U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts for 2004-2009.

Zemanek, Steven L. ; Rzeznik, Stanislaw J.

THE TRAVEL and tourism industry--as measured by the real output of goods and services sold directly to visitors--declined 4.7 percent in 2009 after declining 3.1 percent in 2008, according to the most recent statistics from the travel and tourism satellite accounts of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). In comparison, the broader economy as measured by real gross domestic product declined 2.6 percent in 2009 and showed no growth in 2008. (1)

The updated statistics in the travel and tourism satellite accounts presented in this article replace the previously published statistics. These revised statistics primarily reflect the incorporation of the 2010 comprehensive revision of the annual industry accounts released on May 25, 2010. (2) This comprehensive revision incorporated two major types of revisions: (1) updated definitions and classifications and (2) statistical changes that included new and improved estimation methodologies and incorporated newly available and revised source data. Combined with new and revised source data for travel and tourism, these improvements allow the travel and tourism satellite accounts to more accurately capture the dynamics of travel and tourism.

Comprehensive revisions, which occur every 5 years, go beyond annual revisions by incorporating more detailed methodological changes. Major changes introduced with this latest revision include the following:

* The results of the 2002 benchmark input-output (I-O) accounts, including Census Bureau data on shipments, receipts, and business expenses from the 2002 Economic Census, Business Expenses Survey, and Service Annual Survey. This provides an improved breakout of business versus leisure consumption of commodities in the travel and tourism satellite accounts, updates the flow of commodities from producer to consumers, and updates the relationship between travel agents and the airlines.

* The results of the 2009 comprehensive revision of the national income and product accounts, including the new classification system for personal consumption expenditures.

* New producer price indexes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) used to deflate gross margin output of the retail trade sector.

* A new interpolation method to prepare time series of the annual industry accounts between the 1997 benchmark I-O tables and the 2002 benchmark I-O tables.

* An improved method to "reconcile" value added by industry within a balanced I-O framework.

* New employment multipliers from BEA's Regional Input-Output Modeling System II (RIMS II) program, which are used to measure total tourism employment in the satellite accounts.

* New data on travel expenditures by government and private business from the BLS consumer expenditure survey on the breakout of spending specifically for travel.

Highlights from the travel and tourism satellite accounts include the following:

* Real output slowed, turned down, or declined at a faster rate in 10 of 24 commodities in 2009, including both domestic and international passenger air transportation, gambling, and food and beverage services.

* Inbound tourism declined 13.9 percent in 2009, and outbound tourism declined 7.2 percent. As a result, the travel and tourism surplus fell to $16.6 billion in 2009 from $28.0 billion in 2008.

* Prices for tourism goods and services declined 4.3 percent in 2009 after increasing 5.6 percent in 2008.

Traveler accommodations contributed significantly to the overall decline in prices in 2009 as hotels sought to replace lost business travelers with leisure travelers.

The remainder of this article consists of a discussion of trends in travel and tourism output and prices, the composition of tourism demand, and tourism value added and employment and is followed by the core travel and tourism account tables. The accounts for 1998-2009 have been revised, but this article focuses on the more recent period from 2004 though 2009. (See the box "Data Availability.")

Trends in Output and Prices

Real output

The 4.7 percent decline in real direct travel and tourism output in 2009 was widespread (table A). The largest contributors to the faster decline were traveler accommodations, international passenger air transportation, and travel arrangement services (table B). Traveler accommodations fell 8.8 percent in 2009 after growing 2.2 percent in 2008. International passenger air transportation contracted 8.8 percent after growing 3.4 percent. Travel arrangement services fell 13.3 percent after decreasing 1.0 percent.

The widespread declines were partly offset by slower declines in food and beverage services, and domestic passenger air transportation, and a turnaround in motion pictures and performing arts. Food and beverage services decreased 3.4 percent in 2009 after decreasing 6.1 percent. Domestic passenger air transportation decreased 6.1 percent after decreasing 9.2 percent. Motion pictures and performing arts grew 5.4 percent after decreasing 6.4 percent (table C and chart 1).

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Prices

Travel and tourism prices declined 4.3 percent in 2009, the first annual decline since 2002 (tables D, E, and F). The largest contributors to the decline in prices were gasoline, traveler accommodations, and domestic and international passenger air transportation services. Gasoline prices decreased 27.8 percent in 2009 after increasing 16.1 percent in 2008. Prices for traveler accommodations decreased 7.0 percent after increasing 1.9 percent. Together, international and domestic passenger air transportation services decreased 9.3 percent after growing l0.3 percent (chart 2).

The overall decline in price growth for the travel and tourism sector prices was partly offset by an acceleration in the prices for automotive rental and leasing, which increased 12.7 percent in 2009 after increasing 8.4 percent in 2008. By reducing their stock of automobiles, rental establishments have increased their ability to raise prices.

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Total output

Total tourism-related output decreased to $1.24 trillion in 2009, or 8.5 percent, from $1.35 trillion in 2008. Total output consisted of $728.8 billion in direct tour-ism output and $508.5 billion in indirect tourism out-put in 2009. The 1.70 ratio of total output to direct output in 2009 means that every dollar of direct tourism output required an additional 70 cents of indirect tourism output (chart 3).

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Direct tourism output includes goods and services sold directly to visitors, such as passenger air travel. Indirect tourism output includes sales of all goods and services used to produce that direct output, such as jet fuel to fly the plane and catering services for international flights.

The Composition of Tourism Demand

The travel and tourism accounts include estimates of the composition of tourism demand by type of visitor. They distinguish expenditures of U.S. residents travel-ing abroad from those of U.S. residents and nonresidents traveling within the United States for leisure, business, or government purposes. The balance of tourism trade is derived by subtracting expenditures on foreign travel by U.S. residents (an import of goods and services to outbound travelers) from expenditures on U.S. travel by nonresidents (an export of goods and services to inbound travelers).

International travel and tourism

Current-dollar international travel (the sum of in-bound and outbound travel) declined 10.9 percent in 2009 after growing 11.6 percent in 2008.

Inbound travel and tourism. This consists of travel-related expenditures and international transportation purchases from U.S. providers by nonresidents traveling in the United States. This activity declined 13.9 percent to $121.3 billion (chart 4). In recent years, inbound activity had been increasing steadily as relatively strong currencies in Europe and Canada made the U.S. a more attractive destination. (3) However, in 2009, the global economic decline had a strong negative effect as net exports declined 40.6 percent from $28.0 billion in 2008 to $16.6 billion in 2009.

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Outbound travel and tourism. This consists of travel-related expenditures and international transportation purchases from foreign providers by U.S. residents traveling abroad. In 2009, outbound activity declined 7.2 percent to $104.7 billion. As a result, net exports of travel and tourism decreased (table G).

Internal travel and tourism. This consists of travel and tourism within the borders of the United States--the sum of domestic activity and inbound activity. (4) Inbound travel and tourism's share of internal tourism in 2008 (the most recent year for which data are available) accounted for 14.7 percent of the total. After declining to 11.4 percent in 2003, inbound tourism's share rebounded, accounting for 12.4 percent of internal tourism in 2005 and 12.9 percent in 2007 (table H and chart 5).

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National tourism. This consists of travel and tourism by U.S. residents, both within the United States and abroad--the sum of domestic tourism and outbound tourism. The calculation of outbound tourism includes all expenditures on international transportation, whether purchased from foreign or U.S. providers in order to create consistency between expenditures by U.S. residents traveling within the United States (domestic tourism) and expenditures by U.S. residents traveling abroad (outbound tourism). Outbound tourism's share of national tourism peaked at 18.8 percent in 2008 (the most recent year for which data are available) (table I and chart 6).

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Domestic travel and tourism

Domestic tourism includes travel and tourism undertaken by U.S. residents within the borders of the United States. Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and other U.S. territories are outside of this defined boundary and are classified in "international travel." The travel and tourism accounts break out all expenditures on domestic travel and tourism by type of visitor: resident households, business, and government (table 3). Business's share of domestic travel and tourism decreased slightly to 33.2 percent in 2008, the most recent year for which data are available. Government expenditures made up 3.7 percent of domestic travel and tourism in 2008, declining steadily from its peak of 5.8 percent in 2003. In general, government travel is more stable than business or leisure travel, and as a result, its share tends to increase during downturns in overall travel and tourism (table J and chart 7).

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Value added

A sector's value added measures its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). In 2008 (the most recent year for which data are available), the travel and tourism industry's share of GDP was 2.8 percent (table K). Travel and tourism's share of GDP continues to account for a larger share of GDP than industries such as utilities, computer and electronic products manufacturing, or broadcasting and telecommunications.

Direct employment

Direct tourism employment includes jobs that involve producing goods and services that are sold directly to visitors. Airline pilots, hotel clerks, and travel agents are examples of such employees. Overall, direct employment decreased 5.1 percent in 2009. The largest contributor to the decline was traveler accommodations, contributing 26.7 percent to the decline. Air transportation also contributed a large portion of the total decline in employment, 10.0 percent (table L and chart 8). No travel and tourism industries added employees in 2009, while most reduced employment (table M).

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Total employment

Total tourism-related employment (the sum of direct and indirect jobs) decreased to 7.8 million jobs in 2009, down from 8.2 million jobs in 2008. The 7.8 million jobs consisted of 5.5 million direct tourism jobs and 2.3 million indirect tourism jobs (chart 9). Indirect tourism employment consists of jobs that produce indirect tourism output, such as refinery workers producing jet fuel. The most recent data indicate that for every direct tourism job generated an additional 41 percent of a job is indirectly generated.

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Acknowledgments

Patricia A. Washington and Paul V. Kern of the Industry Sector Division supervised the preparation of the estimates. Steven L. Zemanek and Stanislaw J. Rzeznik prepared the estimates. Peter Kuhbach provided valuable guidance throughout the process.

Staff members of the Industry Sector Division, the Industry Applications Division, the National Income and Wealth Division, the Government Division, and the Regional Income Division contributed to the development of the estimates.

The Office of Travel and Tourism Industries of the International Trade Administration provided funding for the preparation of the travel and tourism satellite accounts.

Data Availability

The detailed annual statistics on travel and tourism activity for 2008 are presented in eight tables at the end of this article. The complete set of detailed annual statistics for 1998-2008, statistics of output and employment for 2009, and quarterly statistics of output and employment for 1998-2009 are available on BEA's Web site at www.bea.gov under "Industry" and "Satellite Accounts."

Key Terms

The following key terms are used to describe the travel and tourism satellite accounts.

Domestic tourism. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents traveling within the United States. It comprises travel by resident households, business travel, and travel by government employees.

Inbound tourism. Travel-related expenditures by nonresidents traveling within the United States and expenditures by nonresidents on international transportation purchased from U.S. providers. These expenditures exclude expenditures for travel to study in the United States and for medical reasons. (1)

Internal tourism. The sum of domestic tourism expenditures and inbound tourism expenditures (net of all international transportation expenditures).

National tourism. The sum of domestic tourism demand and outbound tourism demand (including all international transportation expenditures).

Outbound tourism. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents traveling abroad and expenditures by U.S. residents on international transportation purchased from foreign providers.

Tourism commodities. Goods and services that are typically purchased by visitors, such as airline passenger transportation, hotel accommodations, and meals. (2)

Tourism employment. Total tourism-related employment consists of direct tourism employment plus indirect tourism employment. Direct tourism employment comprises all jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of direct tourism output (for example, hotel staff and airline pilots), and indirect tourism employment comprises all jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of indirect tourism output (for example, workers producing hotel toiletries and delivering fuel to airlines).

Tourism output. Total tourism-related output consists of direct tourism output and indirect tourism output. Direct tourism output comprises all domestically produced goods and services purchased by travelers (for example, traveler accommodations and passenger air transportation), and indirect tourism output comprises all output required to support the production of direct tourism output (for example, toiletries for hotel guests and fuel for airplanes).

Usual environment. The area of normal, everyday activities within 50-100 miles of home. (3)

Visitor. A person who travels outside of his or her usual environment for less than a year or who stays overnight in a hotel or motel. The visitor may travel for pleasure or business (private sector or government). Visitors exclude travelers who expect to be compensated at the location of their visit (such as migrant workers, persons traveling to new assignments, and diplomatic and military personnel traveling to and from their duty stations and their home countries).

(1.) In the travel and tourism satellite accounts, inbound and outbound visitors are not differentiated by type of visitor, because the data to prepare these estimates are not available.

(2.) The classification of tourism commodities in the travel and tourism satellite accounts is based on a list of primary activities of visitors that was developed from recommendations by the World Tourism Organization, by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and from various surveys of U.S. visitors.

(3.) The usual environment depends on the availability of source data.

(4.) As a component of internal tourism, the calculation of inbound tourism is modified to exclude all expenditures on international transportation, whether purchased from foreign or U.S. providers. This makes possible an equally defined comparison between expenditures by U.S. residents traveling within the U.S. (domestic tourism) and expenditures by nonresidents traveling within the U.S. (inbound tourism).

(1.) All measures of travel and tourism activity not identified as being in "real" terms are current-dollar estimates.

(2.) See Matthew M. Donahoe, Edward T. Morgan, Kevin J. Muck, and Ricky L. Stewart, "Annual Industry Accounts: Revised Statistics for 1998-2008 and Comprehensive Revision," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 90 (June 2010): 14-29.

(3.) See Douglas B. Weinberg and Erin M. Whitaker, "U.S. International Transactions," SURVEY 90 (April 2010): 26-61.

Table A. Annual Growth in Real Output by Tourism Commodity
in 2004-2009
[Percentage change from preceding period]

 Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 6.1 2.9 2.9
 Traveler accommodations 7.6 4.4 3.5
 Food and beverage services 5.6 5.6 3.0
 Transportation 4.6 1.3 1.5
 Passenger air transportation 3.9 -0.4 1.7
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -1.4 -0.1 -1.7
 International passenger air
 transportation services 17.5 11.4 7.9
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 5.0 2.5 1.4
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 7.5 -7.7 0.4
 Passenger water transportation
 services 32.9 -0.1 8.2
 Intercity bus services -1.1 1.4 -2.1
 Intercity charter bus services -5.5 -0.3 8.9
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -1.4 12.0 4.4
 Taxicab services -4.9 9.0 11.4
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 4.7 2.4 -0.9
 Automotive rental and leasing 4.9 4.3 -1.6
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 2.3 6.4 1.4
 Automotive repair services -4.1 -5.7 -1.4
 Parking 6.8 0.0 -7.8
 Highway tolls 1.6 -7.4 -11.2
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 8.0 4.9 -0.8
 Gasoline 2.5 2.4 2.8
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 7.4 2.6 4.4
 Recreation and entertainment 5.2 2.0 3.4
 Motion pictures and performing arts 3.3 -2.6 1.2
 Spectator sports 12.6 1.9 4.7
 Participant sports 1.7 6.3 4.4
 Gambling 8.6 2.3 6.0
 All other recreation and
 entertainment -0.1 2.5 -1.3
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 9.1 3.1 5.2

Commodity 2007 2008 2009

All tourism goods and services 1.2 -3.1 -4.7
 Traveler accommodations 2.7 2.2 -8.8
 Food and beverage services -0.4 -6.1 -3.4
 Transportation 1.8 -2.8 -4.8
 Passenger air transportation 2.8 -4.3 -7.3
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 1.0 -9.2 -6.1
 International passenger air
 transportation services 5.7 3.4 -8.8
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 1.1 -1.8 -3.0
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 9.0 6.5 -8.7
 Passenger water transportation
 services 5.7 4.4 1.4
 Intercity bus services 1.9 -3.3 -19.1
 Intercity charter bus services -21.4 5.1 1.5
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -0.6 -5.9 -4.0
 Taxicab services 5.2 1.5 1.6
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3.6 -2.3 -10.3
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.0 -5.7 -3.5
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 4.9 -8.2 11.3
 Automotive repair services 1.8 -8.9 -1.4
 Parking -4.2 -10.3 4.7
 Highway tolls -3.9 -8.9 12.3
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 3.2 -1.0 -13.3
 Gasoline 0.1 -0.4 1.5
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 0.3 -5.2 -2.2
 Recreation and entertainment 1.4 4.0 -2.2
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.3 -0.4 5.4
 Spectator sports -1.5 -16.7 3.4
 Participant sports 0.5 -2.0 -4.9
 Gambling 3.2 -0.5 -3.6
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.3 -6.0 -1.8
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline -0.6 -0.1 -2.2

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table B. Contributions to Growth in Real Tourism Output
by Tourism Commodity in 2004-2009
[Percentage points]

 Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 6.08 2.90 2.90
 Traveler accommodations 1.33 0.78 0.63
 Food and beverage services 0.91 0.90 0.48
 Transportation 1.75 0.48 0.59
 Passenger air transportation 0.65 -0.07 0.28
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -0.16 -0.67 -0.17
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.81 0.59 0.45
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 1.09 0.56 0.31
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.01 -0.01 0.00
 Passenger water transportation
 services 0.43 0.00 0.12
 Intercity bus services 0.00 0.00 -0.01
 Intercity charter bus services -0.02 -0.02 0.02
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -0.01 0.06 0.02
 Taxicab services -0.03 0.05 0.06
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.02 0.01 0.00
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.20 0.17 -0.06
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 0.01 0.00
 Automotive repair services -0.08 -0.10 -0.02
 Parking 0.02 0.00 -0.02
 Highway tolls 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.37 0.22 -0.03
 Gasoline 0.18 0.19 0.24
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 2.09 0.74 1.20
 Recreation and entertainment 0.66 0.26 0.42
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.07 -0.05 0.02
 Spectator sports 0.12 0.02 0.05
 Participant sports 0.03 0.10 0.07
 Gambling 0.44 0.12 0.31
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.00 0.07 -0.03
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 1.43 0.49 0.79

 Commodity 2007 2008 2009

All tourism goods and services 1.20 -3.06 -4.65
 Traveler accommodations 0.50 0.39 -1.61
 Food and beverage services -0.06 -0.95 -0.57
 Transportation 0.68 -1.11 -1.87
 Passenger air transportation 0.44 -0.69 -1.13
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 0.09 -0.90 -0.55
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.35 0.21 -0.58
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 0.24 -0.42 -0.73
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.02 0.01 -0.02
 Passenger water transportation
 services 0.09 0.06 0.02
 Intercity bus services 0.00 -0.01 -0.05
 Intercity charter bus services -0.06 0.01 0.00
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.00 -0.03 -0.02
 Taxicab services 0.03 0.01 0.01
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.01 -0.01 -0.04
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.00 -0.21 -0.15
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 -0.01 0.01
 Automotive repair services 0.03 -0.14 -0.02
 Parking -0.01 -0.03 -0.01
 Highway tolls 0.00 -0.01 0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.14 -0.04 -0.59
 Gasoline 0.01 -0.04 0.12
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 0.08 -1.38 -0.61
 Recreation and entertainment 0.18 -0.48 -0.27
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.01 -0.11 0.10
 Spectator sports -0.02 -0.17 -0.04
 Participant sports 0.01 -0.03 -0.08
 Gambling 0.17 -0.03 -0.21
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.01 -0.14 -0.04
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline -0.09 -0.90 -0.34

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table C. Real Output by Tourism Commodity in 2004-2009
[Millions of chained (2005) dollars)

 Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 673,068 692,605 712,684
 Traveler accommodations 118,616 123,831 128,211
 Food and beverage services 107,019 112,962 116,309
 Transportation 260,595 263,933 267,970
 Passenger air transportation 108,436 107,976 109,834
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 73,404 68,916 67,740
 International passenger air
 transportation services 35,065 39,059 42,150
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 152,172 155,957 158,082
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,277 1,178 1,183
 Passenger water transportation
 services 10,429 10,420 11,272
 Intercity bus services 1,715 1,738 1,702
 Intercity charter bus services 1,901 1,781 1,940
 Local bus and other
 transportation services 3,242 3,631 3,791
 Taxicab services 3,604 3,929 4,376
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,806 2,873 2,848
 Automotive rental and leasing 25,525 26,632 26,193
 Other vehicle rental and
 leasing 596 634 643
 Automotive repair services 12,254 11,561 11,396
 Parking 2,099 2,099 1,935
 Highway tolls 740 685 608
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 29,540 30,987 30,747
 Gasoline 56,465 57,808 59,420
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 186,994 191,880 200,318
 Recreation and entertainment 82,728 84,417 87,316
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 13,141 12,798 12,950
 Spectator sports 6,995 7,128 7,466
 Participant sports 10,353 11,004 11,489
 Gambling 35,092 35,904 38,048
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 17,152 17,583 17,361
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 104,273 107,463 113,008

 Commodity 2007 2008 2009

All tourism goods and services 721,264 699,184 666,640
 Traveler accommodations 131,726 134,571 122,727
 Food and beverage services 115,877 108,864 105,179
 Transportation 272,756 265,108 252,348
 Passenger air transportation 112,914 108,103 100,223
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 68,390 62,071 58,292
 International passenger air
 transportation services 44,546 46,057 41,995
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 159,795 156,922 152,279
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,289 1,373 1,254
 Passenger water transportation
 services 11,912 12,442 12,615
 Intercity bus services 1,735 1,678 1,358
 Intercity charter bus services 1,524 1,603 1,626
 Local bus and other
 transportation services 3,767 3,544 3,400
 Taxicab services 4,605 4,673 4,749
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,950 2,883 2,585
 Automotive rental and leasing 26,181 24,695 23,836
 Other vehicle rental and
 leasing 611 561 625
 Automotive repair services 11,598 10,567 10,421
 Parking 1,854 1,663 1,584
 Highway tolls 584 532 598
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 31,738 31,427 27,254
 Gasoline 59,454 59,217 60,128
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 200,905 190,510 186,354
 Recreation and entertainment 88,561 84,998 83,139
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 12,992 12,161 12,816
 Spectator sports 7,356 6,128 5,856
 Participant sports 11,542 11,308 10,751
 Gambling 39,266 39,067 37,651
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 17,406 16,367 16,078
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 112,323 105,466 103,167

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table D. Annual Growth in Prices for Tourism Commodities in 2004-2009
[Percentage change form preceding period]

 Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 2.9 4.9 4.5
 Traveler accommodations 2.6 5.1 3.6
 Food and beverage services 3.1 3.2 3.2
 Transportation 3.6 7.7 7.0
 Passenger air transportation 0.7 6.8 6.7
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -0.1 6.9 7.3
 International passenger air
 transportation services 2.2 6.9 5.5
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 5.9 8.4 7.3
 Passenger rail transportation
 services -3.5 3.6 7.2
 Passenger water transportation
 services -1.3 1.1 -0.4
 Intercity bus services 3.8 3.6 7.2
 Intercity charter bus services 2.5 2.3 3.5
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 5.2 4.6 3.9
 Taxicab services 6.0 4.6 3.4
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2.5 2.3 3.5
 Automotive rental and leasing 1.6 1.0 6.6
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 3.3 0.1 0.8
 Automotive repair services 2.3 3.4 4.2
 Parking 4.9 7.1 2.9
 Highway tolls 8.4 12.6 10.8
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -1.7 0.2 3.5
 Gasoline 17.9 22.1 12.7
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 2.1 2.2 2.4
 Recreation and entertainment 2.6 3.2 3.2
 Motion pictures and performing arts 3.0 3.1 3.5
 Spectator sports 4.6 6.1 3.7
 Participant sports 0.5 0.6 2.1
 Gambling 2.7 3.4 3.2
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 2.7 3.3 3.5
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 1.8 1.5 1.7

 Commodity 2007 2008 2009

All tourism goods and services 3.5 5.6 -4.3
 Traveler accommodations 4.4 1.9 -7.0
 Food and beverage services 3.7 4.6 3.5
 Transportation 3.7 9.3 -9.9
 Passenger air transportation 2.4 10.3 -9.3
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 1.1 10.1 -8.3
 International passenger air
 transportation services 4.5 10.6 -10.8
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 4.6 8.6 -10.4
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 4.7 3.8 1.4
 Passenger water transportation
 services -0.5 -1.7 -9.1
 Intercity bus services 0.8 6.4 4.0
 Intercity charter bus services 3.2 2.6 2.9
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 2.7 4.2 4.8
 Taxicab services 2.1 4.0 4.7
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3.1 2.5 1.2
 Automotive rental and leasing 2.1 8.4 12.7
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 6.6 6.6 -3.1
 Automotive repair services 3.4 4.8 4.1
 Parking 3.3 6.6 7.8
 Highway tolls 5.8 13.6 -7.3
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 2.3 0.1 0.2
 Gasoline 8.5 16.1 -27.8
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 2.5 3.6 1.5
 Recreation and entertainment 3.1 3.4 0.7
 Motion pictures and performing arts 3.5 2.7 1.6
 Spectator sports 4.9 5.4 2.5
 Participant sports 1.8 1.1 1.0
 Gambling 2.9 3.8 -0.3
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 3.6 3.6 1.6
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 2.0 3.8 2.1

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table E. Contributions to Annual Growth in the Chain-Type Price
Indexes for Tourism Commodities in 2004-2009
[Percentage points]

 Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 2.93 4.93 4.49
 Traveler accommodations 0.46 0.90 0.65
 Food and beverage services 0.51 0.52 0.52
 Transportation, 1.36 2.89 2.67
 Passenger air transportation 0.10 1.06 1.03
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -0.01 0.70 0.71
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.11 0.36 0.32
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 1.26 1.82 1.64
 Passenger rail transportation
 services -0.01 0.01 0.01
 Passenger water transportation
 services -0.02 0.02 -0.01
 Intercity bus services 0.01 0.01 0.02
 Intercity charter bus services 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.03 0.02 0.02
 Taxicab services 0.03 0.03 0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.06 0.04 0.25
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Automotive repair services 0.05 0.06 0.07
 Parking 0.01 0.02 0.01
 Highway tolls 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -0.08 0.01 0.15
 Gasoline 1.14 1.58 1.06
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 0.61 0.63 0.66
 Recreation and entertainment 0.32 0.39 0.39
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.06 0.06 0.06
 Spectator sports 0.04 0.06 0.04
 Participant sports 0.01 0.01 0.03
 Gambling 0.14 0.18 0.17
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.07 0.08 0.09
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.28 0.24 0.27

 Commodity 2007 2008 2009

All tourism goods and services 3.48 5.64 -4.29
 Traveler accommodations 0.78 0.35 -1.35
 Food and beverage services 0.59 0.71 0.17
 Transportation, 1.43 3.62 -3.16
 Passenger air transportation 0.38 1.62 -1.35
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 0.11 0.93 -0.67
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.27 0.69 -0.67
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 1.05 2.00 -1.82
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Passenger water transportation
 services -0.01 -0.03 -0.08
 Intercity bus services 0.00 0.02 -0.01
 Intercity charter bus services 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.01 0.02 0.01
 Taxicab services 0.01 0.03 0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.01 0.01 -0.01
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.08 0.30 0.25
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Automotive repair services 0.05 0.08 0.03
 Parking 0.01 0.02 0.01
 Highway tolls 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.10 0.01 -0.18
 Gasoline 0.75 1.52 -1.86
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 0.69 0.96 0.05
 Recreation and entertainment 0.38 0.40 -0.03
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.06 0.05 0.05
 Spectator sports 0.05 0.05 0.00
 Participant sports 0.03 0.02 -0.02
 Gambling 0.15 0.20 -0.08
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.09 0.08 0.01
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.31 0.56 0.09

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table F Chain-Type Price Indexes for Tourism Commodities in 2004-2009
[Index numbers, 2005=100]

 Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 95.3 100.0 104.5
 Traveler accommodations 95.1 100.0 103.6
 Food and beverage services 96.9 100.0 103.2
 Transportation 92.8 100.0 107.0
 Passenger air transportation 93.6 100.0 106.7
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 93.6 100.0 107.3
 International passenger air
 transportation services 93.6 100.0 105.5
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 92.3 100.0 107.3
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 96.5 100.0 107.2
 Passenger water transportation
 services 98.9 100.0 99.6
 Intercity bus services 96.5 100.0 107.2
 Intercity charter bus services 97.7 100.0 103.5
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 95.6 100.0 103.9
 Taxicab services 95.6 100.0 103.4
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 97.7 100.0 103.5
 Automotive rental and leasing 99.0 100.0 106.6
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 99.9 100.0 100.8
 Automotive repair services 96.7 100.0 104.2
 Parking 93.4 100.0 102.9
 Highway tolls 88.8 100.0 110.8
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 99.8 100.0 103.5
 Gasoline 81.9 100.0 112.7
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 97.8 100.0 102.4
 Recreation and entertainment 96.9 100.0 103.2
 Motion pictures and performing arts 97.0 100.0 103.5
 Spectator sports 94.3 100.0 103.7
 Participant sports 99.4 100.0 102.1
 Gambling 96.7 100.0 103.2
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 96.8 100.0 103.5
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 98.5 100.0 101.7

 Commodity 2007 2008 2009

All tourism goods and services 108.1 114.2 109.3
 Traveler accommodations 108.1 110.2 102.4
 Food and beverage services 107.0 111.9 115.8
 Transportation 111.0 121.3 109.3
 Passenger air transportation 109.2 120.5 109.3
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 108.5 119.5 109.6
 International passenger air
 transportation services 110.2 121.9 108.8
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 112.3 121.9 109.2
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 112.3 116.5 118.2
 Passenger water transportation
 services 99.1 97.5 88.6
 Intercity bus services 108.1 115.0 119.5
 Intercity charter bus services 106.8 109.5 112.7
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 106.7 111.2 116.6
 Taxicab services 105.5 109.7 114.9
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 106.8 109.4 110.8
 Automotive rental and leasing 108.8 117.9 133.0
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 107.5 114.5 111.0
 Automotive repair services 107.7 113.0 117.5
 Parking 106.3 113.3 122.1
 Highway tolls 117.1 133.1 123.4
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 105.9 106.1 106.3
 Gasoline 122.2 142.0 102.5
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 104.9 108.7 110.3
 Recreation and entertainment 106.4 110.0 110.8
 Motion pictures and performing arts 107.1 109.9 111.7
 Spectator sports 108.8 114.6 117.5
 Participant sports 103.9 105.1 106.1
 Gambling 106.2 110.2 109.8
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 107.2 111.0 112.8
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 103.8 107.7 110.0

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table G. U.S. International Travel and Tourism in 2004-2009
[Billions of dollars]

 2004 2005 2006

Total international travel and tourism 182.9 197.3 207.0
Inbound travel and tourism 92.5 102.0 107.0
Outbound travel and tourism 90.4 95.3 100.0
Net exports of travel and tourism 2.1 6.7 7.0

 2007 2008 2009

Total international travel and tourism 227.2 253.6 225.9
Inbound travel and tourism 121.9 140.8 121.3
Outbound travel and tourism 105.3 112.8 104.7
Net exports of travel and tourism 16.7 28.0 16.6

Table H. Internal Travel and Tourism in the United States
by Residents and Nonresidents in 2002-2008

 Millions of dollars Share

 Nonresidents Nonresidents
Year Residents (inbound) Total Residents (inbound)

2002 461,147 66,647 527,793 87.4 12.6
2003 502,293 64,391 566,683 88.6 11.4
2004 539,519 74,621 614,140 87.8 12.2
2005 579,495 81,867 661,361 87.6 12.4
2006 623,009 85,846 708,855 87.9 12.1
2007 655,458 97,143 752,601 87.1 12.9
2008 638,401 110,167 748,568 85.3 14.7

Table I. National Travel and Tourism in the United States
and Abroad in 2002-2008

 Millions of dollars Percent

 In the In the
 United Abroad United Abroad
Year States (outbound) Total States (outbound)

2002 461,147 95,742 556,889 82.8 17.2
2003 502,293 97,371 599,663 83.8 16.2
2004 539,519 114,681 654,201 82.5 17.5
2005 579,495 123,650 703,145 82.4 17.6
2006 623,009 133,410 756,419 82.4 17.6
2007 655,458 140,852 796,310 82.3 17.7
2008 638,401 147,389 785,790 81.2 18.8

Table J. Domestic Travel and Tourism by Type of Visitor in 2002-2008

 Millions of dollars

 Resident
Year households Business Government Total

2002 299,588 143,440 24,348 467,376
2003 325,240 154,396 29,608 509,245
2004 350,045 168,219 30,592 548,856
2005 371,445 187,775 30,131 589,352
2006 397,486 204,677 31,339 633,502
2007 410,896 219,449 25,702 656,047
2008 413,236 217,957 24,531 655,724

 Percent

 Resident
Year households Business Government

2002 64.1 30.7 5.2
2003 63.9 30.3 5.8
2004 63.8 30.6 5.6
2005 63.0 31.9 5.1
2006 62.7 32.3 4.9
2007 62.6 33.5 3.9
2008 63.0 33.2 3.7

Table K. Travel and Tourism as a Share of Gross Domestic Product
in 2002-2008

 Billions of dollars Percent

 Gross domestic Tourism value added as
Year product (GDP) Tourism value added a share of GDP

2002 10,642 312 2.93
2003 11,142 326 2.93
2004 11,868 352 2.97
2005 12,638 371 2.94
2006 13,399 396 2.96
2007 14,062 414 2.94
2008 14,369 402 2.80

Table L. Contributions to Growth in Employment by Tourism in 2004-2009
[Percentage points]

 Industry 2004 2005 2006

All tourism industries 2.45 2.05 1.49
 Traveler accommodations 0.38 0.36 0.15
 Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Food services and drinking places 1.60 1.71 0.99
 Transportation, -0.28 -0.11 0.02
 Air transportation services -0.10 -0.16 -0.10
 All other transportation-related
 industries -0.18 0.04 0.12
 Rail transportation services 0.00 -0.01 0.00
 Water transportation services 0.11 0.04 0.06
 Interurban bus transportation -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
 Interurban charter bus transportation 0.01 -0.01 -0.01
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 0.02 0.11 0.05
 Taxi service -0.03 0.06 0.06
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 0.00 0.01 0.00
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing -0.07 0.01 -0.06
 Automotive repair services -0.05 -0.08 -0.01
 Parking lots and garages 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Toll highways 0.00 0.00 -0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -0.14 -0.06 -0.01
 Petroleum refineries -0.01 0.00 0.01
 Gasoline service stations -0.02 -0.01 0.05
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 0.64 0.11 0.16
 Recreation and entertainment 0.40 0.33 -0.02
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.02 -0.03 -0.02
 Spectator sports 0.11 0.08 0.00
 Participant sports 0.17 0.15 0.11
 Gambling 0.13 0.08 -0.07
 All other recreation and entertainment -0.02 0.05 -0.05
 Shopping 0.23 -0.21 0.18
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries -0.02 -0.19 -0.03
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 0.25 -0.03 0.21
 All other industries 0.11 -0.02 0.18
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.03 -0.02 0.03
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.08 0.00 0.15

 Industry 2007 2008 2009

All tourism industries 0.92 -3.01 -5.09
 Traveler accommodations 0.33 -0.10 -1.36
 Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Food services and drinking places 0.42 -1.34 -0.99
 Transportation, 0.16 -0.32 -1.39
 Air transportation services 0.08 -0.09 -0.50
 All other transportation-related
 industries 0.08 -0.22 -0.88
 Rail transportation services 0.01 -0.01 -0.02
 Water transportation services 0.04 -0.04 -0.06
 Interurban bus transportation -0.01 0.00 0.00
 Interurban charter bus transportation 0.00 0.01 -0.02
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 0.02 -0.04 -0.02
 Taxi service 0.05 0.00 -0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 0.01 0.00 -0.02
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing -0.05 0.01 -0.21
 Automotive repair services 0.03 -0.04 -0.05
 Parking lots and garages 0.00 0.00 -0.01
 Toll highways 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.00 -0.05 -0.43
 Petroleum refineries 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Gasoline service stations -0.01 -0.07 -0.04
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping -0.03 -0.99 -0.95
 Recreation and entertainment 0.08 -0.41 -0.36
 Motion pictures and performing arts -0.01 -0.04 -0.02
 Spectator sports 0.00 -0.15 -0.02
 Participant sports 0.02 -0.16 -0.10
 Gambling 0.07 0.04 -0.15
 All other recreation and entertainment -0.01 -0.11 -0.06
 Shopping -0.11 -0.58 -0.59
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries -0.11 -0.23 -0.18
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations -0.01 -0.34 -0.41
 All other industries 0.03 -0.27 -0.40
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services -0.03 -0.01 -0.14
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.06 -0.26 -0.26

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table M. Direct Employment by Tourism Industry in 2004-2009
(Thousands)

 Industry 2004 2005 2006

All tourism industries 5,758 5,876 5,963
 Traveler accommodations 1,304 1,324 1,333
 Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 10 10 10
 Food services and drinking places 1,780 1,878 1,936
 Transportation 1,165 1,158 1,160
 Air transportation services 496 487 481
 All other transportation-related
 industries 669 672 679
 Rail transportation services 9 8 9
 Water transportation services 42 44 48
 Interurban bus transportation 21 21 20
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 22 22 21
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 47 53 56
 Taxi service 43 46 50
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 15 15 15
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 103 103 100
 Automotive repair services 52 47 47
 Parking lots and garages 14 14 14
 Toll highways 5 4 4
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 207 204 204
 Petroleum refineries 7 7 7
 Gasoline service stations 81 81 83
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 1,247 1,254 1,263
 Recreation and entertainment 632 651 649
 Motion pictures and performing arts 30 29 27
 Spectator sports 71 75 75
 Participant sports 227 236 243
 Gambling 174 178 174
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 130 133 130
 Shopping 616 603 614
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 180 170 168
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 435 434 446
 All other industries 252 251 262
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 74 73 75
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 178 178 187

 Industry 2007 2008 2009

All tourism industries 6,018 5,837 5,540
 Traveler accommodations 1,353 1,347 1,267
 Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 10 11 11
 Food services and drinking places 1,961 1,881 1,823
 Transportation 1,169 1,150 1,069
 Air transportation services 485 480 450
 All other transportation-related
 industries 684 670 619
 Rail transportation services 9 8 8
 Water transportation services 50 48 44
 Interurban bus transportation 20 20 20
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 21 22 21
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 57 55 54
 Taxi service 53 53 52
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 16 16 15
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 97 98 85
 Automotive repair services 49 46 43
 Parking lots and garages 14 14 14
 Toll highways 4 4 4
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 203 201 176
 Petroleum refineries 7 8 8
 Gasoline service stations 83 78 76
 Recreation, entertainment, and shopping 1,261 1,202 1,146
 Recreation and entertainment 654 629 608
 Motion pictures and performing arts 27 25 23
 Spectator sports 76 67 65
 Participant sports 244 234 228
 Gambling 178 181 172
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 129 123 119
 Shopping 607 573 538
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 162 148 137
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 446 425 401
 All other industries 264 248 224
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 73 72 64
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 191 175 160

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 1. Production of Commodities by Industry, 2008
[Millions of dollars]

 Industry

 Nonfarm
 residential
 tenant
 Traveler occupied
 accom- permanent
 Commodity modations site

Traveler accommodations 128,951 17,366
Food services and drinking places 33,218 ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling 41,035 ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 806 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 10,357 293,711
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 1,448 ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 215,815 311,077
Intermediate inputs 97,416 88,917
Value added 118,399 222,160
 Compensation of employees 64,756 14,513
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 17,702 44,749
 Gross operating surplus 35,941 162,898

 Industry

 Food
 services
 and
 drinking Air trans-
 Commodity places portation

Traveler accommodations 802
Food services and drinking places 526,579 ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... 74,123
International passenger air
 transportation services ... 56,076
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... 4
Taxi service ... 1
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... 10
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling 750 ...
All other recreation and entertainment 2,339 ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... 10
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... 4,070
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... 6,849
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 2,039 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 173 25,295
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... 7,558
All other retail trade margins 0 65
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 532,681 174,061
Intermediate inputs 244,342 107,256
Value added 288,339 66,805
 Compensation of employees 188,158 46,344
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 34,574 11,408
 Gross operating surplus 65,607 9,052

 Industry

 Rail Water
 trans- trans-
 Commodity portation portation

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 99 ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services 1,600 ...
Passenger water transportation services ... 12,617
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... 19
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... 2
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline 743 532
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 32,514 2,582
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 16,107 32,188
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 29,743 -372
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 80,807 47,567
Intermediate inputs 46,970 24,342
Value added 33,836 23,225
 Compensation of employees 20,559 12,871
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies -1,278 962
 Gross operating surplus 14,556 9,392

 Industry

 Interurban
 Interurban charter
 bus trans- bus trans-
 Commodity portation portation

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation 1,898 20
Interurban charter bus transportation 53 1,586
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 29 66
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... 81
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... 6
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 3 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 41 67
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 2,023 1,825
Intermediate inputs 798 305
Value added 1,225 1,520
 Compensation of employees 889 1,264
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 124 51
 Gross operating surplus 212 205

 Industry

 Urban
 transit
 systems
 and other
 trans- Taxi
 Commodity portation service

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation 8 ...
Interurban charter bus transportation 49 ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 22,322 70
Taxi service 21 14,752
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 8 0
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 136 2
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 1 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 4,820 15
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 0 1
All other retail trade margins ... 0
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 27,365 14,839
Intermediate inputs 12,295 7,838
Value added 15,070 7,001
 Compensation of employees 25,812 1,097
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies -89 279
 Gross operating surplus -10,652 5,625

 Industry

 Scenic and Automotive
 sightseeing equipment
 trans- rental and
 Commodity portation leasing

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 2 ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services 3 ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation 19 ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 14
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 3,013 ...
Automotive rental ... 30,789
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 0 ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment 2 ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on asoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 4 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 4 19,538
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... 231
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 3,062 51,061
Intermediate inputs 1,495 23,172
Value added 1,566 27,889
 Compensation of employees 905 8,734
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 333 5,917
 Gross operating surplus 328 13,238

 Industry

 Automotive Parking
 repair lots and
 Commodity services garages

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 30 ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental 68 ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 88,347 ...
Parking lots and garages ... 10,680
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 148 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 9,968 19
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 592 ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 99,123 10,699
Intermediate inputs 27,086 2,837
Value added 72,037 7,862
 Compensation of employees 45,499 4,849
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 6,585 732
 Gross operating surplus 19,953 2,280

 Industry

 Travel
 arrangement
 and
 Toll reservation
 Commodity highways services

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls 9,439 ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... 35,001
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 215 132
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 9,654 35,134
Intermediate inputs 2,875 14,456
Value added 6,779 20,678
 Compensation of employees 3,329 13,005
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies ... 140
 Gross operating surplus 3,451 7,532

 Industry

 Motion
 pictures
 and perform Spectator
 Commodity arts sports

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 28 13
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts 22,404 18,965
Spectator sorts ... 17,073
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... 13
All other recreation and entertainment 102 4,497
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 223 476
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 33,317 15,429
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... 0
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 56,074 56,466
Intermediate inputs 17,172 23,929
Value added 38,902 32,538
 Compensation of employees 14,831 22,082
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 3,974 3,110
 Gross operating surplus 20,097 7,346

 Industry

 Participant
 Commodity sports Gambling

Traveler accommodations 244 ...
Food services and drinking places 6,029 2,062
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and 9ara9es ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts 37,859 ...
Gambling 54 40,475
All other recreation and entertainment 248 91
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 11 ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 896 95
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 2,177 24
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 47,517 42,747
Intermediate inputs 17,392 9,723
Value added 30,125 33,023
 Compensation of employees 22,479 23,368
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 3,168 3,214
 Gross operating surplus 4,478 6,441

 Industry

 All other
 recreation
 and
 entertain- Petroleum
 Commodity ment refineries

Traveler accommodations 86 ...
Food services and drinking places 5,128 ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts 371 ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts 2,722 ...
Gambling 2,126 ...
All other recreation and entertainment 47,169 ...
Gasoline ... 339,823
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... 282,044
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 2,054 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 2,307 69,523
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... 880
All other retail trade margins 111 ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 62,074 692,270
Intermediate inputs 25,367 564,858
Value added 36,707 127,412
 Compensation of employees 18,970 13,182
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 5,473 2,758
 Gross operating surplus 12,264 111,472

 Industry

 Industries
 producing
 nondurable
 PCE commo- Wholesale
 dities, trade and
 excluding trans-
 petroleum portation
 Commodity refineries services

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... 8
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 9 6,509
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment 1,846 ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... 98,618
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 1,494,634 9,614
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... 527,624
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 216 ...
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 848,673 236,780
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 27,490 731,965
All other retail trade margins 326 ...
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 2,373,194 1,611,119
Intermediate inputs 1,504,304 631,296
Value added 868,890 979,822
 Compensation of employees 398,319 530,871
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 35,801 181,620
 Gross operating surplus 434,770 267,332

 Industry

 Retail
 trade
 services,
 Gasoline excluding
 service gasoline
 Commodity stations stations

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 7,448 18,903
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation services ... ...
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... ...
Automotive rental ... 728
Other vehicle rental 7 206
Automotive repair services 4,063 82,694
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sorts ... ...
Participant sorts ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment ... 577
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 54,483 8
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... 20,629
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 23,858 592,127
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 4,164 30,421
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 1,617 435,425
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 95,639 1,189,814
Intermediate inputs 28,365 391,126
Value added 67,273 798,688
 Compensation of employees 20,019 483,896
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 20,690 167,320
 Gross operating surplus 26,564 147,472

 Industry

 Domestic
 production
 at
 All other producers'
 Commodity industries prices

Traveler accommodations 814 148,261
Food services and drinking places 32,424 631,930
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 28 74,153
International passenger air
 transportation services ... 56,076
Passenger rail transportation services ... 1,600
Passenger water transportation services ... 12,620
Interurban bus transportation 3 2
Interurban charter bus transportation 48 1,755
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 206 22,739
Taxi service 2 14,775
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 17 3,155
Automotive rental 427 32,012
Other vehicle rental ... 687
Automotive repair services 145 181,910
Parking lots and garages 1,027 11,707
Highway tolls ... 9,439
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... 35
Motion pictures and performing arts 513 42,253
Spectator sorts ... 17,073
Participant sorts 49 40,631
Gambling ... 84,453
All other recreation and entertainment 8,874 65,749
Gasoline ... 339,823
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... 99,904
Retail trade margins on gasoline 271 62,858
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 71,391 1,882,393
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... 569,570
Retail trade margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 26,001 648,947
All other commodities, except all other
 trade and transportation margins 18,557,253 20,212,716
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 27,280 824,545
All other retail trade margins 3,886 443,701
Travel by US residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 18,730,658 26,574,365
Intermediate inputs 8,217,016 12,132,950
Value added 10,513,642 14,441,415
 Compensation of employees 6,044,148 8,044,750
 Taxes on production and imports, less
 subsidies 444,442 993,761
 Gross operating surplus 4,025,052 5,402,904

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 2. Supply and Consumption of Commodities, 2008
[Millions of dollars]

 Supply

 Domestic
 Commodity production Change in
 at Imports private
 producers' inventories
 prices

Traveler accommodations 148,261 ... ...
Food services and
 drinking places 631,930 ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 74,153 ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 56,076 30,744 ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,600 ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services 12,620 ... 637
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,930 ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,755 ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 22,739 ... ...
Taxi service 14,775 ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3,155 ... ...
Automotive rental 32,012 ... ...
Other vehicle rental 687 ... ...
Automotive repair services 181,910 ... ...
Parking lots and garages 11,707 ... ...
Highway tolls 9,439 ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 35,001 ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 42,253 183 ...
Spectator sports 17,073 86 ...
Participant sports 40,631 ... ...
Gambling 84,453 ... ...
All other recreation
 and entertainment 65,749 6 ...
Gasoline 339,823 14,372 -934
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline 99,904 ... ...
Retail trade margins
 on gasoline 62,858 ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 1,882,393 537,716 -18,646
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline 569,570 ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline 648,947 ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 20,212,716 1,703,886 -15,172
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins 824,545 ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins 443,701 ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... 81,424 ...
Total 26,574,365 2,369,056 -34,752

 Supply

 Wholesale Retail Total supply
 Commodity trade trade at
 margins and margins purchasers'
 transportation prices
 costs

Traveler accommodations ... ... 148,261
Food services and
 drinking places ... ... 631,930
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... 74,153
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... 86,820
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... 1,600
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... 13,257
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... 1,930
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... 1,755
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... 22,739
Taxi service ... ... 14,775
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... 3,155
Automotive rental ... ... 32,012
Other vehicle rental ... ... 687
Automotive repair services ... ... 181,910
Parking lots and garages ... ... 11,707
Highway tolls ... ... 9,439
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... 35,001
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... 42,436
Spectator sports ... ... 17,159
Participant sports ... ... 40,631
Gambling ... ... 84,453
All other recreation
 and entertainment ... ... 65,755
Gasoline 99,904 62,858 517,890
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... 99,904
Retail trade margins
 on gasoline ... ... 62,858
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 569,570 648,947 3,657,272
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... 569,570
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... 648,947
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 824,545 443,701 23,200,021
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... 824,545
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... 443,701
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... 81,424
Total 1,494,018 1,155,506 31,627,697

 Consumption

 Intermediate
 Commodity Personal
 Private Government consumption
 expenditures expenditures expenditures

Traveler accommodations 50,441 6,328 91,492
Food services and
 drinking places 103,996 20,590 506,411
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 16,935 5,551 51,667
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 14,811 1,187 40,609
Passenger rail
 transportation services 534 268 798
Passenger water
 transportation services 1,442 ... 11,372
Interurban bus
 transportation 231 396 1,302
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 0 ... 1,755
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 2,270 133 20,336
Taxi service 8,863 1,328 4,583
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0 ... 3,155
Automotive rental 19,908 1,438 10,666
Other vehicle rental 351 1 335
Automotive repair services 31,395 3,326 147,179
Parking lots and garages 2,706 1,314 7,688
Highway tolls 1,899 391 7,149
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 19,755 576 12,087
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 8,730 5 33,488
Spectator sports 11,252 28 5,778
Participant sports 6,225 177 34,229
Gambling 1 23 84,429
All other recreation
 and entertainment 4,242 2,974 58,532
Gasoline 169,028 12,550 335,252
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 1,063,166 179,990 2,095,197
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 9,320,003 1,014,767 6,504,430
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad 21,424 ... 60,000
Total 10,879,608 1,253,343 10,129,919

 Consumption

 Gross
 Commodity private Government Exports of
 fixed final goods and
 investment expenditures services

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and
 drinking places ... ... 933
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... 30,213
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... 443
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Automotive rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ... 10
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... 2,583
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... 213
Spectator sports ... ... 100
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation
 and entertainment ... ... 7
Gasoline ... ... 1,061
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 34,617 2,354 281,948
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 2,121,553 2,880,854 1,343,779
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...
Total 2,156,170 2,883,208 1,661,291

 Commodity Total
 consumption

Traveler accommodations 148,261
Food services and
 drinking places 631,930
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 74,153
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 86,820
Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,600
Passenger water
 transportation services 13,257
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,930
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,755
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 22,739
Taxi service 14,775
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3,155
Automotive rental 32,012
Other vehicle rental 687
Automotive repair services 181,910
Parking lots and garages 11,707
Highway tolls 9,439
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 35,001
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 42,436
Spectator sports 17,159
Participant sports 40,631
Gambling 84,453
All other recreation
 and entertainment 65,755
Gasoline 517,890
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ...
Retail trade margins
 on gasoline ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 3,657,272
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 23,185,386
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ...
All other retail trade
 margins ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad 81,424
Total 28,963,538

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 3. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor, 2008
[Millions of dollars]

 Total Resident
Commodity consumption households Business

Traveler accommodations 148,261 60,192 50,441
Food services and drinking
 places 631,930 54,223 38,683
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 74,153 43,166 16,935
International passenger air
 transportation services 86,820 40,609 14,811
Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,600 666 534
Passenger water
 transportation services 13,257 12,296 ...
Interurban bus transportation 1,930 1,088 231
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,755 1,466 0
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 22,739 3,295 372
Taxi service 14,775 1,510 3,018
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3,155 2,636 0
Automotive rental 32,012 7,247 19,904
Other vehicle rental 687 181 351
Automotive repair services 181,910 7,339 3,179
Parking lots and garages 11,707 1,152 412
Highway tolls 9,439 470 126
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 35,001 11,464 18,736
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 42,436 7,985 4,313
Spectator sports 17,159 1,146 5,541
Participant sports 40,631 8,046 3,095
Gambling 84,453 33,877 ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 65,755 14,788 2,106
Gasoline 517,890 57,420 24,869
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 3,657,272 81,580 25,109
All other commodities 23,185,386 ... ...
Total demand less travel
 by U.S. residents abroad 28,882,114 453,845 232,769
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad 81,424 60,000 21,424
Total demand 28,963,538 513,845 254,193

 Total
 Non- tourism
Commodity Government residents demand

Traveler accommodations 6,328 31,300 148,261
Food services and drinking
 places 5,382 23,480 121,769
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 5,551 8,501 74,153
International passenger air
 transportation services 1,187 30,213 86,820
Passenger rail transportation
 services 268 131 1,600
Passenger water
 transportation services ... 443 12,739
Interurban bus transportation 396 214 1,930
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 289 1,755
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 22 252 3,941
Taxi service 452 148 5,128
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 519 3,155
Automotive rental 1,438 538 29,128
Other vehicle rental 1 110 643
Automotive repair services 201 1,218 11,936
Parking lots and garages 200 120 1,883
Highway tolls 26 86 708
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 546 2,583 33,329
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... 1,125 13,423
Spectator sports ... 372 7,059
Participant sports ... 745 11,887
Gambling ... 9,182 43,059
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 1,282 18,176
Gasoline 1,569 2,774 86,632
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,150 25,160 133,999
All other commodities ... ... ...
Total demand less travel
 by U.S. residents abroad 25,718 140,783 853,115
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... 81,424
Total demand 25,718 140,783 934,539

 Tourism
 Nontourism commodity
Commodity demand ratio

Traveler accommodations ... 1.00
Food services and drinking
 places 510,161 0.19
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
International passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... 1.00
Passenger water
 transportation services 518 0.96
Interurban bus transportation ... 1.00
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 1.00
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 18,798 0.17
Taxi service 9,647 0.35
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 1.00
Automotive rental 2,885 0.91
Other vehicle rental 44 0.94
Automotive repair services 169,974 0.07
Parking lots and garages 9,824 0.16
Highway tolls 8,731 0.08
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 1,672 0.95
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 29,013 0.32
Spectator sports 10,100 0.41
Participant sports 28,744 0.29
Gambling 41,394 0.51
All other recreation and
 entertainment 47,579 0.28
Gasoline 431,258 0.17
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 3,523,274 0.04
All other commodities 23,185,386 ...
Total demand less travel
 by U.S. residents abroad 28,029,000 ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... 1.00
Total demand 28,029,000 ...

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 3a. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor
(Unadjusted for Travel Arrangement Commissions), 2008
[Millions of dollars]

 Total Resident
Commodity consumption households

Traveler accommodations 148,932 60,464
Food services and drinking places 631,930 54,223
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 74,933 43,620
International passenger air transportation
 services 87,851 41,091
Passenger rail transportation services 2,030 846
Passenger water transportation services 13,379 12,414
Interurban bus transportation 1,930 1,088
Interurban charter bus transportation 1,757 1,468
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 22,739 3,295
Taxi service 14,783 1,513
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 3,171 2,649
Automotive rental 32,072 7,262
Other vehicle rental 687 181
Automotive repair services 181,910 7,339
Parking lots and garages 11,707 1,152
Highway tolls 9,439 470
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 31,995 9,612
Motion pictures and performing arts 42,564 8,062
Spectator sports 17,278 1,165
Participant sports 40,631 8,046
Gambling 84,453 33,877
All other recreation and entertainment 65,797 14,822
Gasoline 517,890 57,420
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 3,657,272 81,580
All other commodities 23,185,386 ...
Total demand less travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 28,882,517 453,660
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 81,675 60,185
Total demand 28,964,192 513,845

Commodity Business Government

Traveler accommodations 50,669 6,357
Food services and drinking places 38,683 5,382
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 17,114 5,609
International passenger air transportation
 services 14,987 1,201
Passenger rail transportation services 678 340
Passenger water transportation services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation 231 396
Interurban charter bus transportation 0 ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 372 22
Taxi service 3,023 453
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 0 ...
Automotive rental 19,945 1,441
Other vehicle rental 351 1
Automotive repair services 3,179 201
Parking lots and garages 412 200
Highway tolls 126 26
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 17,760 369
Motion pictures and performing arts 4,354 ...
Spectator sports 5,634 ...
Participant sports 3,095 ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and entertainment 2,111 ...
Gasoline 24,869 1,569
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 25,109 2,150
All other commodities ... ...
Total demand less travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 232,703 25,718
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 21,490 ...
Total demand 254,193 25,718

 Total
 Non- tourism
Commodity residents demand

Traveler accommodations 31,442 148,932
Food services and drinking places 23,480 121,769
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 8,591 74,933
International passenger air transportation
 services 30,571 87,851
Passenger rail transportation services 167 2,030
Passenger water transportation services 447 12,861
Interurban bus transportation 214 1,930
Interurban charter bus transportation 289 1,757
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 252 3,941
Taxi service 148 5,136
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 522 3,171
Automotive rental 539 29,188
Other vehicle rental 110 643
Automotive repair services 1,218 11,936
Parking lots and garages 120 1,883
Highway tolls 86 708
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 2,583 30,323
Motion pictures and performing arts 1,136 13,552
Spectator sports 378 7,178
Participant sports 745 11,887
Gambling 9,182 43,059
All other recreation and entertainment 1,285 18,218
Gasoline 2,774 86,632
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 25,160 133,999
All other commodities ... ...
Total demand less travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 141,437 853,518
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... 81,675
Total demand 141,437 935,192

 Tourism
 Nontourism commodity
Commodity demand ratio

Traveler accommodations ... 1.00
Food services and drinking places 510,161 0.19
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services ... 1.00
International passenger air transportation
 services ... 1.00
Passenger rail transportation services ... 1.00
Passenger water transportation services 518 0.96
Interurban bus transportation ... 1.00
Interurban charter bus transportation ... 1.00
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 18,798 0.17
Taxi service 9,647 0.35
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services ... 1.00
Automotive rental 2,885 0.91
Other vehicle rental 44 0.94
Automotive repair services 169,974 0.07
Parking lots and garages 9,824 0.16
Highway tolls 8,731 0.08
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 1,672 0.95
Motion pictures and performing arts 29,013 0.32
Spectator sports 10,100 0.42
Participant sports 28,744 0.29
Gambling 41,394 0.51
All other recreation and entertainment 47,579 0.28
Gasoline 431,258 0.17
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 3,523,274 0.04
All other commodities 23,185,386 ...
Total demand less travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 28,029,000 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... 1.00
Total demand 28,029,000 ...

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 4. Output and Value Added by Industry, 2008
[Millions of dollars]

 Industry Intermediate
Industry output consumption Value added

Traveler accommodations 215,815 97,416 118,399
Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site
 real estate 311,077 88,917 222,160
Food services and drinking
 places 532,681 244,342 288,339
Air transportation services 174,061 107,256 66,805
Rail transportation
 services 80,807 46,970 33,836
Water transportation
 services 47,567 24,342 23,225
Interurban bus
 transportation 2,023 798 1,225
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,825 305 1,520
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 27,365 12,295 15,070
Taxi service 14,839 7,838 7,001
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation 3,062 1,495 1,566
Automotive equipment
 rental and leasing 51,061 23,172 27,889
Automotive repair services 99,123 27,086 72,037
Parking 10,699 2,837 7,862
Toll highways 9,654 2,875 6,779
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 35,134 14,456 20,678
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 56,074 17,172 38,902
Spectator sports 56,466 23,929 32,538
Participant sports 47,517 17,392 30,125
Gambling 42,747 9,723 33,023
All other recreation
 and entertainment 62,074 25,367 36,707
Petroleum refineries 692,270 564,858 127,412
Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 2,373,194 1,504,304 868,890
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 1,611,119 631,296 979,822
Gasoline service stations 95,639 28,365 67,273
Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline
 service stations 1,189,814 391,126 798,688
All other industries 18,730,658 8,217,016 10,513,642
Total 26,574,365 12,132,950 14,441,415

 Tourism
 industry Tourism
Industry ratio output

Traveler accommodations 0.72 156,303
Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site
 real estate 0.06 17,366
Food services and drinking
 places 0.19 103,374
Air transportation services 0.75 130,612
Rail transportation
 services 0.04 2,935
Water transportation
 services 0.26 12,327
Interurban bus
 transportation 0.97 1,956
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 0.93 1,698
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 0.14 3,950
Taxi service 0.35 5,132
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation 0.99 3,040
Automotive equipment
 rental and leasing 0.56 28,463
Automotive repair services 0.06 5,865
Parking 0.16 1,718
Toll highways 0.07 708
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 0.95 33,329
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 0.13 7,129
Spectator sports 0.25 14,293
Participant sports 0.27 12,610
Gambling 0.49 21,063
All other recreation
 and entertainment 0.26 16,186
Petroleum refineries 0.10 67,179
Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 0.02 55,281
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 0.02 36,615
Gasoline service stations 0.12 11,696
Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline
 service stations 0.03 33,890
All other industries 0.00 14,001
Total ... 798,718

 Tourism
 intermediate Tourism
Industry consumption value added

Traveler accommodations 70,553 85,750
Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site
 real estate 4,964 12,402
Food services and drinking
 places 47,418 55,956
Air transportation services 80,483 50,129
Rail transportation
 services 1,706 1,229
Water transportation
 services 6,308 6,019
Interurban bus
 transportation 771 1,184
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 284 1,415
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 1,775 2,175
Taxi service 2,711 2,421
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation 1,485 1,555
Automotive equipment
 rental and leasing 12,917 15,546
Automotive repair services 1,603 4,262
Parking 456 1,263
Toll highways 211 497
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 13,714 19,616
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 2,183 4,945
Spectator sports 6,057 8,236
Participant sports 4,616 7,995
Gambling 4,791 16,272
All other recreation
 and entertainment 6,614 9,571
Petroleum refineries 54,815 12,364
Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 35,041 20,240
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 14,347 22,268
Gasoline service stations 3,469 8,227
Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline
 service stations 11,141 22,749
All other industries 6,142 7,859
Total 396,572 402,146

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 5. Output by Commodity, 2008
[Millions of dollars]

 Domestic
 production
 at Tourism Direct
 purchasers' commodity tourism
 Commodity prices ratio output

Traveler accommodations 148,261 1.00 148,261
Food services and drinking
 places 631,930 0.19 121,769
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 74,153 1.00 74,153
International passenger air
 transportation services 56,076 1.00 56,076
Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,600 1.00 1,600
Passenger water
 transportation services 12,620 0.96 12,126
Interurban bus transportation 1,930 1.00 1,930
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,755 1.00 1,755
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 22,739 0.17 3,941
Taxi service 14,775 0.35 5,128
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3,155 1.00 3,155
Automotive rental 32,012 0.91 29,128
Other vehicle rental 687 0.94 643
Automotive repair services 181,910 0.07 11,936
Parking lots and garages 11,707 0.16 1,883
Highway tolls 9,439 0.08 708
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 35,001 0.95 33,329
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 42,253 0.32 13,366
Spectator sports 17,073 0.41 7,024
Participant sports 40,631 0.29 11,887
Gambling 84,453 0.51 43,059
All other recreation and
 entertainment 65,749 0.28 18,174
Gasoline 502,585 0.17 84,072
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 3,100,910 0.04 113,614
Total 5,093,403 0.16 798,718

 Total Total
 commodity tourism-
 output related
 Commodity multiplier output

Traveler accommodations 1.58 234,021
Food services and drinking
 places 1.74 211,844
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 1.66 122,775
International passenger air
 transportation services 1.66 92,844
Passenger rail
 transportation services 1.78 2,844
Passenger water
 transportation services 1.94 23,537
Interurban bus transportation 1.56 3,008
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1.56 2,735
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 1.56 6,144
Taxi service 1.56 7,994
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 1.54 4,847
Automotive rental 1.42 41,369
Other vehicle rental 1.42 913
Automotive repair services 1.61 19,170
Parking lots and garages 1.61 3,025
Highway tolls 1.83 1,294
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 1.52 50,794
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 1.63 21,753
Spectator sports 1.64 11,530
Participant sports 1.61 19,164
Gambling 1.61 69,423
All other recreation and
 entertainment 1.63 29,662
Gasoline 1.65 138,891
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2.04 231,896
Total 1.69 1,351,477

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 6. Employment and Compensation of Employees by Industry, 2008

 Total
 employment
 (thousands Compensation
 of (millions of
 Industry employees) dollars)

Traveler accommodations 1,859 64,756
Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 195 14,513
Food services and drinking places 9,691 188,158
Air transportation services 639 46,344
Rail transportation services 234 20,559
Water transportation services 184 12,871
Interurban bus transportation 20 889
Interurban charter bus transportation 23 1,264
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 381 25,812
Taxi service 153 1,097
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 16 905
Automotive equipment rental and leasing 175 8,734
Automotive repair services 778 45,499
Parking lots and garages 90 4,849
Toll highways 54 3,329
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 211 13,005
Motion pictures and performing arts 193 14,831
Spectator sports 263 22,082
Participant sports 883 22,479
Gambling 367 23,368
All other recreation and entertainment 471 18,970
Petroleum refineries 78 13,182
Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 6,335 398,319
Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 7,713 530,871
Gasoline service stations 642 20,019
Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 14,921 483,896
All other industries 96,759 6,044,148
Total 143,330 8,044,750

 Tourism
 employment
 Tourism (thousands
 industry of
 Industry ratio employees)

Traveler accommodations 0.72 1,347
Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 0.06 11
Food services and drinking places 0.19 1,881
Air transportation services 0.75 480
Rail transportation services 0.04 8
Water transportation services 0.26 48
Interurban bus transportation 0.97 20
Interurban charter bus transportation 0.93 22
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 0.14 55
Taxi service 0.35 53
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 0.99 16
Automotive equipment rental and leasing 0.56 98
Automotive repair services 0.06 46
Parking lots and garages 0.16 14
Toll highways 0.07 4
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.95 201
Motion pictures and performing arts 0.13 25
Spectator sports 0.25 67
Participant sports 0.27 234
Gambling 0.49 181
All other recreation and entertainment 0.26 123
Petroleum refineries 0.10 8
Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 0.02 148
Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.02 175
Gasoline service stations 0.12 78
Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 0.03 425
All other industries 0.00 72
Total ... 5,837

 Tourism Average
 compensation compensation
 (millions of per tourism
 Industry dollars) employee

Traveler accommodations 46,899 34,825
Nonfarm Residential Tenant Occupied
 Permanent Site 810 74,613
Food services and drinking places 36,515 19,416
Air transportation services 34,776 72,485
Rail transportation services 747 88,028
Water transportation services 3,335 69,921
Interurban bus transportation 859 43,364
Interurban charter bus transportation 1,176 54,265
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 3,726 67,731
Taxi service 380 7,158
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 899 57,222
Automotive equipment rental and leasing 4,868 49,800
Automotive repair services 2,692 58,504
Parking lots and garages 779 53,950
Toll highways 244 61,638
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 12,338 61,495
Motion pictures and performing arts 1,885 76,749
Spectator sports 5,589 84,037
Participant sports 5,966 25,469
Gambling 11,514 63,665
All other recreation and entertainment 4,946 40,281
Petroleum refineries 1,279 168,739
Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 9,278 62,875
Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 12,065 68,826
Gasoline service stations 2,448 31,195
Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 13,783 32,430
All other industries 4,518 62,466
Total 224,315 ...

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 7. Employment by Industry, 2008
[Thousands of employees]
 Total Total
 Direct industry tourism-
 tourism employment related
Industry employment multiplier employment

Traveler accommodations 1,347 1.31 1,767
Nonfarm Residential Tenant
 Occupied Permanent Site 11 2.02 22
Food services and drinking
 places 1,881 1.18 2,222
Air transportation services 480 1.70 814
Rail transportation services 8 2.40 20
Water transportation services 48 3.32 158
Interurban bus transportation 20 1.45 29
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 22 1.45 31
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 55 1.51 83
Taxi service 53 1.45 77
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 16 1.75 27
Automotive equipment rental
 and leasing 98 1.92 187
Automotive repair services 46 1.47 68
Parking lots and garages 14 1.96 28
Toll highways 4 1.92 8
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 201 1.41 282
Motion pictures and performing
 arts 25 1.94 48
Spectator sports 67 1.93 128
Participant sports 234 1.19 280
Gambling 181 1.59 287
All other recreation and
 entertainment 123 1.41 174
Petroleum refineries 8 4.20 32
Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 148 2.86 422
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 175 1.67 293
Gasoline service stations 78 1.23 96
Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 425 1.23 521
All other industries 72 1.91 138
Total 5,837 ... 8,244

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 8. Real Tourism Output, 2008

Commodity Real output
 Direct (Millions of
 output chained
 (Millions of Chain-type (2005)
 dollars) price index dollars)

Traveler accommodations 148,261 110.2 134,571
Food services and drinking
 places 121,769 111.9 108,864
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 74,153 119.5 62,071
International passenger air
 transportation services 56,076 121.9 46,057
Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,600 116.5 1,373
Passenger water
 transportation services 12,126 97.5 12,442
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,930 115.0 1,678
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,755 109.5 1,603
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 3,941 111.2 3,544
Taxi service 5,128 109.7 4,673
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3,155 109.4 2,883
Automotive rental 29,128 117.9 24,695
Other vehicle rental 643 114.5 561
Automotive repair services 11,936 113.0 10,567
Parking lots and garages 1,883 113.3 1,663
Highway tolls 708 133.1 532
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 33,329 106.1 31,427
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 13,366 109.9 12,161
Spectator sports 7,024 114.6 6,128
Participant sports 11,887 105.1 11,308
Gambling 43,059 110.2 39,067
All other recreation
 and entertainment 18,174 111.0 16,367
Gasoline 84,072 142.0 59,217
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 113,614 107.7 105,466
Total 798,718 114.2 699,184

PCE Personal consumption expenditures