce and sell tangible goods. In cases where a sale consists of both tangible and intangible output that cannot be unbundled, sales are classified based on whichever accounts for the majority of the value. Although intangible outputs are typically associated with activities in certain industries, affiliates in any industry can be providers of services because the classification of an affiliate reflects the affiliate's primary industry of sales. (4a) Affiliates classified in industries that typically produce goods may have secondary activities in services industries; for example, an affiliate classified in manufacturing may have secondary services activities in wholesale trade or in maintenance and repair.

The statistics on trade in services and on services supplied through affiliates together present a more complete picture of services provided to, and received from, international markets. However, differences in coverage and classification make it difficult to precisely compare trade in services with services supplied through affiliates. An example of a difference in coverage is the inclusion of distributive services in services supplied through affiliates but not in the services trade statistics. The distributive services associated with importing and exporting goods is included, but not separately identifiable, in the value of trade in goods. The differences in classification arise because the statistics on trade in services are collected and published by type of service, but those on services supplied through affiliates are collected and published by the affiliate's primary industry. Despite the difficulties in comparing statistics on U.S. trade in services with statistics on services supplied through affiliates, the large difference in value between the two indicates that the services supplied through affiliates is the larger channel of delivery of services in international markets (chart 1 on page 1).

Data Sources and Acknowledgments

Data Sources

The statistics in this article are primarily based on data collected from surveys conducted by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Statistics for some services are based on data from a variety of other sources, including U.S. Customs and Border Protection, other federal surveys, private sources, and partner countries.

BEA conducts mandatory surveys of trade in services, some of which are targeted to specific services industries. For trade in services, data on many types of services are collected on the Quarterly Survey of Transactions in Selected Services and Intellectual Property with Foreign Persons (BE-125) and on the related benchmark survey (BE-120). All of BEA's surveys of international services and a guide to reporting requirements for the surveys are available on BEA's Web site. For additional information on these surveys, on surveys from other sources, and on the trade in services statistics definitions and methodology, see U.S. International Economic Accounts: Concepts and Methods.

The data on services supplied through majority-owned affiliates are collected on BEA's surveys of the activities of multinational enterprises. For the methodologies for these surveys, see Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: 2007 Benchmark Survey, Final Results and U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Final Results From the 2009 Benchmark Survey on BEA's Web site.

Acknowledgments

The estimates of trade in services and services supplied through affiliates were prepared by the following staff members of the Balance of Payments Division and the Direct Investment Division.

Estimates of trade in services were prepared under the guidance of Michael Mann and Mark Xu. Travel (for all purposes including education) and passenger fares estimates (categorized under transport) were prepared by Laura Brokenbaugh, Edward Dozier, and Charu S. Krishnan. Transport estimates were prepared by Edward Dozier, Anne Flatness, Steven J. Muno, and Gregory Tenentes. Estimates for services other than travel and transport were prepared by Pamela Aiken, Suhail Ally, Felix Anderson, Stacey Ansell, Damon C. Battaglia, Jeffrey Bogen, Faith M. Brannam, Lori Chang, Jamela Des Vignes, Anne Flatness, Hope R. Jones, C. Omar Kebbeh, Eddie L. Key, Kiesha Middleton, Patricia Mosley, Steven J. Muno, Mark Samuel, Charu S. Krishnan, John Sondheimer, Gregory Tenentes, Rodney Thorn, and Clifton Tillman.

The processing of the survey data used to prepare the estimates of services supplied through majority-owned affiliates was conducted by the following staff members of the Direct Investment Division under the guidance of Mark D. Goddard and Christopher J. Stein: Catherine Ama, George Bogachevsky, Gregory Brace, Kirsten Brew, Polly Cheung, Stephen Corsiglia, James Crim, Constance Deve, Laura Downey, Andre Garber, Brian Goddard, Kenneth Grier, Nazre Jamil, Julie Lampe, James Lashley, Qi Lee, Da-Chin Lin, Sonya Marsh, Kevin McCarthy, Demetria McCormick, Marcia Miller, Amanda Petersen, Amber Phelan, Robert Platner, Kevin Reagan, Makia Riley, Roberto Ruiz, Myriam Rullan, Aqeel Sahibzada, Nancy Steffen, John Starnes, Rick Sylvester, and Daniel Wakjira. Alexis N. Grimm did additional calculations to prepare the statistics on services supplied through affiliates.

The information in tables 1-7.2 was compiled by Anne Flatness and John Sondheimer and in tables 8-10.2 by Neeta B. Kapoor. Computer programming for data estimation and suppression and the generation of the tables was provided by Carole J. Henry, Neeta B. Kapoor, Fritz H. Mayhew, Dan Powell, Gary Sowers, and Greg Tenentes.

(1.) The term "affiliates" in this article refers to majority-owned affiliates. The statistics on services supplied through affiliates cover the full value of services provided by majority-owned affiliates, irrespective of the percentage of ownership. For more information, see "Comparing U.S. Trade in Services and Services Supplied Through Affiliates" on page 24. More information on the definitions and coverage of trade in services and services supplied through affiliates is available at the Bureau of Economic Analysis' Web site.

(2.) For a detailed description of the revisions to BEA's international trade in services statistics and table presentation, see Jeffrey R. Bogen, Mai-Chi Hoang, Kristy L. Howell, and Erin M. Whitaker "Comprehensive Restructuring and Annual Revision of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts" Survey of Current Business 94 (July 2014).

(3.) The statistics in this article are consistent with the less detailed quarterly statistics published in table 3.1 of the international transactions accounts.

(4.) World Trade Organization (WTO) Press Release 721 (April 14, 2014); www.wto.org.

(5.) The UBO of a U.S. affiliate is that person, proceeding up the affiliate's ownership chain, beginning with and including the foreign parent, that is not owned by more than 50 percent by another person. Unlike the foreign parent, the UBO of an affiliate may be located in the United States. The UBO of each affiliate is identified to ascertain the person that ultimately owns or controls the U.S. affiliate and therefore ultimately derives the benefits from ownership or control.

(1a.) For additional information, see Jeffrey R. Bogen, Mai-Chi Hoang, Kristy L. Howell, and Erin M. Whitaker "Comprehensive Restructuring and Annual Revision of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts" Survey of Current Business 94 (July 2014).

(2a.) For additional information, see "Improving the International Services Statistics" on the next page.

(1b.) See the "Catalog of Major Revisions to the U.S. International Accounts, 1976-2008" on BEA's Web site. For changes implemented from 2009-2013, see the appendixes on improvements in each October SURVEY article in this series. See also Bogen, Hoang, Howell, and Whitaker "Comprehensive Restructuring and Annual Revision of the U.S. International Transactions Accounts."

(2b.) The new methodology detailed earlier does not apply to health-related or education-related travel or to expenditures by border, seasonal, and other short-term workers.

(1c.) For additional information on the modes of supply for services, see U.S. International Economic Accounts: Concepts and Methods on Bureau of Economic Analysis' (BEA) Web site. The definitions of key terms used in the text can be found in the glossary to this document.

(2c.) BEA's statistics on services supplied through affiliates cover a broader range of transactions than those included in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) definition of commercial presence for foreign affiliates of U.S. MNEs. The GATS definition includes services supplied by a foreign affiliate to its respective local economy, but does not include services supplied to other foreign economies.

(3a.) For more detailed information about the computation of services supplied for affiliates in wholesale and retail trade, insurance, and banking, see "Revisions and Improvements" in Jennifer Koncz-Bruner and Anne Flatness, Survey of Current Business 89 (October 2009): 37.

(4a.) For example, computer-related services may be delivered via trade in services transactions through affiliates in several industries, including those classified in computer systems design and related services or in other industries that have secondary activities in computer services; by individuals who are employees of a nonresident employer (the wages of these individuals are recorded in compensation receipts in the international transactions accounts); or may be embedded in the value of goods. For more on the delivery of computer-related services in international markets, see the FAQ "Where can I find information about computer services supplied to foreign markets by U.S. companies or individuals?" on BEA's Web site.

Table A. Services Supplied to Foreign and U.S. Persons
Through Trade and Through Affiliates

             To foreign persons               To U.S. persons

                           Through                        Through
                           foreign                          U.S.
                         affiliates                      affiliates
       Through trade       of U.S.      Through trade    of foreign
       (U.S. exports)     companies     (U.S. imports)   companies

                           Billions of dollars

2011            627.8         1,247.0            435.8        781.6
2012            654.9         1,293.0            450.4        801.9
2013            687.4            n.a.            462.1         n.a.

                  Percent change from the preceding year

2011             11.4             7.9              6.5         11.5
2012              4.3             3.7              3.4          2.6
2013              5.0            n.a.              2.6         n.a.

Table B. Change from Preceding Year in Trade in Services

                                           Exports        Imports

                                         2012   2013    2012   2013

                                             Billions of dollars

Total services                           27.1   32.6    14.6   11.8
  Maintenance and repair services nie     0.8    1.2    -0.3   -0.4
  Transport                               3.8    3.7     3.7    5.7
  Travel (for all purposes including
    education)                           10.4   11.9    10.6    4.4
  Insurance services                      1.4   -0.4    -2.5   -2.7
  Financial services                     -1.7    7.5    -0.4    1.7
  Charges for the use of intellectual
    property n.i.e.                       2.2    3.7     3.4   -0.5
  Telecommunications, computer, and
    information services                  2.9    1.3    -0.6    0.7
  Other business services                 7.3    3.6     4.1    5.4
  Government goods and services n.i.e.   -0.1    0.3    -3.4   -2.5

                                                   Percent

Total services                            4.3    5.0     3.4    2.6
  Maintenance and repair services
    n.i.e.                                5.9    7.8    -3.2   -4.4
  Transport                               4.7    4.4     4.5    6.7
  Travel (for all purposes including
    education)                            6.9    7.4    11.8    4.3
  Insurance services                      9.4   -2.6    -4.4   -5.2
  Financial services                     -2.1    9.7    -2.3   10.1
  Charges for the use of intellectual
    property n.i.e.                       1.8    2.9     9.5   -1.2
  Telecommunications, computer, and
    information services                 10.1    4.1    -1.8    2.2
  Other business services                 6.5    3.0     4.9    6.1
  Government goods and services n.i.e.   -0.3    1.1   -11.0   -9.0

Table C. U.S. Trade in Services by Type and Country, 2013
[Millions of dollars]

                                        Maintenance
                                        and repair
                              Total      services
                             services     n.i.e.      Transport

         Exports

All countries                 687,410        16,295      87,267
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)           371,632           (D)      48,442
    Canada                     63,281         1,483       8,280
    United Kingdom             60,269         1,816       7,948
    Japan                      46,270           702       9,282
    China                      37,761           789       4,813
    Ireland                    31,777           (D)         705
    Mexico                     29,855           739       4,228
    Germany                    27,529           568       4,874
    Switzerland                27,346           124       1,819
    Brazil                     26,640           654       4,297
    Korea, Republic of         20,904           461       2,196
  Other countries             315,778          (D)       38,825

         Imports

All countries                 462,134         7,620      90,754
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)           254,900         4,848      39,260
    Canada                     47,779         2,625       7,571
    United Kingdom             32,873           413       7,406
    Japan                      30,452         1,327       5,750
    China                      30,006           128       7,949
    Ireland                    24,676           (*)       1,131
    Mexico                     22,004            49       2,624
    Germany                    19,042            29         468
    Switzerland                17,766           174       1,799
    Brazil                     15,219            79       3,865
    Korea, Republic of         15,083            24         697
  Other countries             207,234         2,772      51,494

                               Travel
                              (for all
                              purposes
                             including
                             education)   Insurance   Financial
                                   (2)    services    services

         Exports

All countries                   173,131      16,096      84,066
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)             103,349       8,611      36,843
    Canada                       22,737       2,869       5,545
    United Kingdom                9,834       1,611      13,976
    Japan                        12,152       1,685       3,156
    China                        18,694         125       2,799
    Ireland                       1,307         475       2,395
    Mexico                       14,998         483       1,594
    Germany                       5,552         281       3,085
    Switzerland                   1,948         441       1,255
    Brazil                        9,237         313       2,115
    Korea, Republic of            6,890         328         923
  Other countries                69,782       7,485      47,223

         Imports

All countries                   104,677      50,454      18,683
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)              42,484      41,041      11,195
    Canada                        7,316       4,998       5,796
    United Kingdom                3,328       3,069         687
    Japan                         7,549         774       1,516
    China                         2,867         357       1,002
    Ireland                         293      22,801         168
    Mexico                          934       6,380         449
    Germany                       2,859          36         317
    Switzerland                  11,127          53         400
    Brazil                        4,462         620         709
    Korea, Republic of            1,749       1,953         151
  Other countries                62,193       9,413       7,488

                             Charges for
                              the use of    Telecommunications,
                             intellectual      computer, and
                               property         information
                                  n.i.e.         services

         Exports

All countries                     129,178                33,409
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)                79,982                   (D)
    Canada                          9,916                 2,661
    United Kingdom                  8,980                 4,936
    Japan                           9,535                 1,222
    China                           5,780                   492
    Ireland                        14,395                   (D)
    Mexico                          3,266                   907
    Germany                         6,441                 1,133
    Switzerland                    10,150                 1,344
    Brazil                          4,238                 4,222
    Korea, Republic of              7,281                   299
  Other countries                  49,196                   (D)

         Imports

All countries                      39,015                32,877
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)                   (D)                   (D)
    Canada                          3,666                 2,371
    United Kingdom                  3,937                 1,180
    Japan                             811                 4,696
    China                          11,583                   535
    Ireland                           (D)                   (D)
    Mexico                          5,492                   420
    Germany                           283                10,367
    Switzerland                       593                   940
    Brazil                          1,982                   726
    Korea, Republic of              2,116                   232
  Other countries                     (D)                   (D)

                                        Government
                              Other     goods and
                             business    services
                             services     n.i.e.

         Exports

All countries                 123,447       24,522
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)            65,533        2,863
    Canada                      9,365          425
    United Kingdom             10,818          350
    Japan                       8,073          463
    China                       3,930          338
    Ireland                    11,012           33
    Mexico                      3,246          395
    Germany                     5,360          234
    Switzerland                10,204           61
    Brazil                      1,346          218
    Korea, Republic of          2,179          346
  Other countries              57,914       21,659

         Imports

All countries                  92,710       25,343
  Total for the 10 largest
      countries (1)            53,624       10,430
    Canada                     12,443          992
    United Kingdom              6,750        6,103
    Japan                       7,783          246
    China                       3,017        2,569
    Ireland                       183           13
    Mexico                      5,468          188
    Germany                     4,639           44
    Switzerland                 2,556          123
    Brazil                      2,636          140
    Korea, Republic of          8,149           12
  Other countries              39,086       14,913

(*) Transactions between zero and $500,000. n.i.e. Not included
elsewhere

(D) Suppressed to avoid the disclosure of data of individual
companies.

(1.) Ranked by dollar value of total exports or imports.

(2.) All travel purposes include (1) business travel, including
expenditures by border, seasonal, and other short-term workers and
(2) personal travel, including health-related and education-
related travel.

Table D. Maintenance and Repair Services n.i.e.
[Millions of dollars]

                                                             Change
                                                              2012-
                                2011      2012      2013      2013

Maintenance and repair
  services n.i.e exports        14,279    15,115    16,295     1,179
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the
      five largest countries     4,558     5,169     5,551       382
    United Kingdom               1,711     1,742     1,816        73
    Canada                         877     1,429     1,483        54
    China                          854       741       789        48
    Mexico                         481       634       739       105
    Singapore                      635       621       725       103
  Other countries                9,721     9,946    10,743       797

Maintenance and repair
  services n.i.e. imports        8,236     7,970     7,620      -351
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the
      five largest countries     5,907     5,844     5,903        59
    United Kingdom               2,566     2,457     2,625       169
    Canada                       1,371     1,348     1,327       -21
    Brazil                       1,127     1,129       987      -142
    Singapore                      551       586       552       -35
    Germany                        292       325       413        88
  Other countries                2,329     2,126     1,717      -410

Table E. Transport
[Millions of dollars]

                                                             Change
                                                              2012-
                                2011      2012      2013      2013

Transport exports               79,830    83,592    87,267     3,675
  Sea services                  16,460    17,055    17,175       120
    Freight                      4,124     4,178     3,987      -191
    Port                        12,336    12,877    13,188       311
  Air services                  59,015    61,683    65,522     3,839
    Passenger                   36,763    39,364    41,642     2,278
    Freight                     13,482    13,871    14,321       450
    Port                         8,770     8,448     9,559     1,111
  Other modes                    4,355     4,854     4,570      -284
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the
      five largest countries    31,805    33,521    35,197     1,676
    Japan                        8,227     8,963     9,282       319
    Canada                       7,945     8,016     8,280       264
    United Kingdom               6,912     7,290     7,948       658
    Germany                      4,399     4,685     4,874       189
    China                        4,322     4,567     4,813       246
  Other countries               48,025    50,071    52,070     1,999

Transport imports               81,377    85,029    90,754     5,725
  Sea services                  31,369    33,206    36,256     3,050
    Freight                     29,703    31,401    34,189     2,788
    Port                         1,666     1,805     2,067       262
  Air services                  45,834    47,458    50,232     2,774
    Passenger                   26,747    29,565    32,029     2,464
    Freight                      6,613     6,177     6,325       148
    Port                        12,474    11,716    11,878       162
  Other modes                    4,174     4,365     4,266       -99
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the
      five largest countries    30,611    32,011    34,031     2,020
    Japan                        7,082     7,426     7,949       523
    United Kingdom               6,786     7,074     7,571       497
    Germany                      6,412     6,913     7,406       493
    Canada                       5,455     5,629     5,750       121
    Korea, Republic of           4,876     4,969     5,355       386
  Other countries               50,766    53,018    56,723     3,705

Table F. Travel (for All Purposes Including Education)
[Millions of dollars]

                                                             Change
                                                             2012-
                                2011      2012      2013      2013

Travel exports                 150,867   161,249   173,131    11,882
  Business                      40,281    39,272    39,396       124
    Expenditures by border,
      seasonal, and other
      short-term workers         6,367     6,633     7,018       385
    Other business travel       33,914    32,639    32,378      -261
  Personal                     110,586   121,978   133,736    11,758
    Health related               3,032     3,176     3,312       136
    Education related           22,823    24,858    27,241     2,383
    Other personal travel       84,731    93,944   103,182     9,238
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the
      five largest countries    65,704    73,809    78,415     4,606
    Canada                      20,422    21,759    22,737       978
    China                       11,877    15,864    18,694     2,830
    Mexico                      13,383    14,225    14,998       773
    Japan                        9,977    11,834    12,152       318
    United Kingdom              10,045    10,127     9,834      -293
  Other countries               85,163    87,440    94,716     7,276

Travel imports                  89,700   100,317   104,677     4,360
  Business                      20,675    20,104    21,228     1,124
    Expenditures by border,
      seasonal, and other
      short-term workers         1,116     1,148     1,195        47
    Other business travel       19,559    18,956    20,033     1,077
  Personal                      69,024    80,213    83,449     3,236
    Health related               1,139     1,282     1,443       161
    Education related            5,782     6,103     6,490       387
    Other personal travel       62,103    72,828    75,516     2,688
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the
      five largest countries    32,450    35,474    36,320       846
    Mexico                       9,109     9,809    11,127     1,318
    Canada                       7,365     7,610     7,549       -61
    United Kingdom               5,978     7,117     7,316       199
    Italy                        5,887     6,164     5,866      -298
    France                       4,111     4,774     4,462      -312
  Other countries               57,250    64,843    68,357     3,514

Table G. Insurance Services
[Millions of dollars]

                                                           Change
                                                            2012-
                                 2011     2012     2013     2013

Insurance services exports       15,114   16,534   16,096     -438
  Reinsurance                     9,345   11,077   10,505     -572
  Direct insurance                4,129    4,038    4,203      165
  Auxiliary insurance services    1,640    1,420    1,388      -32
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the
      five largest countries      9,014    9,775    9,757      -18
    Canada                        2,884    2,989    2,869     -120
    Bermuda                       2,503    2,491    2,691      200
    Japan                         1,580    1,941    1,685     -256
    United Kingdom                1,489    1,621    1,611      -10
    Australia                       558      733      901      168
  Other countries                 6,100    6,759    6,339     -420

Insurance services imports       55,654   53,203   50,454   -2,749
  Reinsurance                    49,157   46,317   44,177   -2,140
  Direct insurance                4,881    5,028    4,911     -117
  Auxiliary insurance services    1,616    1,858    1,366     -492
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the
      five largest countries     43,712   41,470   39,201   -2,269
    Bermuda                      27,283   24,450   22,801   -1,649
    Switzerland                   5,481    6,156    6,380      224
    United Kingdom                5,454    5,665    4,998     -667
    Germany                       3,117    3,032    3,069       37
    Ireland                       2,377    2,167    1,953     -214
  Other countries                11,942   11,733   11,253     -480

Table H. Financial Services
[Millions of dollars]

                                                         Change
                                                          2012-
                               2011     2012     2013     2013

Financial services exports     78,271   76,605   84,066    7,461
  Brokerage                    17,030   13,951   13,732     -219
  Underwriting                  4,194    2,115    2,148       33
  Credit card and other
    credit-related             13,506   15,542   16,864    1,322
  Management                   20,952   21,449   24,838    3,390
  Advisory                      7,540    7,523    8,844    1,321
  Other (1)                    15,050   16,026   17,640    1,614
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the
      five largest countries   27,804   27,685   29,409    1,724
    United Kingdom             13,705   13,043   13,976      933
    Canada                      5,090    5,359    5,545      186
    Australia                   2,905    3,106    3,390      284
    Belgium-Luxembourg          2,718    2,847    3,342      495
    Japan                       3,386    3,330    3,156     -174
  Other countries              50,467   48,920   54,657    5,737
Financial services imports     17,368   16,975   18,683    1,708
  Brokerage                     3,270    2,966    3,105      139
  Underwriting                    531      547      532      -15
  Credit card and
    other credit-related        5,245    5,332    6,160      828
  Management                    2,926    2,828    3,575      747
  Advisory                      1,449    1,650    1,779      130
  Other (1)                     3,946    3,652    3,531     -121
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the
      five largest countries    8,894    8,470    9,710    1,240
    United Kingdom              4,891    4,811    5,796      985
    Canada                      1,260    1,351    1,516      165
    Japan                         967      919    1,002       83
    France                        978      703      709        6
    Germany                       798      686      687        1
  Other countries               8,474    8,505    8,973      468

(1.) Includes securities lending, electronic
funds transfer, and other financial services.

Table I. Charges for the Use of Intellectual Property n.i.e.
[Millions of dollars]

                                                               Change
                                                               2012-
                                  2011      2012      2013      2013

Charges for the use of
    intellectual property
    n.i.e., exports              123,333   125,492   129,178     3,686
  Industrial processes            43,897    43,252    44,978     1,726
  Computer software               39,459    40,506    42,907     2,401
  Trademarks                      16,167    16,798    16,704       -94
  Franchise fees                   5,733     5,940     6,095       155
  Audio-visual and related
    products                      17,865    18,884    18,398      -486
  Other intellectual property        212       113        97       -16
Exports by affiliation:
  Unaffiliated                    44,653    47,716    50,622     2,907
  Affiliated                      78,680    77,776    78,556       779
    By U.S. parents to
      their foreign affiliates    74,743    72,821    72,860        39
    By U.S. affiliates to
      their foreign parents        3,937     4,955     5,696       741
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the five
      largest countries           53,246    52,954    52,976        23
    Ireland                       14,692    13,437    14,395       958
    Switzerland                    8,715     9,365    10,150       786
    Canada                        10,170     9,882     9,916        34
    Japan                         11,106    10,479     9,535      -944
    United Kingdom                 8,563     9,791     8,980      -811
  Other countries                 70,087    72,539    76,202     3,663

Charges for the use of
    intellectual property
    n.i.e., imports               36,087    39,502    39,015      -487
  Industrial processes            21,506    22,262    22,353        91
  Computer software                5,697     6,888     6,633      -254
  Trademarks                       4,626     4,329     4,466       138
  Franchise fees                     156       167       177        10
  Audio-visual and related
    products                       3,644     5,474     5,275      -199
  Other intellectual property        458       383       112      -272
Imports by affiliation:
  Unaffiliated                    10,977    12,118    11,335      -784
  Affiliated                      25,110    27,384    27,681       297
    By U.S. parents from
      their foreign affiliates     6,076     6,716     6,491      -225
    By U.S. affiliates from
      their foreign parents       19,035    20,668    21,190       522
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the five
      largest countries           22,176    24,995    26,794     1,799
    Japan                          7,077     9,056    11,583     2,527
    Switzerland                    5,247     5,530     5,492       -38
    Germany                        3,934     4,069     3,937      -132
    United Kingdom                 3,798     4,174     3,666      -508
    Ireland                        2,120     2,166     2,116       -50
  Other countries (1)             13,911    14,507    12,221    -2,286

(1.) Other countries also includes "international organizations
and unallocated." Imports reflecting charges for the use of
intellectual property to international organizations are often
substantial.

Table J. Telecommunications, Computer, and Information Services
[Millions of dollars]

                                                              Change
                                                               2012-
                                    2011     2012     2013     2013

Telecommunications, computer, and
    information services exports    29,171   32,103   33,409    1,305
  Telecommunications services       12,424   13,756   14,154      398
  Computer services                 11,361   12,086   12,346      260
  Information services               5,386    6,261    6,909      648
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the
      five largest countries        12,478   14,044   14,428      383
    United Kingdom                   4,455    4,963    4,936      -27
    Brazil                           3,560    4,064    4,222      158
    Canada                           2,473    2,480    2,661      181
    Switzerland                      1,131    1,418    1,344      -74
    Argentina                          858    1,120    1,265      145
  Other countries                   16,693   18,059   18,981      922

Telecommunications, computer, and
    information services imports    32,756   32,156   32,877      721
  Telecommunications services        7,039    7,182    7,298      116
  Computer services                 23,879   23,221   23,643      422
  Information services               1,839    1,753    1,936      183
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the
      five largest countries        20,798   20,556   20,374     -183
    India                            9,698   10,116   10,367      251
    Canada                           5,475    5,284    4,696     -588
    United Kingdom                   2,788    2,453    2,371      -82
    China                            1,341    1,568    1,760      192
    Germany                          1,496    1,136    1,180       44
  Other countries                   11,958   11,600   12,504      904

Table K. Other Business Services Exports
[Millions of dollars]

                                                                Change
                                                                 2012-
                                 2011       2012       2013      2013

Other business services
    exports                    112,568    119,892    123,447     3,555
  Research and development
    services                    25,761     28,080     30,052     1,972
  Professional and
       management
      consulting services       49,645     53,539     55,758     2,219
    Legal services               7,704      8,379      9,177       798
    Accounting, auditing,
      and bookkeeping
      services                   1,116      1,216      1,198       -18
    Business and management
       consulting and public
       relations services       34,551     36,546     36,763       217
    Advertising                  6,274      7,397      8,620     1,223
  Technical, trade-related,
      and other business
      services                  37,162     38,273     37,637      -636
    Architectural and
      engineering services      11,359     12,672     12,915       243
    Construction                 3,099      3,154      2,590      -564
    Industrial engineering       5,658      3,758      3,427      -331
    Operating leasing
      services                   7,691      8,342      8,520       178
  Other (1)                      9,354     10,348     10,186      -162
Exports by affiliation:
  Unaffiliated                  47,515     48,040     48,842       802
  Affiliated                    65,053     71,852     74,604     2,752
    By U.S. parents to their
      foreign affiliates        41,174     45,527     47,052     1,525
    By U.S. affiliates to
      their foreign parents     23,879     26,325     27,552     1,227
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the five
      largest countries         43,615     47,797     49,472     1,675
    Ireland                     10,320     10,372     11,012       640
    United Kingdom              10,104     10,198     10,818       620
    Switzerland                  8,063     10,515     10,204      -311
    Canada                       8,052      9,240      9,365       125
    Japan                        7,076      7,472      8,073       601
  Other countries               68,953     72,095     73,975     1,880

(1.) This category includes mining, trade-related services, sports
and performing arts, training services, and other business services
n.i.e.

Table L. Other Business Services Imports
[Millions of dollars]

                                                                Change
                                                                2012-
                                   2011      2012      2013     2013

Other business services imports   83,289    87,347    92,710    5,363
  Research and development
    services                      26,558    28,713    32,142    3,429
  Professional and management
      consulting services         32,270    33,269    34,480    1,211
    Legal services                 1,943     2,050     1,995      -55
    Accounting, auditing, and
      bookkeeping services         2,246     2,212     2,454      242
    Business and management
      consulting and public
      relations services          24,996    25,762    26,900    1,138
    Advertising                    3,087     3,245     3,131     -114
  Technical, trade-related, and
      other business services     24,461    25,365    26,088      723
    Architectural and
      engineering services         4,391     4,800     5,256      456
    Construction                   2,927     3,253     2,651     -602
    Industrial engineering         3,655     3,518     3,178     -340
    Operating leasing services     2,024     2,715     3,481      766
  Other (1)                       11,465    11,079    11,522      443
Imports by affiliation:
  Unaffiliated                    26,215    26,729    26,658      -71
  Affiliated                      57,074    60,618    66,052    5,434
    By U.S. parents from their
      foreign affiliates          42,482    44,375    48,096    3,721
    By U.S. affiliates from
      their foreign parents       14,593    16,243    17,956    1,713
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the five
      largest countries           35,449    37,204    40,593    3,389
    United Kingdom                13,631    12,642    12,443     -199
    Ireland                        5,569     6,244     8,149    1,905
    Canada                         7,121     7,493     7,783      290
    Germany                        4,385     5,792     6,750      958
    Switzerland                    4,743     5,033     5,468      435
  Other countries                 47,840    50,143    52,117    1,974

1. This category includes mining, trade-related services,
sports and performing arts, training services, and other
business services n.i.e. (not included elsewhere)

Table M. Government Goods and Services n.i.e.
[Millions of dollars]

                                                             Change
                                                              2012-
                                 2011      2012     2013      2013

Government goods and
  services n.i.e. exports      24,348    24,267    24,522       255
Exports by country:
  Total exports for the five
      largest countries         2,800     3,491     4,010       519
    Saudi Arabia                1,022     1,599     2,126       527
    Taiwan                        403       588       601        13
    Japan                         617       535       463       -72
    Canada                        406       378       425        47
    Mexico                        352       391       395         4
  Other countries              21,548    20,776    20,512      -264
Government goods and
  services n.i.e. imports      31,293    27,861    25,343    -2,518
Imports by country:
  Total imports for the five
      largest countries        14,927    14,402    13,514      -888
    Germany                     7,242     6,656     6,103      -553
    Japan                       2,612     2,740     2,569      -171
    Korea, Republic of          2,525     2,509     2,529        20
    Italy                       1,443     1,393     1,321       -72
    United Kingdom              1,105     1,104       992      -112
  Other countries              16,366    13,459    11,829    -1,630

Table N. Services Supplied to Foreign Persons by U.S. MNEs
Through Their Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates by Selected
Country of the Affiliate
[Millions of dollars]

                                                        Change
                                                         2011-
                                   2011       2012       2012

All Countries                   1,247,000   1,292,992   45,992
  Canada                          126,155     127,472    1,317
  Europe                          629,409     640,779   11,370
    France                         48,787      46,900   -1,887
    Ireland                        74,637      82,272    7,635
    Spain                          16,484      14,909   -1,575
    Switzerland                    61,227      62,700    1,473
    United Kingdom                193,749     194,943    1,194
  Latin America and Other
      Western Hemisphere          146,811     158,157   11,346
    South and Central America     111,527     119,832    8,305
      Brazil                       37,514      38,678    1,164
      Chile                         9,981      11,520    1,539
      Mexico                       37,620      40,722    3,102
    Other Western Hemisphere       35,284      38,325    3,041
      Bermuda                      13,944      16,689    2,745
  Africa                           12,837      15,462    2,625
    South Africa                    5,033       7,307    2,274
  Middle East                      14,625      16,291    1,666
  Asia and Pacific                317,162     334,831   17,669
    Australia                      50,431      54,271    3,840
    China                          34,900      39,068    4,168
    India                          16,270      17,818    1,548
    Japan                          75,383      77,586    2,203
    Singapore                      50,274      53,192    2,918

MNEs Multinational enterprises

Table O. Services Supplied to Foreign Persons by U.S. MNEs
Through Their Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates by Selected
Industry of the Affiliate
[Millions of dollars]

                                                                Change
                                                                 2011-
                                          2011        2012       2012

All Industries                        1,247,000    1,292,992    45,992
  Manufacturing                          31,938       30,788    -1,150
    Transportation equipment              4,546        2,869    -1,677
  Wholesale trade                       237,344      238,119       775
    Professional and commercial
      equipment and supplies             79,523       79,468       -55
  Retail trade                           91,623      101,017     9,394
  Information                           162,338      172,334     9,996
    Publishing industries                50,328       53,585     3,257
    Broadcasting (except internet)       13,206       14,092       886
  Finance and insurance                 224,642      226,833     2,191
    Finance                             164,700      161,004    -3,696
    Insurance carriers and related
      activities                         59,942       65,829     5,887
  Real estate and rental and
    leasing                              39,183       43,387     4,204
  Professional, scientific, and
      technical services                182,930      194,705    11,775
    Architectural, engineering,
      and related services               29,952       35,748     5,796
    Computer systems design and
      related services                   81,648       85,251     3,603
    Management, scientific, and
      technical consulting               21,440       21,933       493
  Other industries                      277,001      285,809     8,808
    Mining                               37,257       43,015     5,758
    Utilities                            40,693       37,903    -2,790
    Transportation and warehousing       61,563       59,940    -1,623
    Accommodation and food
      services                           47,628       51,560     3,932

MNEs Multinational enterprises

Table P. Services Supplied to U.S. Persons by Foreign MNEs
Through Their Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliates by Selected Country
of UBO
[Millions of dollars]

                                                           Change
                                                            2011-
                                        2011      2012      2012

All Countries                        781,551    801,921    20,370
  Canada                              80,656     80,947       291
  Europe                             476,809    489,715    12,906
    France                            82,003     81,524      -479
    Germany                          109,087    116,730     7,643
    Italy                              8,544     10,360     1,816
    Netherlands                       42,436     41,395    -1,041
    Spain                             11,376     10,022    -1,354
    Switzerland                       58,819     61,149     2,330
    United Kingdom                   114,226    116,330     2,104
  Latin America and Other Western
      Hemisphere                      41,912     42,377       465
    South and Central America          8,503      9,311       808
      Mexico                           5,776      6,524       748
    Other Western Hemisphere          33,408     33,066      -342
  Africa                                 415        341       -74
  Middle East                         10,915     10,277      -638
    Saudi Arabia                         (D)      1,617       (D)
  Asia and Pacific                   161,514    169,474     7,960
    Australia                         19,039     17,892    -1,147
    China                              1,388      1,658       270
    Hong Kong                          4,234      4,881       647
    Japan                            101,055    107,609     6,554
    Korea, Republic of                12,753     14,157     1,404
  United States                        9,330      8,791      -539

MNEs Multinational enterprises
UBO Ultimate beneficial owner

D Suppressed to avoid the disclosure
of the data of individual companies.

Table Q. Services Supplied to U.S. Persons by Foreign MNEs Through Their
Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliates by Selected Industry of the Affiliate
[Millions of dollars]

                                                               Change
                                                                2011-
                                          2011        2012      2012

All Industries                           781,551    801,921    20,370
  Manufacturing                           79,245     81,673     2,428
    Transportation equipment              24,438     25,446     1,008
  Wholesale trade                        133,989    141,786     7,797
    Motor vehicles and motor vehicle
      parts and supplies                  30,334     31,037       703
    Professional and commercial
      equipment and supplies              16,471     16,999       528
  Retail trade                            41,040     43,696     2,656
  Information                             68,300     69,271       971
    Telecommunications                    31,848     33,114     1,266
  Finance and insurance                  170,059    168,513    -1,546
    Finance                              103,774    102,499    -1,275
    Insurance carriers and related
      activities                          66,284     66,015      -269
  Real estate and rental and leasing      19,359     19,882       523
  Professional, scientific, and
      technical services                  83,650     88,015     4,365
    Architectural, engineering, and
      related services                    11,736     12,306       570
    Computer systems design and
      related services                    20,145     20,942       797
    Advertising and related services      31,027     33,310     2,283
  Other industries                       185,908    189,084     3,176
    Mining                                33,564     33,068      -496
    Transportation and warehousing        51,025     49,478    -1,547
    Administration, support, and waste
      management                          38,023     41,369     3,346
    Accommodation and food services       27,130     28,269     1,139

MNEs Multinational enterprises

Table R. Revisions to Trade in Services, 1999-2012
[Billions of dollars]

                          1999    2000    2001    2002    2003

Exports
  Revised                 269.1   287.5   271.3   277.2   287.6
  Previously Published    268.8   288.0   276.5   283.4   294.1
  Amount of Revision        0.3    -0.5    -5.2    -6.3    -6.5

Imports
  Revised                 190.3   213.0   210.3   220.3   239.3
  Previously Published    195.2   218.4   216.4   225.8   242.4
  Amount of Revision       -4.8    -5.3    -6.0    -5.5    -3.1

                          2004    2005    2006    2007    2008

Exports
  Revised                 336.0   371.4   413.4   484.6   527.2
  Previously Published    341.7   376.6   421.4   489.3   533.0
  Amount of Revision       -5.8    -5.2    -7.9    -4.6    -5.8

Imports
  Revised                 279.5   301.5   336.4   367.3   402.0
  Previously Published    280.3   300.4   335.0   365.6   401.3
  Amount of Revision       -0.8     1.2     1.4     1.7     0.6

                          2009    2010    2011    2012

Exports
  Revised                 505.2   559.1   622.7   649.9
  Previously Published    508.7   555.7   617.0   649.3
  Amount of Revision       -3.5     3.4     5.7     0.5

Imports
  Revised                 378.5   404.6   430.2   444.8
  Previously Published    381.8   404.9   429.7   442.5
  Amount of Revision       -3.3    -0.3     0.5     2.3

Chart 5. Transport Exports by Type, 2013

Other modes       (5%)
Sea services     (20%)
Air services     (75%)

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from pie chart.

Chart 6. Transport Imports by Type, 2013

Other modes      (5%)
Sea services    (40%)
Air services    (55%)

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from pie chart.

Chart 13. Services Supplied Through Affiliates to
Foreign Persons by Major Area of Affiliate, 2012

Canada                       (9.9%)
Europe                      (49.6%)
Latin America and Other
Western Hemisphere          (12.2%)
Africa                       (1.2%)
Middle East                  (1.3%)
Asia and Pacific            (25.9%)

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from pie chart.

Chart 15. Services Supplied Through Affiliates to
Foreign Persons by Major Industry of Affiliate, 2012

Manufacturing                   (2%)
Wholesale trade                (18%)
Retail trade                    (8%)
Information                    (13%)
Finance and insurance          (18%)
Real estate and rental
  and leasing                   (3%)
Professional scientific, and
  technical services           (15%)
Other industries               (22%)

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from pie chart.

Chart 17. Services Supplied Through Affiliates to
Foreign Persons by Major Area of Affiliate, 2012

United States                (1.1%)
Canada                      (10.1%)
Europe                      (61.1%)
Latin America and Other
  Western Hemisphere         (5.3%)
Africa                     (<0.05%)
Middle East                  (1.3%)
Asia and Pacific            (21.1%)

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from pie chart.

Chart 19. Services Supplied Through Affiliates to
U.S. Persons by Major Industry of Affiliate, 2012

Manufacturing                 (10%)
Wholesale trade               (18%)
Retail trade                   (5%)
Information                    (9%)
Finance and insurance         (21%)
Real estate and rental
  and leasing                  (2%)
Professional,
  scientific, and
  technical services          (11%)
Other industries              (24%)

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from pie chart.