A proposal to include motor vehicle services in the U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts.

Okubo, Sumiye ; Fraumeni, Barbara M. ; Fahim-Nader, Mahnaz 等

MOTOR vehicles are widely used for travel and tourism in the United States. By one measure, more than 90 percent of the leisure trips made in the United States recently involved the use of a personal vehicle. For the Bureau of Economic Analysis' Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts (TTSAs), the dominant use of cars and other motor vehicles for domestic leisure travel presents some interesting economic accounting challenges. (1) While the current travel and tourism accounts include the services that flow from rented motor vehicles, they do not include important services from leased or user-owned vehicles. As this article makes dear, there are sound conceptual and empirical grounds for incorporating such services into the travel and tourism accounts.

Currently, the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework from the World Tourism Organization (2001) does not include consumer durable goods in the accounts. Only single-purpose consumer durable goods, such as luggage and tents that are used for tourism, are included in the accounts, but multipurpose durable goods, such as motor vehicles, are not. This is consistent with the System of National Accounts (SNA), 1993, which are widely used guidelines for national economic accounting. The SNA recommends that consumer durable goods purchased by households for personal use be treated as final consumption, not as investment. According to the SNA, households are not considered producing units and therefore services from consumer durable goods are excluded. Largely for that reason, the current TTSAs generally exclude key travel services from leased or user-owned vehicles, such as depreciation and insurance costs.

This article proposes a method to expand the TTSAs to include a new industry, "services of purchased and leased motor vehicles," and demonstrates how that would affect the 1998 TTSA estimates. It also discusses how the inclusion of these services would affect the amount of gross domestic product (GDP) that stems from the travel and tourism industry. Generally, the "expanded" TTSAs include the portion of total transportation services from cars, trucks, sports utility vehicles, and minivans that are owned, leased and rented by household, businesses and government and are used for travel and tourism. The current TTSAs exclude such services from owned and leased vehicles.

Currently, BEA has no plans to alter its national income and product accounts (NIPAs) or its annual industry accounts to include an expanded treatment of motor vehicle services, nor does it have firm plans to incorporate such services into the TTSAs. However, as the SNA points out, satellite accounts are good frameworks in which new approaches and methodologies can be worked out. BEA will continue research on this issue.

The rest of the article is organized as follows. The first section outlines the conceptual basis and the methodology for estimating the value of services of motor vehicles in the TTSAs, identifies data sources for producing the estimates, and describes the recalculations and changes in the accounts needed to include these services. The second section provides new TTSA estimates that include the services of motor vehicles and shows how they would affect the 1998 estimates. The third section outlines future research. In addition, a box provides an overview of key methodological issues, notably the incorporation of estimates of motor vehicle capital services flows into the TTSAs.

Why Include Motor Vehicle Services?

There are sound reasons to expand the TTSAs to include more motor vehicle services: The importance of motor vehicles as a travel and tourism mode of transportation in the United States; conceptual consistency in accounting for motor vehicle services; and the accounting benefits of a consistent treatment of leased and owned vehicles.

Motor vehicle dominance. Because motor vehicles are such an important mode of transportation for travel and tourism activities in the United States, extending the TTSAs to include these services would provide a more comprehensive and more consistent measure of travel and tourism. According to the Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, 90.4 percent of leisure trips made in the United States in 2001 used personal vehicles (U.S. Department of Transportation 2001). (2) Ignoring these services understates travel and tourism activities in the United States thus makes it more difficult to compare the relative importance of various modes of transportation and other tourism industries within the United States.

Conceptual consistency. The World Tourism Organization's Tourism Satellite Account recommends including gasoline, parking fees, tolls, and other expenses related to the use of motor vehicles (WTO 2001; see also OECD 2000). This treatment appears inconsistent with the guidelines to exclude motor vehicle services in the TTSAs. In general, the TTSAs currently include a wide array of travel services generated from rented motor vehicles and air, rail, and water travel. Including the travel services of leased and user-owned motor vehicles would logically follow.

In addition, including motor vehicle services would entail a more consistent approach to purchases of motor vehicles by various sectors. Currently, motor vehicle purchases by households are accounted for as consumption. Treating household purchases as investment--as purchases by businesses and government are treated--would be a logical approach. Households respond to many of the same kind of motivations--such as interest rates, tax rules, and expected rates of return--as businesses and governments when buying a motor vehicle. As a durable good, motor vehicles are large, lumpy capital goods that provide a stream of services to their owners for more than a year.

Leased versus owned. In the early 1990s, leasing began to become a common way that motor vehicles were "owned" in the United States, peaking in 1998 when market-based leasing accounted for 32 percent of new-vehicle sales. (3) The TTSAs treat leased vehicles differently from purchased vehicles, even though the use of, and service flows from, leased and purchased motor vehicles are probably close to identical. By treating owned motor vehicles and leased motor vehicles the same, the expanded TTSAs better reflect changes in motor vehicle services in a way that does not depend on the contractual or financial arrangements for obtaining these services. In this regard, recognizing the purchases of consumer durable goods, such as motor vehicles, as investment would parallel the treatment of owner-occupied housing. The proposed treatment keeps GDP invariant to decisions to purchase or lease motor vehicles as the owner-occupied housing imputation keeps GDP invariant to whether homes are rented or owned.

Estimating Motor Vehicle Services

The expanded TTSAs include the part of total transportation services from motor vehicles--mainly cars, pickup trucks, sports utility vehicles, and minivans--that are owned, leased, and rented by households, businesses, and government and that are used for travel and tourism. (4) This is achieved by treating expenditures by households for used and new motor vehicles as investment--the same as expenditures by businesses and government are treated--and then estimating the resulting motor vehicle services using a capital-service-flow method. The services of purchased motor vehicles and leased vehicles are accounted for in the same way.

This method is similar to the rental-equivalent method used for estimating rental values of owner-occupied housing in the national income and product accounts (NIPAs). (5) Thus, a new motor vehicle services industry produces user-owned motor vehicle services, leased motor vehicle services, and rental services, and its output equals the sum of these services and related insurance, maintenance, and repair costs.

Total motor vehicle services in the expanded TTSAs consists of both the imputed services from motor vehicles purchased and leased by households, businesses, and government and the purchases of insurance, maintenance, and repairs. The value included in the TTSAs is a percentage of the total motor vehicle services. Most of rental payments for the short-term use of motor vehicles are assumed to be for travel and are already included in the TTSAs. Accordingly, the expanded TTSAs include not only rented motor vehicle services but also the travel portion of the imputed services of owned and leased vehicles and the related insurance, maintenance, and repair costs.

Estimating methods

Services from the stock of motor vehicles in operation are imputed using a market-based measure. This measure uses the value of motor vehicle leases as a proxy for the market value of motor vehicle services. Four types of "motor vehicle rental equivalents" are computed--for personal cars, personal trucks, business car fleets, and business truck fleets. The terms for business car and truck leases are assumed to be 3 years, and for personal car and truck leases, 4 years. (6) Two methodologies were used: One for the first 3 or 4 years of operation, and another for subsequent years of operation.

Methodology for the first 3 or 4 years

Applying the capital-services-flow method requires determining the proportion of motor vehicles in operation that are leased or purchased and then allocating the rental equivalent values to these motor vehicles. (7) For businesses and government, calculations are made for cars and trucks that are less than 3 years old. For personal use, calculations are made for cars and trucks that are less than 4 years old.

For the year of purchase or lease, it is assumed that new personal cars and trucks are purchased in the model year or the year after. All leased vehicles and all new business vehicles are assumed to have been leased or purchased in the model year.

For new motor vehicles, the motor vehicle rental equivalents is calculated using actual "monthly lease payments" obtained from the Power Information Network. (8) It is assumed that no motor vehicles are retired until after the first 3 or 4 years of operation. The monthly lease payments include depreciation, lease (finance) charges, and in some cases, monthly use taxes or monthly luxury taxes. Monthly acquisition fees, which are one-time upfront fees, are added to the monthly lease payments. The results are annualized. Then, annual insurance, maintenance, and repair costs are added to obtain the value of total motor vehicle services.

For personal vehicles, the capital services flows for the first 4 years are estimated using new registration data from R.L. Polk and vehicles in operation data from Ward's. Ratios of the number of vehicles in operation for each model year to total vehicles for 4 model years are calculated. These ratios are then used to distribute the new personal vehicle registrations to each model year. These distributed registrations are multiplied by the motor vehicle rental equivalents, and the results are summed over the 4 years.

The same methodology is used to develop the distribution pattern for business and government vehicles for 3 model years.

Methodology for subsequent years

After the first 3 years of operation for a business vehicle and after the first 4 years of operation for a personal vehicle, a distribution pattern for the residual value of both business and personal cars and trucks over their expected lives is developed for all "age vintages" in operation in 1997. The maximum life of a motor vehicle is assumed to be 16 years. (9) After 3 years for business motor vehicles and after 4 years for personal motor vehicles, this distribution pattern calculates the value that remains from the residuals in each of the subsequent years through the 16th year; that is, the vehicle residual value is distributed over the expected car (truck) lives by applying the depreciation rates that include market-based real rates of return. The initial depreciation rates are computed from the Power Information Network database. In subsequent years, the depreciation rates are adjusted by the reduction in initial year depreciation rates based on the pattern of depreciation estimates by Wykoff (1970; 1989). (10) As a proxy for the market-based real rates of return, the annual nominal interest rate on the used-car loans charged by auto finance companies is used (Federal Reserve Board of Governors 2000), which is adjusted for inflation by the rates of change in the price indexes for motor vehicles for 1997-98 (BEA 2007). (11)

The depreciation rates account for losses in value from all age-related sources, including retirements. It is assumed that motor vehicles are in operation for 4 years and that none are taken out of operation during these years. The depreciation pattern used also reflects the higher depreciation rates in the final year of a motor vehicle's life.

The distributed residual value is multiplied by the personal vehicles in-operation data from Ward's and is summed over 16 years. (12) The same methodology is used to estimate the post-lease capital services flows for business cars (trucks) and government cars (trucks).

Effects on the TTSAs and GDP

Changes to the TTSAs

Expanding the TTSAs to include owned motor vehicle services would change the accounts in the following ways:

* A new commodity, "owned motor vehicle services" would be created. This new commodity would be produced by a new industry, "owned motor vehicle services." This is analogous to the introduction of the new industry and commodity of "own-account transportation" in the BEA's transportation satellite accounts (Fang, et al. 1998).

* A new set of commodities, "motor vehicle services," would be added to the list of tourism commodities. "Motor vehicle services" would consist of owned motor vehicle services, motor vehicle leasing, and motor vehicle rental (table A).

* A new industry, "motor vehicle services" would consist of "owned motor vehicle services," "long-term auto leasing," "auto and truck rental" and "other vehicle rental" (table B).

* The value added of the "owned motor vehicle services" industry would equal the value of the imputed services of user-owned motor vehicles.

* In the TTSA supply and consumption table, commodities would include "motor vehicle services." User-owned motor vehicle services would be included as household final consumption expenditures for travel for households and as intermediate consumption for business and government use of motor vehicles for travel.

* Purchases of motor vehicles that had been included under household final consumption expenditures would be considered gross private fixed investment. Government purchases of motor vehicles that had been included under government investment would now be considered to be gross private fixed investment.

Other costs that are related to operating a motor vehicle--such as gasoline and oil, tolls, and parking--for tourism purposes are already included in the TTSAs.

Recalculating GDP

Treating motor vehicles purchased or leased by households as investment and accounting for the resulting services would result in a change in the amount of GDP that comes from the travel and tourism industry.

Current treatment. In the input-output accounts and the national income and product accounts (NIPAs), motor vehicles are either owned and operated or leased and operated by households, businesses, and government (chart 1).

Purchases and leases of motor vehicles by households are included in household final consumption expenditures, not in investment. In contrast, motor vehicle purchases by businesses and government are treated as investment in the NIPAs. When a business purchases a vehicle that is to be leased, this purchase is treated as investment. The lease itself is a business-to-business transaction, and the payment for the lease is an intermediate expense for the business (lessee) leasing the vehicle. Motor vehicle leases are treated as final consumption expenditures by government.

Thus, although owned motor vehicles and leased motor vehicles provide fundamentally the same services, they are treated asymmetrically in the accounts.

Recalculating the level of GDP that stems from the travel and tourism industry would require reclassifying some expenditures on motor vehicles, recognizing the new commodities and industries discussed previously, and then estimating the value added of motor vehicle services.

Reclassification. Household purchases of motor vehicles would be reclassified from household final consumption expenditures to private fixed investment. This reclassification would not change GDP. However, the newly estimated capital services flows generated by household motor vehicle investment would be included in personal consumption expenditures (in transportation services). In addition, the motor vehicle lease payments by government would be removed from final expenditures (table C); this reclassification would not change the level of GDE The purchases by businesses and government are already included as investment.

New industries and commodities. In recognizing purchases of motor vehicles as investment, the value of services provided by user-owned motor vehicles must also be recognized. The imputed services of motor vehicles owned by households, businesses, and government would be included in the new industry "owned motor vehicle services." Conceptually, this new industry buys motor vehicles, thus adding to the capital stock. It produces the new commodity "owned motor vehicle services" and "sells" the services to user-owners. The imputed services are an estimated rental equivalent value of motor vehicles.

Value added. The imputed motor vehicle services are treated in the input-output (I-O) accounts as final consumption expenditures for households and intermediate inputs for businesses and government. (13) The services of user-owned motor vehicles for businesses are treated as intermediate inputs to industries, and the value added for these industries is reduced by the amount of the intermediate purchases. The reduction in value added across these industries is then included in the value added of the new industry "owned motor vehicle services."

The net effect of business motor vehicle services on GDP is zero. The level of GDP changes by the value of services of user-owned motor vehicles for households and the value of services of user-owned motor vehicles for government (minus depreciation, which was already included in the TTSAs).

Estimates of Services of Motor Vehicles

Estimates of motor vehicle services for the 1998 TTSAs indicate the importance of these services. In the expanded TTSAs, the addition of services from motor vehicles raises tourism industries' value added and tourism demand. The expanded TTSAs include only the travel and tourism portion of value added for motor vehicle services.

* The inclusion of motor vehicle services adds $54.8 billion to tourism industry value added or gross product (table D).

* The value added of the travel and tourism industries ($298.6 billion) is larger than that of the agriculture ($102.4 billion), transportation and warehousing industries ($273.7 billion), and broadcasting and telecommunications industries ($229.8 billion). (14)

* The addition of motor vehicle services raises tourism industries' value-added share of total GDP from 3.0 percent to 3.4 percent (table E). (15) Tourism demand's share of GDP rises from 5.8 percent to 6.3 percent.

* Tourism demand as a share of disposable personal income is 6.1 percent in the expanded TTSAs, compared with 5.3 percent in the standard TTSAs (table F).

* The ripple, or indirect, effects from travel and tourism expenditures in the expanded TTSAs generate approximately 79 cents of industry output for every additional dollar of tourism spending on motor vehicle services.

* The value-added ranking of the tourism industries also changes (table D). Hotels and lodging places remain the largest tourism industry in terms of value added. Motor vehicle services is the second largest industry, and passenger air travel drops from second largest to third largest.

[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Future Research

Estimating the services of other types of capital related to tourism would be one of the next steps in developing a complete set of TTSAs. In general, the criteria for including other types of gross domestic investment in tourism industries in the accounts are somewhat ambiguous, and the link between investment in tourism industries and tourism demand is often indirect. Moreover, except for a few industries, the share of capital formation that can be attributed to tourism activities is likely to be relatively small.

Despite these problems, research could be undertaken in the following areas:

* Services of other types of capital, such as services from fixed public investment (highways, bridges, and roads) that are used by motor vehicles.

* Other public sector capital that could be linked to tourism demand, such as railroad capital (railway beds and train stations), water transport capital (ports), air transport capital (airports), and national parks, national museums, and tourism information bureaus.

* Health and medical tourism and the services from tourism that is undertaken for the purpose of both pleasure and health-related reasons.

References

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Estimating Travel and Tourism Motor Vehicle Services

The current BEA travel and tourism satellite accounts (TTSAs) are presented as a set of eight tables: (1) Production of commodities by industry, (2) supply and consumption of commodities, (3) demand for commodities by type of visitor, (4) output and value added by industry, (5) output by commodity, (6) employment and compensation of employees by industry, (7) total employment by industry, and (8) real tourism output. The inclusion of the motor vehicle services entails adjustments to tables 1-5.

The expanded TTSAs for 1998, which include motor vehicle services, are derived from the standard TTSAs for 1998. Because the capital-services-flow estimates are based on the data on lease payments for 1997 from the Power Information Network, ideally, the 1997 TTSA tables should have been used for incorporating the capital-services-flow estimates. However, when the 1997 TTSA tables were prepared, the 1997 annual input-output (I-O) tables and the 1997 benchmark I-O tables were not available; therefore, the 1997 TTSAs were extrapolated from 1996 levels using methods similar to those used to estimate output levels for the annual I-O accounts.

As a result, the 1998 TTSAs that are based on the 1998 annual I-O accounts were used to incorporate the capital-services-flow estimates. The 1997 capital-services-flow estimates were extrapolated by the rate of growth in the 1997-98 data on passenger car rentals and leasing and truck, utility trailer, and recreational vehicle rentals and leasing (Census Bureau 1997; Census Bureau 1998).

The 2007 annual update of the TTSA tables, which provide a time series from 1998 to 2005, incorporate a number of improvements, including a new "tourism-gasoline ratio" or the ratio of gasoline consumed by visitors to total gasoline consumption. The most recent TTSAs used a tourism gasoline ratio that was derived from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. These ratios have ranged from a high of 10 percent in 1998 to a low of 7 percent in 2004, the latest year for which the TTSA estimates have been published. The TTSAs have made significant use of the CEX and will continue to do so, but there has been a concern about its continued use for one commodity, gasoline. Over time, the gasoline expenditures in the CEX survey have declined. Other organizations (public and private) point to a larger percentage of total gasoline consumption by travel and tourism activities. (1) Last year, BEA initiated research to develop its own estimate of tourism's share of consumption of this commodity. As a result, a new gasoline ratio has been developed, which replaces the CEX-based ratio, and is used in the standard and expanded TTSA tables. The new gasoline ratio uses data from the U.S. Department of Transportation and a private source that performs surveys of travelers. (2)

The change in the tourism gasoline ratio affects the computations for tables 3 and 4. The estimates for purposes of this presentation use the newly improved formula.

(1.) BLS has performed its own research on comparing the CEX to other series, including BEA's personal consumption expenditures data. See Gieseman (1987) and Garner, et al. (2006)

(2.) D.K. Shiftier

(1.) This article updates a paper that the authors presented at the Tourism Satellite Accounts Conference on May 8-10, 2001, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

(2.) In the TTSAs, leisure trips include long distance trips (50 miles or more from home, one way) for relaxation, sightseeing, outdoor recreation, entertainment, and shopping. Tourism is defined as visitors traveling outside their "usual environment" or between 50 to 100 miles from home.

(3.) Since 1998, the share has fluctuated downward; in 2006, it stabilized at around 20 percent (Shebesta 2007).

(4.) Rentals include recreational vehicles.

(5.) Capital services flows for motor vehicles consist of depreciation, a rate of return, and for the first 3 or 4 years, a monthly acquisition fee. The output of the motor vehicle services in the expanded TTSAs includes these capital services plus insurance, maintenance, and repair costs. It is the sum of the capital services and these costs, not just the capital services, that is similar to owner-equivalent rent.

(6.) Consumer lease terms range from 2 to 4 years. The assumed 4-year and 3-year lease terms for households and businesses, respectively, are based on consultations with staff at Runzheimer International, a management consulting firm that specializes in transportation, travel, and living costs, including vehicle purchases and management and standard costs for business vehicle programs.

(7.) According to the R.L. Polk & Co. data, in 1997, leased cars accounted for 40.5 percent of the new-car registrations, and leased trucks accounted for 30.7 percent of the new-truck registrations.

(8.) The Power Information Network (PIN) was used for actual market-based lease-payment data, which are essential for estimating the motor vehicle rental equivalents. The purchased database includes the following monthly data for 157 car models and 98 truck models: Acquisition fees, monthly lease payments, base monthly lease payments, internal rates of return, net capitalized costs, lease money factors, residuals, security deposits, lease terms, transaction counts, vehicle costs, vehicle prices, and vehicle prices less customer cash rebates. To annualize the monthly PIN data, the PIN number of transactions--that is, the number of cars (trucks) leased in a month--and the new car (truck) registrations data by model from R.L. Polk & Co. are used as weights.

For information about extrapolating the 1997 PIN-based capital services flows to estimate the 1998 capital services flows, see the box "Estimating Travel and Tourism Motor Vehicle Services."

(9.) This assumption is based on the data available on cars and trucks by model year between the initial year of operation to the final year of operation. The source of the data is various issues of Ward's Automotive Yearbook, which also includes data for all motor vehicles older than 17 years and shows the worth of such vehicles is close to zero.

(10.) Motor vehicles have high initial depreciation rates; therefore, for the subsequent years, we adjusted the PIN depreciation rates based on the research results and analysis by Wykoff (1989, 280). Wykoff's research shows the first-year depreciation rates to be between 35 and 45 percent, the second-year rates to be close to 20 percent, and the rates in subsequent years to be between 15 and 20 percent.

(11.) A market-based rate of return is needed for the post-lease period, so the PIN-based internal rates of return are not used beyond the 3-to-4-year lease period, because according to the PIN contact person, these rates apply to all cash flows throughout the term of lease. An internal rate of return is defined as the rate at which the discounted future cash flows of an investment equal the initial cash outlay.

(12.) The personal cars (trucks) in-operation data are computed by applying the ratio of personal cars (trucks) registrations to total registrations from R.L. Polk & Co. Polk "new" registrations data have been used because they are available in personal, business and government categories; "used" registrations data are not. Therefore, given that households are large net purchasers of used motor vehicles, the estimate of the proportion of the residual value distributed to personal motor vehicles is somewhat understated.

(13.) The consumption of fixed capital, which is part of value added and intermediate purchases of motor vehicle insurance, maintenance, and repair costs by the using industries--for example, hotels and airlines--are reallocated to the new industry. This reallocation reduces the value added of using industries, as seen in table 1.

(14.) The value-added data for the agriculture, mining, and broadcasting and telecommunications industries are from table 1 in Moyer, et al. (2004, 36).

(15.) The shares are derived by dividing the value added of tourism industries by the value of an expanded GDP that is higher than the standard GDP by the value of households' purchases of motor vehicle services. This expanded estimate of the tourism industry is higher than that of the standard TTSAs by the amount of the value added from user-owned motor vehicles.

Brian K. Sliker provided conceptual support in developing depreciation patterns. Barbara M. Fraumeni was Chief Economist at the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) from January 1999 until July 2005.

Table A. Classification of Commodities in the Travel and Tourism
Satellite Accounts

 Description of commodity Content

Tourism commodities:

Hotels and lodging places Includes lodging receipts from
 hotels, motels, guestrooms, and
 rooming and boarding houses
 serving the general public; other
 receipts of hotels and motels,
 sporting and recreational camps,
 and recreational vehicle parks
 and camp sites.

 Excludes meals served by hotels
 or motels.

Eating and drinking places Includes food and beverage
 receipts and tips.

 Excludes catering services and
 school lunch sales by state and
 local governments.

Passenger rail Includes receipts from rail
 passengers for travel and dining
 and tips.

Passenger bus and other local Includes receipts from passengers
transportation for intercity, charter, and local
 bus services and subway and
 limousine services.

Taxicabs Includes taxi fares and tips.

Domestic passenger air fares Includes receipts from domestic
 air passengers for air fares,
 meals and beverages, movies, and
 other receipts.

International air fares Includes receipts from
 international air passengers.

Passenger water Includes receipts from passengers
 for water transportation.

Motor vehicle services
 Owned motor vehicles Includes imputed receipts of
 owned motor vehicles.

 Auto and truck leasing Includes receipts for long-term
 leases of automobiles and trucks.

 Auto and truck rental Includes receipts for short-term
 rental of automobiles and trucks.

 Other vehicle rental Includes receipts for short-term
 rental of recreational vehicles
 and utility trailers.

Operating expenses of motor
vehicle services:

 Gasoline and oil Includes sales of gasoline,
 diesel fuel, lubricating oils,
 and grease.

 Selected services Includes receipts for services
 that may be used by tourists on,
 during, or after a trip, such as
 maintenance, repair, car washing,
 parking, tolls for bridges and
 roads, and insurance.

Petroleum retail margins Includes retail margins on
 petroleum sales.

Arrangement of passenger Includes commissions for the
transportation arrangement of passenger
 transportation and net receipts
 for tours.

Recreation and entertainment Includes miscellaneous
 entertainment receipts such as
 amusement parks, fairs, museums,
 gambling, and other recreation
 and amusements.

Participant sports Includes participant sports such
 as golf and tennis.

Movie, theater, ballet, and Includes receipts for admissions
musical events to movies and theater and music
 programs.

Sports events Include admissions to sports
 events.

Other retail margins Includes retail margin on all
 other goods.

Travel by U.S. residents abroad Includes travel expenditures by
 U.S. residents abroad.

Nontourism commodities: (1)

PCE nondurable commodities Includes sales of all other
 nondurable commodities.

Wholesale trade margins and Includes wholesale margins and
transportation costs transportation costs on all
 goods.

All other commodities Includes all other commodities
 not considered above.

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) Nontourism commodities are commodities not classified as tourism
commodities.

Table B. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts Industries and
Commodities

 Industry Commodity

Hotels and lodging places Hotels and lodging places

Eating and drinking places Eating and drinking places

Railroads and related services Passenger rail

Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger Passenger bus and other local
 transportation, except taxicabs transportation

Taxicabs Taxicabs

Air transportation Domestic passenger air fares
 International air fares

Water transportation Passenger water

Motor vehicle services: Motor vehicle services:

 Owned motor vehicles Owned motor vehicles

 Motor vehicle leasing Long-term auto and truck leases

 Motor vehicle rental Short-term auto and truck rental
 Short-term other vehicle rental

Gasoline service stations Petroleum retail margins

Automobile parking, automotive
 repair shops and services, and Parking, automotive repair, and
 toll highways highway tolls

Arrangement of passenger Arrangement of passenger
 transportation transportation

Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing,
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries, museums,
 art galleries, and botanical
 and zoological gardens Recreation and entertainment

Membership sports and recreation Participant sports (golf, tennis,
 clubs etc.)

Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands, Movie, theater, ballet, and
 orchestras, and entertainers musical events

Professional sports clubs and
 promoters Sports events

Retail, excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 service stations Other retail margins

Industries producing nondurable
 PCE goods PCE nondurable commodities

All other industries Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs
 Gasoline and oil
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad (1)

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) Travel by U.S. residents abroad has no industry counterpart; U.S.
residents traveling abroad purchase commodities that are produced
abroad, and the travel and tourism satellite accounts include
only domestically produced commodities.

Table C. Current Treatment and Corresponding Proposed Treatment
of Motor Vehicles in the National Income and Product Accounts

 Current NIPA treatment
 Types of
motor vehicles Current final Investment
 expenditures and capitalized (1)

 Owned Households Government
 Business

 Leased Households Business
 Government

 Proposed NIPA treatment
 Types of
motor vehicles Current final Investment
 expenditures and capitalized

 Owned Motor vehicle Households
 services Government
 (in PCE services) Business

 Leased Households
 Government
 Business

NIPA National income and product accounts

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) Although capitalized, no services are imputed.

Table D. Tourism Industry Value Added for Selected Industries
in the Standard and Expanded TTSAs, 1998

 Tourism industry
 value added

 (Billions of dollars)

 Expanded
 Standard TTSAs:
 TTSAs Includes
 motor vehicle
 services

Hotels and lodging places 59.0 58.9
Passenger air 46.8 46.4
Eating and drinking places 31.6 31.6
Shopping 16.3 16.2
Motor vehicle services n.a. 54.8
All other 108.2 90.7
Total tourism industry 261.9 298.6

 Share of tourism
 industry value added

 (Percent)

 Expanded
 Standard TTSAs:
 TTSAs Includes
 motor vehicle
 services

Hotels and lodging places 22.5 19.7
Passenger air 17.9 15.5
Eating and drinking places 12.1 10.6
Shopping 6.2 5.4
Motor vehicle services n.a. 18.3
All other 41.3 30.4
Total tourism industry 100.0 100.0

TTSAs Travel and tourism satellite accounts

n.a. Not applicable

Table E. Key Indicators of Tourism Activity,
Estimates of Motor Vehicle Services for the
Standard and Expanded TTSAs, 1998

 Value added Share of Demand Share of
 GDP GDP

 (Billions (Percent) (Billions (Percent)
 of dollars) of dollars)

Standard TTSAs 261.9 3.0 507.4 5.8
Expanded TTSAs 298.6 3.4 560.4 6.3

TTSAs Travel and tourism satellite accounts

Table F. Key Indicators of Tourism Activity for the Standard
and Expanded TTSAs, Household Tourism Demand as a
Share of Disposable Personal Income, 1998

 Demand Share of disposable
 personal income

 (Billions of dollars) (Percent)

Standard TTSAs 338.5 5.3
Expanded TTSAs 391.4 6.1

TTSAs Travel and tourism satellite accounts

Table 1. Production of Commodities by Industry, 1998
[Millions of dollars]

 Industry

 Nonfarm
 residential Food
 Commodity Traveler tenant- services
 accommo- occupied and
 dations permanent drinking
 site real places
 estate

Traveler accommodations 73,911 8,265 366
Food services and drinking
 places 20,450 ... 313,407
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling 14,393 ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 349
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline 9 ... 100
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 1,266 ... 1,528
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 2,614 195,643 825
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins 2 ... 70
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 112,644 203,907 316,645

Intermediate inputs# 35,026# 600,001# 165,614#

Value added# 77,618# 143,907# 151,031#

 Compensation of
 employees 39,618 7,459 103,898

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 10,778# 21,048# 17,049#

 Gross operating surplus# 27,222# 1,154,001# 30,084#

 Industry

 Commodity Air Rail Water
 transpor- transpor- transpor-
 tation tation tation

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places ... 74 ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 60,349 ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 23,466 ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... 929 ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... 4,568
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 3 ... 7
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 1
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... 1,207 917
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 1,055 ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 3,231 17,481 3,503
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 13,790 10,209 20,892
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins 2,093 15,215 1,845
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 103,988 45,114 31,733

Intermediate inputs# 46,518# 19,217# 19,703#

Value added# 57,470# 25,897# 12,030#

 Compensation of
 employees 35,728 17,858 7,009

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 4,829# 565# 2,138#

 Gross operating surplus# 16,913# 7,473# 2,884#

 Industry

 Interurban Urban
 Interurban charter transit
 Commodity bus bus systems
 transpor- transpor- and other
 tation tation transpor-
 tation

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation 34 1,411 55
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,089 22 10
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 37 349 15,005
Taxi service ... ... 9
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 53 26
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... 8 18
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... ...
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... 4
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 45 52 3,299
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 1,204 1,895 18,427

Intermediate inputs# 517# 1,166# 14,272#

Value added# 687# 729# 4,155#

 Compensation of
 employees 584 581 14,093

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 2# -33# -201#

 Gross operating surplus# 101# 181# -9,738#

 Industry

 Services
 Scenic of
 and purchased
 Commodity Taxi sight- and
 service seeing leased
 transpor- motor
 tation vehicles (1)

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... 9 ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... 12 ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 17 ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 36 27 ...
Taxi service 10,332 ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 2,063 ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# 431,013#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services 3 1 ...
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 1 ...
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 3 ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 34 24
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... 7 ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 10,409 2,161 431,013#

Intermediate inputs# 5,606# 901# 77,982#

Value added# 4,803# 1,261# 353,031#

 Compensation of
 employees 3,571 693 0

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 248# 184# 14,661#

 Gross operating surplus# 984# 383# 338,370#

 Industry

 Auto-
 motive Auto- Parking
 Commodity equipment motive lots and
 rental and repair garages
 leasing services

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 21 ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental 18,369 ... ...
 Other vehicle rental 415 ... ...
Automotive repair services 82,504 ...
Parking lots and garages ... ... 8,121
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... ...
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... 21 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... 2
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 12,150 8,196 ...
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins 171 1,327 ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 31,126 92,048 8,124

Intermediate inputs# 19,883# 49,507# 3,703#

Value added# 11,243# 42,541# 4,421#

 Compensation of
 employees 5,992 21,817 1,648

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 2,478# 5,897# 602#

 Gross operating surplus# 2,774# 14,828# 2,171#

 Industry

 Travel Motion
 arrange- pictures
 Commodity Toll ment and and
 highways reservation performing
 services arts

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places ... ... 3
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls 5,810 ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... 27,376 ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... 15,443
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 28
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... 54 141
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 152 48 17,999
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... 5
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 5,962 27,478 33,619

Intermediate inputs# 1,003# 13,821# 20,035#

Value added# 4,959# 13,657# 13,584#

 Compensation of
 employees 1,744 11,089 9,439

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 0# 583# 1,235#

 Gross operating surplus# 3,216# 1,985# 2,910#

 Industry

 Commodity Spectator Participant
 sports sports Gambling

Traveler accommodations ... 311 ...
Food services and drinking
 places 4 4,810 960
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 7,004 ... 36
Spectator sports 8,500 ... ...
Participant sports ... 25,239 ...
Gambling ... ... 19,523
All other recreation and
 entertainment 1,879 49 16
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... 1 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 176 421 39
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 5,701 464 4,413
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins 9 64 ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 23,274 31,329 24,987

Intermediate inputs# 7,524# 14,855# 9,604#

Value added# 15,749# 16,474# 15,383#

 Compensation of
 employees 9,629 11,580 7,670

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 1,137# 1,691# 1,435#

 Gross operating surplus# 4,983# 3,204# 6,279#

 Industry

 Industries
 producing
 nondurable
 All other PCE
 Commodity recreation Petroleum commodities,
 and refineries excluding
 entertain- petroleum
 ment refineries

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places 3,430 ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ... 22
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 122 ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports 2,359 ... ...
Gambling 54 ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 28,296 ... 990
Gasoline ... 57,116 ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline 57 ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline ... 44,327 1,147,090
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 1,277 ... 146
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 1,440 13,468 631,826
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... 75
All other retail trade
 margins 183 ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 37,217 114,986 1,802,587

Intermediate inputs# 15,893# 91,207# 1,150,789#

Value added# 21,323# 23,779# 651,799#

 Compensation of
 employees 10,544 7,016 328,551

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 3,053# 1,253# 18,768#

 Gross operating surplus# 7,727# 15,510# 304,480#

 Industry

 Wholesale Retail trade
 trade services,
 and Gasoline excluding
 Commodity transpor- service gasoline
 tation stations service
 services stations

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and drinking
 places ... 3,604 8,431
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... ...
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
 Automotive rental ... ... 844
 Other vehicle rental ... 5 48
Automotive repair services 5,054 2,885 56,535
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... ...
Spectator sports ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 413
Gasoline ... ... ...
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline 63,914 ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... 26,824 928
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 9,863 ... 10,929
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 287,814 ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 15 14,052 390,016
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 206,436 1,890 25,537
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins 21,388 424,465 ...
All other retail trade
 margins 1,125 ... 1,032
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... ...

Industry output 997,561 50,291 824,082

Intermediate inputs# 364,371# 11,997# 267,092#

Value added# 633,190# 32,894# 556,991#

 Compensation of
 employees 355,354 16,640 325,662

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 129,305# 7,733# 115,948#

 Gross operating surplus# 148,530# 13,920# 115,381#

 Industry

 Domestic
 production
 All at
 Commodity other producers'
 industries prices

Traveler accommodations 788 83,640
Food services and drinking
 places 21,140 376,313
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 60,349
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... 23,466
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... 929
Passenger water
 transportation services ... 4,577
Interurban bus
 transportation 2 1,140
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 47 1,559
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 245 15,719
Taxi service 1 10,343
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 6 2,158
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# 431,013#
 Automotive rental 58 19,271
 Other vehicle rental ... 468
Automotive repair services 107 147,138
Parking lots and garages 277 8,398
Highway tolls ... 5,810
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... 27,376
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 412 23,016
Spectator sports ... 8,500
Participant sports 35 27,633
Gambling ... 33,970
All other recreation and
 entertainment 6,219 38,243
Gasoline ... 57,116
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... 66,037
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline 110 28,049
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 34,034 1,247,298
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... 312,028
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 11,529 420,759
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 10,818,834 11,995,981
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... 493,865
All other retail trade
 margins 330,313 346,428
Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ...

Industry output 10,934,779 16,318,590

Intermediate inputs# 4,788,100# 7,275,905#

Value added# 6,146,679# 9,042,684#

 Compensation of
 employees 3,668,479 5,023,946

 Taxes on production and
 imports, less
 subsidies# 247,181# 609,568#

 Gross operating surplus# 2,231,018# 3,409,171#

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) The 1998 capital-services-flow measures, which includes leased,
purchased, and post-lease services of cars and trucks.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data
indicated with #.

Table 2. Supply and Consumption of Commodities, 1998
[Millions of dollars]

 Supply

 Domestic
 Commodity production Change in
 at Imports private
 producers' inventories
 prices

Traveler accommodations 83,640 ... ...
Food services and
 drinking places 376,313 ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 60,349 ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 23,466 17,713 ...
Passenger rail
 transportation services 929 ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services 4,577 335 ...
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,140 ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,559 ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 15,719 ... ...
Taxi service 10,343 ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,158 ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
Services of purchased and
 leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 431,013# ...# ...#
Automotive rental and
 leasing 19,271 ... ...
Other vehicle rental and
 leasing 468 ... ...
Automotive repair
 services 147,138 ... ...
Parking lots and garages 8,398 ... ...
Highway tolls 5,810 ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 27,376 ... ...
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 23,016 181 ...
Spectator sports 8,500 21 ...
Participant sports 27,633 ... ...
Gambling 33,970 ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 38,243 4 1
Gasoline 57,116 2,475 606
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline 66,037 ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline 28,049 ... ...
Nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 1,247,298 246,397 18,742
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 312,028 ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline 420,759 ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 11,995,981 720,529 64,780
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins 493,865 ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins 346,428 ... ...
Travel by US residents
 abroad ... 55,907 ...
Total 16,318,590# 1,043,562 84,129

 Supply

 Wholesale Total
 Commodity trade Retail supply
 margins trade at
 and margins purchasers'
 transporta- prices
 tion costs

Traveler accommodations ... ... 83,640
Food services and
 drinking places ... ... 376,313
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... 60,349
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... 41,179
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... 929
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... 4,912
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... 1,140
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... 1,559
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... 15,713
Taxi service ... ... 10,343
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... 2,158
Motor vehicle services:
Services of purchased and
 leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# 431,013#
Automotive rental and
 leasing ... ... 19,271
Other vehicle rental and
 leasing ... 468
Automotive repair
 services ... ... 147,138
Parking lots and garages ... ... 8,938
Highway tolls ... 5,810
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... 27,376
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... 23,197
Spectator sports ... ... 8,521
Participant sports ... ... 27,633
Gambling ... ... 33,970
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 38,246
Gasoline 66,037 28,049 153,071
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 312,028 420,759 2,207,740
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 493,865 346,428 13,492,023
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by US residents
 abroad ... ... 55,907
Total 871,930 795,237 17,278,022#

 Consumption

 Intermediate
 Commodity Personal
 Private Government consumption
 expenditures expenditures expenditures

Traveler accommodations 26,181 5,552 51,906
Food services and
 drinking places 59,656 8,830 307,424
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 28,425 3,431 28,494
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 4,951 622 18,569
Passenger rail
 transportation services 406 111 412
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... 4,590
Interurban bus
 transportation 79 71 990
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... 1,559
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 4,141 108 11,470
Taxi service 6,226 617 3,500
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 32 2 2,124
Motor vehicle services:
Services of purchased and
 leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 195,909# 7,000# 228,105#
Automotive rental and
 leasing 10,996 19,180 6,358
Other vehicle rental and
 leasing 280 0 187
Automotive repair
 services 38,324 3,137 105,668
Parking lots and garages 1,435 1,058 5,905
Highway tolls 1,118 297 4,395
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 8,833 1,115 16,391
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 4,066 18 19,034
Spectator sports 4,633 10 3,869
Participant sports 3,900 61 23,673
Gambling 45 ... 33,925
All other recreation and
 entertainment 2,996 1,317 33,931
Gasoline 28,958 5,193 117,858
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 669,740 80,734 1,306,757
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 5,617,990 477,150 3,495,693#
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by US residents
 abroad 13,706 ... 4,201
Total 6,733,019# 598,352# 5,874,986#

 Consumption

 Commodity Gross Government Exports of
 private fixed final goods and
 investment expenditures services

Traveler accommodations ... ... ...
Food services and
 drinking places ... ... 403
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ... ...
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... ... 17,037
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... ... ...
Passenger water
 transportation services ... ... 322
Interurban bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ... ...
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services ... ... ...
Taxi service ... ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ... ...
Motor vehicle services:
Services of purchased and
 leased motor
 vehicles (1)# ...# ...# ...#
Automotive rental and
 leasing ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental and
 leasing ... ... ...
Automotive repair
 services ... ... 8
Parking lots and garages ... ... ...
Highway tolls ... ... ...
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services ... ... 1,037
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... ... 79
Spectator sports ... ... 9
Participant sports ... ... ...
Gambling ... ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 2
Gasoline ... ... 1,068
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ... ... ...
Nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 18,079 1,739 130,693
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ... ... ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ... ... ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 1,652,895 1,516,587 731,708
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ... ... ...
All other retail trade
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by US residents
 abroad ... ... ...
Total 1,670,974# 1,518,325 882,366

 Consumption

 Commodity
 Total
 consumption

Traveler accommodations 83,640
Food services and
 drinking places 376,313
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 60,349
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 41,179
Passenger rail
 transportation services 929
Passenger water
 transportation services 4,912
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,140
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,559
Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 15,719
Taxi service 10,343
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,158
Motor vehicle services:
Services of purchased and
 leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 431,013#
Automotive rental and
 leasing 19,271
Other vehicle rental and
 leasing 468
Automotive repair
 services 147,138
Parking lots and garages 8,938
Highway tolls 5,810
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 27,376
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 23,197
Spectator sports 8,521
Participant sports 27,633
Gambling 33,970
All other recreation and
 entertainment 38,246
Gasoline 153,071
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on gasoline ...
Retail trade margins on
 gasoline ...
Nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline 2,207,740
Wholesale trade and
 transportation margins
 on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than
 gasoline ...
Retail trade margins on
 nondurable PCE
 commodities other
 than gasoline ...
All other commodities,
 except all other trade
 and transportation
 margins 13,492,023
All other wholesale trade
 and transportation
 margins ...
All other retail trade
 margins ...
Travel by US residents
 abroad 55,907
Total 17,278,022#

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) The 1998 capital-services-flow measure, which includes leased,
purchased, and post-lease services of cars and trucks.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data
indicated with #.

Table 3. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor, 1998
[Millions of dollars]

 Total Resident
 Commodity consumption households Business

Traveler accommodations 83,640 32,961 26,181
Food services and
 drinking places 376,313 40,442 19,462
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 60,349 23,777 28,425
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 41,179 18,569 4,951
Passenger rail
 transportation services 929 344 406
Passenger water
 transportation services 4,912 4,280 ...
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,140 826 79
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,559 1,300 ...
Urban transit systems
 and other
 transportation services 15,719 2,058 758
Taxi service 10,343 1,400 2,590
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,158 1,772 32
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 431,013# 34,560# 16,765#
 Automotive rental and
 leasing 19,271 4,285 10,904
 Other vehicle rental
 and leasing 468 123 280
Automotive repair
 services 147,138 1,237,989 2,803,965
Parking lots and garages 8,398 781 192
Highway tolls 5,810 408 106
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 27,376 15,861 8,547
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 23,197 5,236 1,764
Spectator sports 8,521 920 2,006
Participant sports 27,633 6,033 1,698
Gambling 33,970 12,859 ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 38,246 10,796 1,300
Gasoline 153,071 16,911 8,393
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,207,740 54,415 13,077
All other commodities 13,492,023 ... ...
Total demand less travel
 by U.S. residents
 abroad# 17,222,115# 298,906# 151,881#
Travel by US residents
 abroad 55,907 42,201 13,706

Total demand# 17,278,022# 341,107# 165,587#

 Total
 Government Nonresidents tourism
 Commodity demand

Traveler accommodations 5,552 18,945 83,640
Food services and
 drinking places 4,494 14,530 78,928
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 3,431 4,718 60,349
International passenger
 air transportation
 services 622 17,037 41,179
Passenger rail
 transportation services 111 68,322 929
Passenger water
 transportation services ... 164 4,602
Interurban bus
 transportation 71 258 1,140
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 226 1,559
Urban transit systems
 and other
 transportation services 20 226 3,062
Taxi service 257 134 4,381
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2 352 2,158
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 1,604# ...# 52,929#
 Automotive rental and
 leasing 1,902 494 17,584
 Other vehicle rental
 and leasing 0 48 452
Automotive repair
 services 334 481,340 13,628
Parking lots and garages 141 69 1,183
Highway tolls 28 76 617
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 1,079 1,037 26,525
Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... 1,160 8,160
Spectator sports ... 385 3,312
Participant sports ... 795 8,526
Gambling ... 4,275 17,134
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 1,317 13,413
Gasoline 707 1,494 27,505
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 1,354 18,610 87,455
All other commodities ... ... ...
Total demand less travel
 by U.S. residents
 abroad# 21,708# 87,855# 560,350#
Travel by US residents
 abroad ... ... 55,907

Total demand# 21,708# 87,855# 616,258#

 Tourism
 Nontourism commodity
 Commodity demand ratio

Traveler accommodations ... 1.00
Food services and
 drinking places 297,384 0.21
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
International passenger
 air transportation
 services ... 1.00
Passenger rail
 transportation services ... 1.00
Passenger water
 transportation services 310 0.94
Interurban bus
 transportation .. 1.00
Interurban charter bus
 transportation .. 1.00
Urban transit systems
 and other
 transportation services 1,257 0.19
Taxi service 5,962 0.42
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 1.00
Motor vehicle services:
 Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 378,085# 0.12#
 Automotive rental and
 leasing 1,687 0.91
 Other vehicle rental
 and leasing 16 0.97
Automotive repair
 services 133,510 0.09
Parking lots and garages 7,216 0.14
Highway tolls 5,193 0.11
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 851 0.97
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 15,038 0.35
Spectator sports 5,209 0.39
Participant sports 19,107 0.31
Gambling 16,835 0.50
All other recreation and
 entertainment 24,833 0.35
Gasoline 125,566 0.18
Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,120,285 0.04
All other commodities 13,492,023 0.00
Total demand less travel
 by U.S. residents
 abroad# 16,661,766# ...#
Travel by US residents
 abroad ... 1.00

Total demand# 16,661,766# ...#

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) The 1998 capital-services-flow measure, which includes leased,
purchased, and post-lease services of cars and trucks.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data indicated
with #.

Table 4. Output and Value Added by Industry, 1998
[Millions of dollars]

 Industry Intermediate Value
 Industry output consumption# added#

Traveler accommodations 112,644 35,026# 77,618#
Nonfarm residential
 tenant occupied
 permanent site real
 estate 203,907 60,000# 143,907#
Food services and
 drinking places 316,645 165,614# 151,031#
Air transportation
 services 103,988 46,518# 57,470#
Rail transportation
 services 45,114 19,217# 25,897#
Water transportation
 services 31,733 19,703# 12,030#
Interurban bus
 transportation 1,204 517# 687#
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 1,895 1,166# 729#
Urban transit systems
 and other
 transportation 18,427 14,272# 4,155#
Taxi service 10,409 5,606# 4,803#
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation 1,261 901# 1,261#
Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 431,013# 77,982# 353,031#
Automotive equipment
 rental and leasing 31,126 19,883# 11,243#
Automotive repair
 services 92,048 49,507# 42,541#
Parking 8,124 3,703# 4,421#
Toll highways 5,962 1,003# 4,959#
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 27,478 13,821# 13,657#
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 33,619 20,035# 13,584#
Spectator sports 23,274 7,524# 15,749#
Participant sports 31,329 14,855# 16,474#
Gambling 24,987 9,604# 15,383#
All other recreation and
 entertainment 37,217 15,893# 21,323#
Petroleum refineries 114,986 91,207# 23,779#
Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 1,802,587 1,150,789# 651,799#
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 997,561 364,371# 633,190#
Gasoline service stations 50,291 11,997# 38,294#
Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline
 service stations 824,082 267,092# 556,991#
All other industries 10,934,779 4,788,100# 6,146,679#
Total# 16,318,590# 7,275,906# 9,042,684#

 Tourism
 industry Tourism
 Industry ratio output

Traveler accommodations 0.76 85,511
Nonfarm residential
 tenant occupied
 permanent site real
 estate 0.04 8,265
Food services and
 drinking places 0.21 66,302
Air transportation
 services 0.81 83,989
Rail transportation
 services 0.04 1,854
Water transportation
 services 0.14 4,590
Interurban bus
 transportation 0.94 1,129
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 0.82 1,555
Urban transit systems
 and other
 transportation 0.16 3,020
Taxi service 0.42 4,384
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation 0.97 2,106
Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 0.11# 47,651#
Automotive equipment
 rental and leasing 0.55 17,167
Automotive repair
 services 0.08 7,645
Parking 0.14 1,144
Toll highways 0.10 617
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 0.97 26,527
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 0.16 5,448
Spectator sports 0.28 6,434
Participant sports 0.29 9,141
Gambling 0.40 10,068
All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.31 11,502
Petroleum refineries 0.10 12,019
Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 0.03 45,795
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 0.02 23,745
Gasoline service stations 0.13 6,404
Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline
 service stations 0.03 24,018
All other industries 0.00 9,588
Total# ...# 527,619#

 Tourism
 intermediate Tourism
 Industry consumption# value added#

Traveler accommodations 26,589# 58,922#
Nonfarm residential
 tenant occupied
 permanent site real
 estate 2,432# 5,833#
Food services and
 drinking places 34,678# 31,624#
Air transportation
 services 37,572# 46,417#
Rail transportation
 services 790# 1,064#
Water transportation
 services 2,850# 1,740#
Interurban bus
 transportation 485# 645#
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 956# 598#
Urban transit systems
 and other
 transportation 2,339# 681#
Taxi service 2,361# 2,023#
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation 878# 1,229#
Services of purchased
 and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 8,621# 39,030#
Automotive equipment
 rental and leasing 10,966# 6,201#
Automotive repair
 services 4,112# 3,533#
Parking 522# 623#
Toll highways 104# 513#
Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 13,343# 13,184#
Motion pictures and
 performing arts 3,247# 2,201#
Spectator sports 2,080# 4,354#
Participant sports 4,334# 4,807#
Gambling 3,870# 6,199#
All other recreation and
 entertainment 4,912# 6,590#
Petroleum refineries 9,533# 2,486#
Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 29,236# 16,559#
Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 8,673# 15,072#
Gasoline service stations 1,528# 4,876#
Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline
 service stations 7,784# 16,234#
All other industries 4,198# 5,390#
Total# 228,993# 298,627#

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) The 1998 capital-services-flow measure, which includes leased,
purchased, and post-lease services of cars and trucks.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data
indicated with #.

Table 5. Output by Commodity, 1998
[Millions of dollars]

 Domestic
 Commodity production at Tourism
 purchasers' commodity
 prices ratio

Traveler accommodations 83,640 1.00
Food services and drinking places 376,313 0.21
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 60,349 1.00
International passenger air
 transportation services 23,466 1.00
Passenger rail transportation services 929 1.00
Passenger water transportation services 4,577 0.94
Interurban bus transportation 1,140 1.00
Interurban charter bus transportation 1,559 1.00
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 15,719 0.19
Taxi service 10,343 0.42
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 2,158 1.00
Services of purchased and leased motor
 vehicles (1)# 431,013# 0.12#
Automotive rental and leasing 19,271 0.91
Other vehicle rental and leasing 468 0.97
Automotive repair services 147,138 0.09
Parking lots and garages 8,398 0.14
Highway tolls 5,810 0.11
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 27,376 0.97
Motion pictures and performing arts 23,016 0.35
Spectator sports 8,500 0.39
Participant sports 27,633 0.31
Gambling 33,970 0.50
All other recreation and entertainment 38,243 0.35
Gasoline 151,202 0.18
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 1,980,086 0.04
Total 3,482,316# ...#

 Total
 Direct commodity
 Commodity tourism output
 output multiplier

Traveler accommodations 83,640 1.54
Food services and drinking places 78,928 1.88
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 60,349 1.70
International passenger air
 transportation services 23,466 1.70
Passenger rail transportation services 929 1.62
Passenger water transportation services 4,288 1.98
Interurban bus transportation 1,140 1.71
Interurban charter bus transportation 1,559 1.71
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 3,062 1.71
Taxi service 4,381 1.71
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 2,158 1.46
Services of purchased and leased motor
 vehicles (1) 52,929# 1.79#
Automotive rental and leasing 17,584 1.64
Other vehicle rental and leasing 452 1.64
Automotive repair services 13,628 1.71
Parking lots and garages 1,183 1.71
Highway tolls 617 1.94
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 26,525 1.62
Motion pictures and performing arts 8,096 1.77
Spectator sports 3,304 1.64
Participant sports 8,526 1.62
Gambling 17,134 1.62
All other recreation and entertainment 13,412 1.64
Gasoline 27,169 1.84
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 78,437 2.08
Total 532,897# ...#

 Total
 Commodity tourism-
 related
 output

Traveler accommodations 128,867
Food services and drinking places 148,378
Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 102,367
International passenger air
 transportation services 39,805
Passenger rail transportation services 1,508
Passenger water transportation services 8,480
Interurban bus transportation 1,952
Interurban charter bus transportation 2,668
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 5,242
Taxi service 7,500
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 3,156
Services of purchased and leased motor
 vehicles (1) 94,952#
Automotive rental and leasing 28,851
Other vehicle rental and leasing 742
Automotive repair services 23,300
Parking lots and garages 2,023
Highway tolls 1,197
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 42,966
Motion pictures and performing arts 14,319
Spectator sports 5,406
Participant sports 13,793
Gambling 27,721
All other recreation and entertainment 22,061
Gasoline 49,899
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 162,793
Total 939,944#

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

(1.) The 1998 capital-services-flow measure, which includes leased,
purchased, and post-lease services of cars and trucks.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data.

NOTE. The shaded areas reflect the use of expanded TTSA data
indicated with #.