U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts for 1998-2006.

Kern, Paul V. ; Kocis, Edward A.

THE travel and tourism industry--as measured by real output of goods and services sold directly to visitors--grew for the fifth consecutive year in 2006, according to the most recent estimates from the travel and tourism satellite accounts of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). These estimates show real direct output growth of 2.5 percent in 2006, a deceleration from the 2.9 percent growth in 2005 and 5.9 percent growth in 2004. (1) Employment in the tourism industry continued to grow slower than real output, growing 1.2 percent in 2006 and 1.6 percent in 2005.

Other highlights from the travel and tourism satellite accounts include the following:

* Current-dollar total tourism-related output increased to $1.23 trillion in 2006, up 7.1 percent from $1.15 trillion in 2005.

* Total employment in travel and tourism reached a new peak in 2006 of 8.5 million jobs, surpassing the previous high of 8.4 million jobs in 2000.

* Outbound tourism grew 7.6 percent in 2006, and inbound tourism grew 6.8 percent. As a result, the net export position weakened slightly, from a $6 billion surplus in 2005 to a $5.7 billion surplus in 2006.

* Business travel's share of U.S. domestic travel and tourism rose for the third straight year, to 32.1 percent in 2005. This share peaked at 34.7 percent in 2000.

These travel and tourism estimates incorporated newly available data from BEA's annual input-output (I-O) accounts, updated data from the national income and product accounts (NIPAs), and a number of improvements in methodology and presentation. Estimates for 1998-2005 were revised to include these methodological improvements; therefore, the estimates provided here are not comparable with previously published estimates. The accounts are available on the BEA Web site at <www.bea.gov>; see the box "Data Availability."

The most recent travel and tourism accounts include new estimates of output and employment for 2006 and revised estimates for the full set of accounts for 1998-2005 as described below. (2) The satellite account framework provides the flexibility to make frequent improvements to the travel and tourism accounts. From 1998 forward, BEA has increased the coverage, timeliness, and frequency of the releases.

This year, BEA introduced four improvements:

* The coverage of traveler accommodations has been broadened to include the value of vacation home rentals. This increased total tourism output by $14.5 billion in 2005.

* The methodology used to estimate the consumption of gasoline by travel and tourism activity has been improved. This increased total tourism output by $39.9 billion in 2005.

* The treatment of commissions on foreign (inbound) travel and tourism has been made consistent with the treatment of commissions on outbound travel and tourism. This reduced total tourism output by $4.1 billion in 2005.

* A new "core" table has been added to the travel accounts: Table 3a presents tourism figures before they have been adjusted for travel agency commissions.

The remainder of this article includes a discussion of trends in travel and tourism output and prices, the composition of tourism demand, tourism value added and employment, and methodological and presentational improvements, followed by the eight core travel and tourism account tables.

Trends in Travel and Tourism Output and Prices

Real output. Real direct output--the value of the tourism industry's goods and services sold directly to visitors--increased 2.5 percent in 2006, reflecting continued strong growth in passenger water transportation services (13.6 percent), international passenger air transportation services (8.1 percent), and food and beverage services (4.8 percent). Participant sports reversed a 2005 decline of 1.2 percent and increased 5.1 percent (table A).

In 2006, recreation, entertainment, and shopping contributed the most to the 2.5 percent growth in real tourism output, accounting for 36 percent of the overall increase (chart 1). That contribution was more than twice its 17-percent contribution in 2005. Recent movements in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies affect this component of travel and tourism. Food and beverage services, which have been strong each year since 2002, accounted for 32 percent of the overall increase in real tourism output in 2006 (tables B and C).

Nonetheless, in 2006, growth decelerated or turned down in 14 of 24 tourism commodities.

Prices. Tourism goods and services prices increased 4.5 percent overall in 2006, the fourth consecutive year of price growth. Prices in 2006 were 15.7 percent higher than their 2000 level. Passenger air transportation prices increased again in 2006 but remained slightly below their 2000 level. International air prices continued their upward trend.

Transportation services, which include two volatile components--passenger air transportation and gasoline--contributed 47 percent of the 2006 increase in overall tourism goods and services prices (chart 2 and table E). Traveler accommodations, a large but less volatile component of travel and tourism, accounted for 18 percent of total price growth in 2006 (table D).

Total output. Total tourism-related output in current dollars increased to $1.23 trillion in 2006, up 7.1 percent, from $1.15 trillion in 2005. Total output consisted of $700.2 billion in direct tourism output and $533.6 billion in indirect tourism output (chart 3).

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Direct tourism output includes goods and services sold directly to visitors, such as passenger air travel. Indirect tourism output includes sales of all goods and services used to produce that direct output, such as jet fuel to fly the plane. As another example, the purchase of a souvenir t-shirt at a water park requires that it be manufactured before it is sold to a tourist. In 2006, the 1.76 ratio of total output to direct output meant that every dollar of direct tourism output required an additional 76 cents of indirect tourism output (table 5).

The Composition of Tourism Demand

The annual travel and tourism accounts include estimates of the composition of tourism demand by type of visitor. They distinguish expenditures of U.S. residents traveling abroad from leisure travel within the United States by residents, businesses, government employees, and nonresidents. The balance of tourism trade can be derived by subtracting expenditures on foreign travel by U.S. residents (an import of goods and services related to travel and tourism headed outbound) from expenditures on U.S. travel by nonresidents (an export of goods and services related to travel and tourism inbound). With this release, this calculation has been improved by removing commissions from both the outbound and inbound components.

International travel and tourism. International travel (the sum of inbound and outbound travel) grew 8.4 percent in 2005 and 7.2 percent in 2006.

In 2006, inbound tourism--defined as travel-related expenditures and international transportation purchases from U.S. providers by nonresidents traveling in the United States--grew 6.8 percent to $104.9 billion (chart 4). Outbound tourism--defined as travel-related expenditures and international transportation purchases from foreign providers by U.S. residents traveling abroad--grew 7.6 percent to $99.3 billion. As a result, net exports of travel and tourism declined slightly in 2006, to $5.7 billion from $6.0 billion in 2005 (table F).

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Inbound tourism activity has been strong since 2003, following a 3-year period of weakness. From 2000 to 2003, inbound tourism declined from $98.9 billion in 2000 to just $76.6 billion in 2003--a factor in the decline of the net export position. Net exports fell to just under $1 billion in 2003 from $13.0 billion in 2000. Since 2003, inbound tourism rose from $76.6 billion to $104.9 billion in 2006, which played a key role in the rise in net exports from $0.9 billion to $5.7 billion.

Internal tourism includes travel and tourism that takes place within the borders of the United States--the sum of domestic tourism and inbound tourism. (3) Inbound tourism's share of internal tourism peaked in 2000, accounting for 15.3 percent of the total. In 2003, this ratio declined to 11.7 percent. In 2004 and 2005, inbound tourism's share rebounded slightly to 12.4 percent and 12.7 percent, respectively (table G and chart 5).

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National tourism consists of travel and tourism by U.S. residents, both within the United States and abroad--the sum of domestic tourism and outbound tourism. The calculation of outbound tourism is modified here to include all expenditures on international transportation, whether purchased from foreign or U.S. providers. This is to create consistency between expenditures by U.S. residents traveling within the United States (domestic tourism) and expenditures by U.S. residents traveling abroad (outbound tourism).

Outbound tourism's share of national tourism increased for the second straight year to 17.3 percent in 2005 from 16.9 percent in 2004. This share peaked in 2000 at 18.2 percent of national tourism (table H and chart 6). Gross domestic product (GDP) growth affects both domestic and international travel while currency exchange rates affect international travel (both inbound and outbound), and these differences could increase inbound while decreasing outbound. (4)

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Domestic travel and tourism. Domestic tourism includes travel and tourism undertaken by U.S. residents within the borders of the United States. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are outside of this defined boundary and are classified in "international travel." The travel and tourism accounts break out all expenditures on domestic travel and tourism by type of visitor: Resident households, business, and government (table 3). Business travel's share of domestic travel and tourism has increased for the third straight year to reach 32.1 percent in 2005; however, business travel's share remains below its peak of 34.7 percent reached in 2000 (table I and chart 7).

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Tourism Value Added and Employment

Value added and employment are two measures that facilitate analysis of travel and tourism by industry, rather than commodity.

Value added. An industry's value added measures its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). In 2005 (the most recent year for which data are available), tourism's share of GDP was 2.6 percent. This share stood at 3 percent in 1998. It has declined each year since (table J). Tourism, however, continues to account for a larger share of GDP than several significant industries, such as utilities, computer and electronic products manufacturing, and motor vehicles, bodies, and trailer parts manufacturing.

Direct employment. Direct tourism employment includes jobs that involve producing both goods and services that are directly sold to visitors. Airline pilots, hotel clerks, and travel agents are examples of such employees. Overall, direct employment increased 1.2 percent in 2006. Growth in employment at food services and drinking places accounted for 71 percent of the total growth in direct employment (table K). Traveler accommodations contributed 21 percent to the overall growth of employment. Air transportation continued a downtrend that began in 2001 (table L).

Total employment. Total tourism-related employment (the sum of direct and indirect jobs) grew to 8.5 million jobs in 2006, the third consecutive year of growth and above the previous peak of 8.4 million in 2000. The 8.5 million jobs consisted of 5.8 million direct jobs and 2.7 indirect jobs (charts 8 and 9). Direct tourism employment comprises jobs involved in producing direct tourism output, such as airline pilots, and indirect tourism employment comprises jobs involved in producing indirect tourism output, such as jet fuel refinery workers. The most recent data indicate that every direct tourism job generates an additional 46 percent of a job of indirect tourism employment (table 7).

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Methodological and Presentational Improvements

Several improvements have been introduced in the travel and tourism accounts. These improvements were incorporated for all years. Combined, these improvements resulted in an upward revision of $50.3 billion to total tourism demand in 2005 (table M).

Vacation home rentals. The coverage of traveler accommodations has been broadened to include the value of vacation home rentals as travel and tourism accommodations. In the past, traveler accommodations were narrowly defined as commercial multiunit establishments (hotels, motels, campgrounds, and bed and breakfasts). This change improves accommodations coverage and moves the travel and tourism accounts toward broader consistency with the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) recommendations. (5)

The estimates of vacation home rentals are based on the NIPAs. The housing services component of GDP includes vacant reserves of tenant-occupied nonfarm permanent site dwellings, that is, services from vacation home rentals. (6) This value excludes the utilities required to run these homes. Using additional data from the NIPAs estimates of utilities are added. This combination of vacation home rentals plus the required utilities added $14.5 billion to the value of total tourism output in 2005. (7)

Gas ratio. The methodology used to estimate the consumption of gasoline by travel and tourism activity has been improved. The Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) provides information to identify the shares of consumer expenditures that are travel and tourism related. For example, CEX is used to determine the percentage of the total value of restaurant meals that are consumed by travelers. This unique BLS survey makes commodity splits possible by providing information for expenditures by type while traveling. The CEX provides tourism gasoline ratios (tourism-related gasoline expenditures to total gasoline expenditures). These ratios range from 10 percent to 7 percent, which is well below ratios from other travel surveys. Therefore, beginning with this release, tourism-related gasoline consumption is estimated by an improved ratio. This new ratio is estimated using data from the U.S. Department of Transportation and a private vendor of travel surveys. This improvement increased the value of travel and tourism expenditures by $39.9 billion in 2005.

Travel commissions. The treatment of commissions on foreign (inbound) travel and tourism has been made consistent with the treatment of commissions on outbound travel and tourism. In the travel and tourism accounts, the value of U.S. travel agency commissions are removed from the commodities on which they are earned and placed in a separate category, travel arrangement and reservation services. This separation allows for analysis of the travel arrangement and reservation services industry, as is suggested by the UNWTO. However, in the past, estimates of foreign travel agency commissions were not removed from inbound tourism. This unequal treatment added a bias to the calculation of net exports, as one side of the equation was adjusted for commissions and the other was not. Recent research has shown that the commission structure for much of this activity has converged, as many providers have operations worldwide and show consistent margin structure regardless of location. This consistency allows commissions to be removed from inbound tourism in the same fashion as outbound tourism. This adjustment reduced total tourism demand $4.1 billion. The value of these commissions now resides in the country of origin and in that Nation's travel accounts.

New core table. "Table 3a. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor (Unadjusted for Travel Arrangement Commissions)" has been added to the travel and tourism accounts. This table presents the same data as "Table 3. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor" but travel agency commissions have not been moved.

Key Terms

The following key terms are used to describe the travel and tourism satellite accounts.

Domestic tourism. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents traveling within the United States. It comprises travel by resident households, business travel, and travel by government employees.

Inbound tourism. Travel-related expenditures by nonresidents traveling within the United States and expenditures by nonresidents on international transportation purchased from U.S. providers. These expenditures exclude expenditures for travel to study in the United States and for medical reasons. (1)

Internal tourism. The sum of domestic tourism expenditures and inbound tourism expenditures (net of all international transportation expenditures).

National tourism. The sum of domestic tourism demand and outbound tourism demand (including all international transportation expenditures).

Outbound tourism. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents traveling abroad and expenditures by U.S. residents on international transportation purchased from foreign providers. (2)

Tourism commodities. Goods and services that are typically purchased by visitors, such as airline passenger transportation, hotel accommodations, and meals. (3)

Tourism employment. Total tourism-related employment consists of direct tourism employment plus indirect tourism employment. Direct tourism employment comprises all jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of direct tourism output (for example, hotel staff and airline pilots), and indirect tourism employment comprises all jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of indirect tourism output (for example, workers producing hotel toiletries and delivering fuel to airlines).

Tourism output. Total tourism-related output consists of direct tourism output and indirect tourism output. Direct tourism output comprises all domestically produced goods and services purchased by travelers (for example, traveler accommodations and passenger air transportation), and indirect tourism output comprises all output required to support the production of direct tourism output (for example, toiletries for hotel guests and fuel for airplanes).

Usual environment. The area of normal, everyday activities, within 50 to 100 miles of home. (4)

Visitor. A person who travels outside of his or her usual environment for less than a year or who stays overnight in a hotel or motel. The visitor may travel for pleasure or business (private sector or government). Visitors exclude travelers who expect to be compensated at the location of their visit (such as migrant workers, persons traveling to new assignments, and diplomatic and military personnel traveling to and from their duty stations and their home countries).

(1.) In the travel and tourism accounts, inbound and outbound visitors are not differentiated by type of visitor because the data to prepare these estimates are not available.

(2.) See footnote 4 above.

(3.) The classification of tourism commodities in the travel and tourism satellite accounts is based on a list of primary activities of visitors that was developed from recommendations by the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and from various surveys of U.S. visitors.

(4.) The usual environment depends on the availability of source data.

Acknowledgments

Sherlene K.S. Lum, Paul V. Kern, and Peter Kuhbach of the Current Industry Analysis Division (CIAD) supervised the preparation of the estimates. Sumiye Okubo, Associate Director for Industry Accounts, and George M. Smith, Chief of CIAD, provided overall guidance. Edward A. Kocis prepared the estimates. Bradlee A. Herauf, Gregory R. Linder, and Sarah R. Mattingly provided support.

Staff members of the CIAD, the National Income and Wealth Division, the Government Division, and the Regional Economic Analysis Division contributed to the development of the estimates.

The Office of Travel and Tourism Industries of the International Trade Administration provided funding for the preparation of the travel and tourism satellite accounts. Data Availability

The detailed annual estimates of tourism activity for 2005 are presented in eight tables at the end of this article. The detailed annual estimates for 1998-2005, estimates of output and employment for 2006, and quarterly estimates of output and employment are available on BEA's Web site at <www.bea.gov> under "Industry" and "Satellite Accounts."

(1.) All measures of tourism activity not expressly identified as being in "real" (constant-price) terms are current-dollar estimates.

(2.) The travel and tourism satellite accounts rely on the most recent annual input-output table of the U.S. economy (2005 currently), while the 2006 data relies on less detailed data from the NIPAs.

(3.) As a component of internal tourism, the calculation of inbound tourism is modified to exclude all expenditures on international transportation, whether purchased from foreign or U.S. providers. This makes possible a comparison between expenditures by U.S. residents traveling within the United States (domestic tourism) and expenditures by nonresidents traveling within the United States (inbound tourism).

(4.) See Helen Marano, "Outlook for International Travel to the United States" (Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, Department of Commerce); <tinet.ita.doc.gov/view/f-2000-99-001/forecast/ Forecast_Presentation_notes.pdf>.

(5.) Similar in mission to the System of National Accounts, the United Nations World Tourism Organization, in coordination with the United Nations Statistical Division, produces recommendations on tourism statistics. For more information, see <www.world-tourism.org/statistics/forum/files/recommendationsSTSv1.pdf>.

(6.) For more infromation, see <www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/NATIONAL/ NIPA/Methpap/methpap6.pdf>.

(7.) The addition of vacation home rentals to the travel and tourism accounts leads to the question of adding second homes (homes that are not rented to others but are used exclusively by the owner for vacations) to the accounts. While the UNWTO recommends the inclusion of second homes, BEA is not making this addition with this release because inclusion of second homes in the travel and tourism accounts merits further analysis.

Table A. Annual Growth in Real Output by Tourism
Commodity in 2000-2006

[Percentage change from preceding period]

Commodity 2000 2001 2002

All tourism goods and services 2.97 -4.70 0.78
 Traveler accommodations 6.88 -8.15 1.98
 Food and beverage services 1.66 -2.24 1.47
 Transportation 0.53 -4.08 -0.49
 Passenger air transportation 6.09 -9.16 -1.93
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 6.23 -6.67 -0.78
 International passenger air
 transportation services 5.73 -15.10 -4.83
 All other transportation-related
 commodities -3.66 -0.14 0.49
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 8.37 2.78 4.50
 Passenger water transportation
 services 27.05 14.13 1.24
 Intercity bus services 3.18 -4.01 -2.88
 Intercity charter bus services -26.10 -10.23 -3.10
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -8.22 -1.80 -7.15
 Taxicab services -14.49 -3.92 -7.16
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services -6.49 -7.31 -5.33
 Automotive rental and leasing 2.61 -2.67 -5.71
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 3.76 -7.87 -4.33
 Automotive repair services -17.34 7.37 3.54
 Parking -0.99 6.69 2.35
 Highway tolls -11.98 2.44 6.79
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -3.22 -1.68 5.09
 Gasoline -4.36 -0.56 0.62
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 4.87 -4.85 1.55
 Recreation and entertainment 4.08 -1.50 4.51
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 1.03 -1.98 5.30
 Spectator sports 12.35 -11.78 15.81
 Participant sports 1.82 -2.90 0.02
 Gambling 10.08 2.80 5.08
 All other recreation and
 entertainment -2.98 -3.70 2.90
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 5.39 -7.12 -0.60

Commodity 2003 2004 2005

All tourism goods and services 3.15 5.93 2.88
 Traveler accommodations 3.36 4.08 2.16
 Food and beverage services 4.41 5.12 4.86
 Transportation 0.83 6.11 3.26
 Passenger air transportation 3.31 9.13 5.32
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 6.76 6.30 1.03
 International passenger air
 transportation services -4.35 16.10 14.36
 All other transportation-related
 commodities -0.77 4.11 1.92
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 3.20 9.68 -7.17
 Passenger water transportation
 services 20.59 11.31 14.56
 Intercity bus services 15.32 -6.35 -6.74
 Intercity charter bus services -3.67 -4.14 -4.82
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -2.63 -0.62 5.25
 Taxicab services -8.96 -4.32 4.44
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services -0.83 3.18 0.58
 Automotive rental and leasing -1.50 9.96 6.57
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 1.22 6.88 9.24
 Automotive repair services -12.05 -0.68 -5.33
 Parking 12.01 -0.88 1.60
 Highway tolls 8.10 -4.60 -4.16
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 4.90 10.39 1.68
 Gasoline -4.54 0.13 0.27
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 5.41 7.31 1.70
 Recreation and entertainment 5.54 5.17 0.83
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 2.27 2.61 -2.54
 Spectator sports 2.65 7.20 -2.11
 Participant sports 1.25 2.64 -1.19
 Gambling 9.27 9.99 4.05
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 5.64 -0.44 -0.45
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 5.32 9.02 2.38

Commodity 2006

All tourism goods and services 2.49
 Traveler accommodations 2.84
 Food and beverage services 4.80
 Transportation 0.77
 Passenger air transportation 1.19
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -2.42
 International passenger air
 transportation services 8.08
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 0.47
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.10
 Passenger water transportation
 services 13.61
 Intercity bus services -8.24
 Intercity charter bus services -0.39
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 4.83
 Taxicab services 1.80
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.54
 Automotive rental and leasing -2.32
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 5.50
 Automotive repair services 1.10
 Parking -1.58
 Highway tolls -8.90
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.73
 Gasoline -0.33
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 3.29
 Recreation and entertainment 3.00
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts -1.87
 Spectator sports 3.11
 Participant sports 5.14
 Gambling 4.47
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 2.11
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 3.51

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table B. Contributions to Growth in Real Tourism Output by Tourism
Commodity in 2000-2006

[Percentage points]

Commodity 2000 2001 2002

All tourism goods and services 2.97 -4.70 0.78
 Traveler accommodations 1.18 -1.44 0.34
 Food and beverage services 0.26 -0.34 0.24
 Transportation 0.23 -1.61 -0.21
 Passenger air transportation 1.06 -1.58 -0.31
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 0.78 -0.82 -0.08
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.27 -0.76 -0.22
 All other transportation-related
 commodities -0.83 -0.03 0.10
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.02 0.01 0.01
 Passenger water transportation
 services 0.24 0.14 0.01
 Intercity bus services 0.01 -0.01 -0.01
 Intercity charter bus services -0.06 -0.02 -0.01
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -0.05 -0.01 -0.04
 Taxicab services -0.11 -0.02 -0.05
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services -0.03 -0.03 -0.02
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.10 -0.10 -0.22
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 -0.01 0.00
 Automotive repair services -0.44 0.15 0.08
 Parking 0.00 0.02 0.01
 Highway tolls -0.01 0.00 0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -0.19 -0.09 0.29
 Gasoline -0.30 -0.04 0.04
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 1.30 -1.30 0.42
 Recreation and entertainment 0.44 -0.16 0.51
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.02 -0.03 0.10
 Spectator sports 0.09 -0.09 0.12
 Participant sports 0.03 -0.05 0.00
 Gambling 0.38 0.11 0.22
 All other recreation and
 entertainment -0.08 -0.09 0.07
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.86 -1.14 -0.09

Commodity 2003 2004 2005

All tourism goods and services 3.15 5.93 2.88
 Traveler accommodations 0.58 0.72 0.38
 Food and beverage services 0.73 0.86 0.81
 Transportation 0.33 2.27 1.21
 Passenger air transportation 0.50 1.35 0.77
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 0.69 0.66 0.10
 International passenger air
 transportation services -0.20 0.69 0.67
 All other transportation-related
 commodities -0.16 0.92 0.44
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.01 0.02 -0.02
 Passenger water transportation
 services 0.21 0.13 0.16
 Intercity bus services 0.04 -0.02 -0.02
 Intercity charter bus services -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
 Local bus and other transportation
 services -0.01 0.00 0.03
 Taxicab services -0.06 -0.02 0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.00 0.01 0.00
 Automotive rental and leasing -0.06 0.36 0.24
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 0.01 0.01
 Automotive repair services -0.30 -0.14 -0.10
 Parking 0.04 0.00 0.00
 Highway tolls 0.01 -0.01 0.00
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.28 0.59 0.10
 Gasoline -0.32 0.01 0.02
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 1.50 2.07 0.48
 Recreation and entertainment 0.67 0.65 0.10
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.05 0.05 -0.05
 Spectator sports 0.02 0.07 -0.02
 Participant sports 0.02 0.05 -0.02
 Gambling 0.43 0.49 0.21
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.15 -0.01 -0.01
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.83 1.42 0.38

Commodity 2006

All tourism goods and services 2.49
 Traveler accommodations 0.50
 Food and beverage services 0.80
 Transportation 0.29
 Passenger air transportation 0.18
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -0.24
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.43
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 0.10
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.00
 Passenger water transportation
 services 0.16
 Intercity bus services -0.02
 Intercity charter bus services 0.00
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.02
 Taxicab services 0.01
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.00
 Automotive rental and leasing -0.09
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.01
 Automotive repair services 0.02
 Parking 0.00
 Highway tolls -0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.04
 Gasoline -0.03
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.90
 Recreation and entertainment 0.36
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts -0.03
 Spectator sports 0.03
 Participant sports 0.09
 Gambling 0.23
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.05
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.54

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table C. Real Output by Tourism Commodity in 1998-2006

[Millions of chained (2000) dollars]

Commodity 1998 1999 2000

All tourism goods and services 517,377 531,149 546,908
 Traveler accommodations 89,783 90,797 97,041
 Food and beverage services 82,357 82,321 83,683
 Transportation 209,571 217,877 219,040
 Passenger air transportation 88,019 92,068 97,677
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 62,691 66,864 71,026
 International passenger air
 transportation services 25,350 25,206 26,651
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 121,718 125,974 121,363
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,028 1,057 1,145
 Passenger water transportation
 services 3,782 4,349 5,526
 Intercity bus services 1,220 1,490 1,537
 Intercity charter bus services 1,697 1,308 966
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 3,190 3,262 2,993
 Taxicab services 4,386 4,048 3,461
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,348 2,477 2,316
 Automotive rental and leasing 17,768 20,319 20,851
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 444 506 525
 Automotive repair services 14,443 13,324 11,014
 Parking 1,262 1,328 1,315
 Highway tolls 682 622 548
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 31,417 31,759 30,735
 Gasoline 38,056 40,180 38,430
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 135,716 140,314 147,144
 Recreation and entertainment 54,288 56,776 59,094
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 9,131 9,370 6,466
 Spectator sports 3,697 3,822 4,294
 Participant sports 9,046 9,776 9,954
 Gambling 18,081 19,768 21,760
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 14,361 14,039 13,620
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 81,410 83,545 88,050

Commodity 2001 2002 2003

All tourism goods and services 521,226 525,313 541,835
 Traveler accommodations 89,131 90,897 93,952
 Food and beverage services 81,812 83,015 86,680
 Transportation 210,105 209,083 210,818
 Passenger air transportation 88,731 87,020 89,900
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 66,290 65,770 70,213
 International passenger air
 transportation services 22,626 21,533 20,597
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 121,195 121,791 120,848
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,177 1,230 1,269
 Passenger water transportation
 services 6,307 6,385 7,700
 Intercity bus services 1,475 1,433 1,652
 Intercity charter bus services 867 841 810
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 2,940 2,730 2,658
 Taxicab services 3,326 3,088 2,811
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,147 2,033 2,016
 Automotive rental and leasing 20,294 19,136 18,848
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 484 463 468
 Automotive repair services 11,826 12,244 10,768
 Parking 1,403 1,436 1,608
 Highway tolls 561 599 648
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 30,218 31,756 33,311
 Gasoline 38,214 38,449 36,705
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 140,011 142,182 149,878
 Recreation and entertainment 58,210 60,835 64,206
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 9,278 9,770 9,991
 Spectator sports 3,788 4,387 4,503
 Participant sports 9,665 9,667 9,788
 Gambling 22,370 23,505 25,684
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 13,116 13,497 14,258
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 81,784 81,290 85,616

Commodity 2004 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 573,955 590,482 605,165
 Traveler accommodations 97,786 99,902 102,737
 Food and beverage services 91,116 95,543 100,127
 Transportation 223,705 231,008 232,778
 Passenger air transportation 98,104 103,320 104,546
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 74,637 75,405 73,578
 International passenger air
 transportation services 23,914 27,348 29,557
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 125,810 128,230 128,834
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,392 1,292 1,294
 Passenger water transportation
 services 8,571 9,820 11,156
 Intercity bus services 1,547 1,443 1,324
 Intercity charter bus services 776 739 736
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 2,641 2,780 2,914
 Taxicab services 2,690 2,809 2,860
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,080 2,092 2,104
 Automotive rental and leasing 20,725 22,087 21,575
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 501 547 577
 Automotive repair services 10,049 9,514 9,618
 Parking 1,594 1,620 1,594
 Highway tolls 618 592 539
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 36,771 37,388 37,660
 Gasoline 36,753 36,853 36,732
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 160,838 163,580 168,957
 Recreation and entertainment 67,526 68,089 70,132
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 10,252 9,992 9,805
 Spectator sports 4,827 4,726 4,873
 Participant sports 10,047 9,927 10,438
 Gambling 28,250 29,393 30,708
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 14,196 14,132 14,431
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 93,335 95,556 98,908

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table D. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Tourism
Commodities in 1999-2006

[Index numbers, 2000=100]

Commodity 1999 2000 2001

All tourism goods and services 95.2 100.0 100.5
 Traveler accommodations 96.8 100.0 102.0
 Food and beverage services 97.3 100.0 103.2
 Transportation 92.3 100.0 97.7
 Passenger air transportation 95.8 100.0 95.6
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 95.8 100.0 91.4
 International passenger air
 transportation services 95.9 100.0 107.4
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 89.6 100.0 99.3
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 95.5 100.0 102.4
 Passenger water transportation
 services 109.7 100.0 91.9
 Intercity bus services 95.7 100.0 103.3
 Intercity charter bus services 95.6 100.0 103.9
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 96.3 100.0 101.6
 Taxicab services 98.6 100.0 103.0
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 95.7 100.0 103.9
 Automotive rental and leasing 96.4 100.0 99.4
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 98.9 100.0 100.9
 Automotive repair services 96.9 100.0 103.6
 Parking 96.0 100.0 104.5
 Highway tolls 92.7 100.0 100.3
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 90.5 100.0 101.1
 Gasoline 77.8 100.0 96.1
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 97.3 100.0 102.5
 Recreation and entertainment 96.0 100.0 103.4
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 94.1 100.0 103.9
 Spectator sports 94.5 100.0 105.9
 Participant sports 96.9 100.0 103.4
 Gambling 96.8 100.0 102.8
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 96.1 100.0 103.3
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 98.2 100.0 101.8

Commodity 2002 2003 2004

All tourism goods and services 100.0 102.8 106.0
 Traveler accommodations 101.2 102.8 108.7
 Food and beverage services 106.0 108.2 111.4
 Transportation 94.5 98.9 101.6
 Passenger air transportation 90.1 93.2 92.1
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 82.5 84.8 83.1
 International passenger air
 transportation services 112.2 117.5 118.5
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 97.8 103.3 108.8
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 107.1 99.0 95.5
 Passenger water transportation
 services 88.4 81.5 80.4
 Intercity bus services 106.6 110.5 114.7
 Intercity charter bus services 107.1 111.4 114.2
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 103.2 108.4 113.3
 Taxicab services 105.3 112.8 119.5
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 107.1 111.5 114.2
 Automotive rental and leasing 104.4 107.8 109.1
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 101.3 109.7 118.0
 Automotive repair services 107.4 110.4 113.0
 Parking 108.3 111.3 116.8
 Highway tolls 98.0 100.1 108.5
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 98.0 97.7 94.7
 Gasoline 90.0 105.1 123.9
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 104.0 105.4 107.7
 Recreation and entertainment 105.9 108.6 111.7
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 107.4 112.3 116.2
 Spectator sports 110.5 112.5 117.6
 Participant sports 106.1 107.5 109.7
 Gambling 104.4 106.8 109.6
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 105.9 108.6 111.4
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 102.6 103.1 104.9

Commodity 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 110.7 115.7
 Traveler accommodations 114.2 119.3
 Food and beverage services 115.0 118.6
 Transportation 108.0 115.3
 Passenger air transportation 94.8 99.7
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 85.2 89.5
 International passenger air
 transportation services 123.3 129.8
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 118.1 127.4
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 98.9 106.1
 Passenger water transportation
 services 81.1 80.8
 Intercity bus services 118.8 127.5
 Intercity charter bus services 116.8 120.9
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 118.4 122.4
 Taxicab services 125.0 129.2
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 116.8 120.9
 Automotive rental and leasing 109.5 118.1
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 116.5 116.5
 Automotive repair services 116.8 121.7
 Parking 125.0 128.7
 Highway tolls 122.0 135.3
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 96.6 100.8
 Gasoline 151.0 170.7
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 110.3 112.8
 Recreation and entertainment 115.5 119.0
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 120.5 124.8
 Spectator sports 125.0 129.6
 Participant sports 112.2 113.1
 Gambling 113.3 117.0
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 114.8 118.9
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 106.5 108.3

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table E. Contributions to Annual Growth in the Chain-Type Price
Indexes for Tourism Commodities in 1999-2006

[Percentage points]

Commodity 1999 2000 2001

All tourism goods and services 2.61 5.06 0.52
 Traveler accommodations 0.69 0.59 0.31
 Food and beverage services 0.25 0.43 0.45
 Transportation 1.00 3.28 -0.86
 Passenger air transportation 0.10 0.78 -0.70
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -0.07 0.57 -1.01
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.17 0.21 0.31
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 0.90 2.51 -0.16
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.01 0.01 0.00
 Passenger water transportation
 services -0.03 -0.09 -0.08
 Intercity bus services 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Intercity charter bus services 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.00 0.02 0.01
 Taxicab services -0.01 0.01 0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.02 0.02 0.01
 Automotive rental and leasing -0.10 0.14 -0.02
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Automotive repair services 0.07 0.07 0.07
 Parking 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Highway tolls 0.00 0.01 0.00
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.40 0.58 0.06
 Gasoline 0.52 1.70 -0.26
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.66 0.75 0.61
 Recreation and entertainment 0.35 0.45 0.34
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.10 0.11 0.06
 Spectator sports 0.04 0.04 0.04
 Participant sports 0.05 0.06 0.06
 Gambling 0.08 0.13 0.11
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.08 0.10 0.08
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.31 0.31 0.26

Commodity 2002 2003 2004

All tourism goods and services -0.51 2.77 3.14
 Traveler accommodations -0.13 0.28 0.98
 Food and beverage services 0.42 0.35 0.51
 Transportation -1.20 1.75 1.03
 Passenger air transportation -0.88 0.50 -0.18
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services -1.08 0.30 -0.22
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.20 0.21 0.04
 All other transportation-related
 commodities -0.31 1.25 1.20
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.01 -0.02 -0.01
 Passenger water transportation
 services -0.04 -0.09 -0.02
 Intercity bus services 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Intercity charter bus services 0.00 0.01 0.00
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.01 0.03 0.02
 Taxicab services 0.01 0.04 0.03
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.01 0.02 0.01
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.18 0.12 0.05
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 0.01 0.01
 Automotive repair services 0.08 0.07 0.05
 Parking 0.01 0.01 0.02
 Highway tolls 0.00 0.00 0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -0.17 -0.02 -0.18
 Gasoline -0.43 1.07 1.20
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.40 0.39 0.63
 Recreation and entertainment 0.28 0.31 0.35
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.06 0.09 0.07
 Spectator sports 0.03 0.02 0.04
 Participant sports 0.05 0.03 0.04
 Gambling 0.07 0.11 0.13
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.06 0.07 0.07
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.12 0.08 0.27

Commodity 2005 2006

All tourism goods and services 4.42 4.53
 Traveler accommodations 0.87 0.81
 Food and beverage services 0.53 0.73
 Transportation 2.36 2.13
 Passenger air transportation 0.45 0.67
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 0.25 0.30
 International passenger air
 transportation services 0.20 0.38
 All other transportation-related
 commodities 1.91 1.46
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 0.01 0.01
 Passenger water transportation
 services 0.01 0.06
 Intercity bus services 0.01 0.01
 Intercity charter bus services 0.00 0.00
 Local bus and other transportation
 services 0.02 0.02
 Taxicab services 0.02 0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.01 0.01
 Automotive rental and leasing 0.01 0.19
 Other vehicle rental and leasing 0.00 0.00
 Automotive repair services 0.06 0.06
 Parking 0.02 0.01
 Highway tolls 0.01 0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.11 0.21
 Gasoline 1.61 0.85
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.66 0.85
 Recreation and entertainment 0.42 0.43
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.07 0.04
 Spectator sports 0.06 0.04
 Participant sports 0.04 0.04
 Gambling 0.17 0.22
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.08 0.09
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 0.25 0.42

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table F. U.S. International Travel and Tourism in 1999-2006

[Billions of dollars]

 1999 2000 2001 2002

Total international travel and
 tourism 168.6 184.9 166.4 155.9
Inbound travel and tourism 91.0 98.9 86.3 80.0
Outbound travel and tourism 77.6 86.0 80.1 75.9

Net exports of travel and tourism 13.5 13.0 6.2 4.2

 2003 2004 2005 2006

Total international travel and
 tourism 152.3 175.8 190.5 204.2
Inbound travel and tourism 76.6 89.3 98.2 104.9
Outbound travel and tourism 75.7 86.5 92.2 99.3

Net exports of travel and tourism 0.9 2.8 6.0 5.7

Table G. Internal Travel and Tourism in the United States by
Residents and Nonresidents in 1998-2005

 Billions of dollars Share

 Nonresidents Nonresidents
Year Residents (inbound) Total Residents (inbound)

1998 391,563 70,527 462,089 84.7 15.3
1999 413,260 73,886 487,145 84.8 15.2
2000 446,578 80,902 527,480 84.7 15.3
2001 436,526 70,737 507,263 86.1 13.9
2002 443,862 65,383 509,244 87.2 12.8
2003 478,332 63,245 541,577 88.3 11.7
2004 516,214 73,386 589,600 87.6 12.4
2005 550,573 80,320 630,893 87.3 12.7

Table H. National Travel and Tourism in the United States and
Abroad in 1998-2005

 Billions of dollars Percent

 In the In the
 United Abroad United Abroad
Year States (outbound) Total States (outbound)

1998 391,563 83,912 475,474 82.4 17.6
1999 413,260 88,910 502,170 82.3 17.7
2000 446,578 99,508 546,087 81.8 18.2
2001 436,526 93,911 530,437 82.3 17.7
2002 443,862 90,224 534,085 83.1 16.9
2003 478,332 91,872 570,204 83.9 16.1
2004 516,214 104,762 620,976 83.1 16.9
2005 550,573 114,930 665,503 82.7 17.3

Table I. Domestic Travel and Tourism by Type of Visitor
in 1998-2005

 Billions of dollars

 Resident
Year households Business Government Total

1998 245,777 130,165 19,483 395,425
1999 257,271 140,488 19,866 417,625
2000 274,177 156,956 20,565 451,699
2001 278,072 139,331 24,281 441,683
2002 283,455 139,679 25,715 448,849
2003 307,202 151,296 25,291 483,790
2004 328,577 166,142 27,494 522,213
2005 347,689 179,385 30,921 557,995

 Percent

 Resident
Year households Business Government

1998 62.2 32.9 4.9
1999 61.6 33.6 4.8
2000 60.7 34.7 4.6
2001 63.0 31.5 5.5
2002 63.2 31.1 5.7
2003 63.5 31.3 5.2
2004 62.9 31.8 5.3
2005 62.3 32.1 5.5

Table J. Travel and Tourism as a Share of Gross
Domestic Product in 1998-2005

 Billions of dollars Percent

 Gross Tourism value
 domestic Tourism added as
Year product value added share of GDP

1998 8,747.0 261.9 2.99
1999 9,268.4 276.3 2.98
2000 9,817.0 289.5 2.95
2001 10,128.0 283.4 2.80
2002 10,469.6 285.2 2.72
2003 10,960.8 297.9 2.72
2004 11,712.5 312.5 2.67
2005 12,455.8 325.9 2.62

Table K. Contributions to Growth in Employment by
Tourism in 2000-2006

[Percentage Points]

Commodity 2000 2001 2002

All tourism goods and services 1.37 -1.32 -3.01
 Traveler accommodations 0.87 -0.65 -0.84
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 0.01 0.00 -0.01
 Food services and drinking places 0.15 -0.22 0.49
 Transportation -0.37 -0.12 -2.07
 Air transportation services 0.58 -0.07 -1.35
 All other transportation-related
 industries -0.95 -0.04 -0.72
 Rail transportation services 0.01 -0.01 0.02
 Water transportation services 0.05 0.02 -0.01
 Interurban bus transportation -0.01 0.02 0.00
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 0.02 0.01 -0.03
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation -0.05 0.01 -0.04
 Taxi services -0.09 -0.02 -0.12
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.02 -0.01 -0.03
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 0.11 0.00 -0.10
 Automotive repair services -0.18 0.06 0.07
 Parking lots and garages 0.00 0.02 0.01
 Toll highways -0.01 0.00 0.00
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -0.78 -0.11 -0.42
 Petroleum refineries -0.01 0.00 -0.01
 Gasoline service stations -0.03 -0.03 -0.08
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.70 -0.28 -0.48
 Recreation and entertainment 0.77 0.18 -0.04
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.02 -0.03 0.01
 Spectator sports 0.05 -0.04 0.07
 Participant sports -0.18 0.10 -0.06
 Gambling 0.99 0.16 -0.04
 All other recreation and
 entertainment -0.11 0.00 0.00
 Shopping -0.07 -0.46 -0.44
 Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries -0.01 -0.31 -0.20
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations -0.06 -0.16 -0.24
 All other industries 0.01 -0.05 -0.10
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.01 -0.03 0.08
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services -0.01 -0.02 -0.18

Commodity 2003 2004 2005

All tourism goods and services -0.07 1.80 1.62
 Traveler accommodations 0.00 0.20 0.34
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Food services and drinking places 1.08 1.35 1.06
 Transportation -1.33 -0.33 0.07
 Air transportation services -0.74 -0.15 -0.07
 All other transportation-related
 industries -0.59 -0.18 0.14
 Rail transportation services 0.01 0.04 0.00
 Water transportation services 0.01 0.01 0.08
 Interurban bus transportation -0.02 -0.03 -0.01
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation -0.02 0.00 -0.01
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 0.02 0.03 0.09
 Taxi services -0.08 -0.05 0.03
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services -0.01 0.00 0.01
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing -0.07 0.01 0.02
 Automotive repair services -0.15 -0.07 -0.04
 Parking lots and garages 0.03 0.01 0.02
 Toll highways 0.01 0.00 0.01
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services -0.28 -0.10 -0.05
 Petroleum refineries 0.00 -0.01 0.00
 Gasoline service stations -0.04 -0.02 -0.01
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.20 0.54 0.02
 Recreation and entertainment 0.18 0.38 0.22
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.01 0.03 -0.01
 Spectator sports 0.03 0.07 0.04
 Participant sports 0.10 0.14 0.06
 Gambling 0.01 0.16 0.16
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.03 -0.01 -0.03
 Shopping 0.02 0.16 -0.20
 Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries -0.08 0.01 -0.11
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 0.11 0.15 -0.09
 All other industries -0.02 0.05 0.12
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services -0.02 0.03 0.09
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.00 0.01 0.03

Commodity 2006

All tourism goods and services 1.22
 Traveler accommodations 0.25
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 0.00
 Food services and drinking places 0.86
 Transportation -0.14
 Air transportation services -0.20
 All other transportation-related
 industries 0.06
 Rail transportation services 0.01
 Water transportation services 0.03
 Interurban bus transportation 0.00
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation -0.01
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 0.03
 Taxi services 0.02
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.00
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing -0.01
 Automotive repair services -0.01
 Parking lots and garages 0.01
 Toll highways 0.00
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.00
 Petroleum refineries 0.00
 Gasoline service stations -0.01
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 0.14
 Recreation and entertainment 0.16
 Motion pictures and performing
 arts 0.01
 Spectator sports 0.05
 Participant sports 0.08
 Gambling 0.01
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.01
 Shopping -0.02
 Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries -0.04
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 0.02
 All other industries 0.10
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.04
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.06

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table L. Direct Employment by Tourism Industry in 1999-2006
[Thousands of employees]

Industry 1999 2000 2001

All tourism industries 5,754 5,832 5,756
 Traveler accommodations 1,355 1,405 1,367
 Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site 9 10 10
 Food services and drinking places 1,612 1,621 1,608
 Transportation 1,355 1,334 1,327
 Air transportation services 563 597 592
 All other transportation-related
 industries 792 737 735
 Rail transportation services 11 11 11
 Water transportation services 24 27 28
 Interurban bus transportation 24 24 25
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 21 22 23
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 51 48 49
 Taxi service 62 57 55
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 19 20 20
 Automotive equipment rental
 and leasing 103 109 109
 Automotive repair services 63 53 57
 Parking lots and garages 10 10 11
 Toll highways 5 4 4
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 301 257 250
 Petroleum refineries 9 8 8
 Gasoline service stations 89 87 85
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 1,166 1,206 1,190
 Recreation and entertainment 541 585 596
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 33 34 32
 Spectator sports 52 55 53
 Participant sports 218 208 214
 Gambling 106 163 172
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 131 125 125
 Shopping 625 621 594
 Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 204 203 185
 Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline service
 stations 422 418 409
 All other industries 256 257 254
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 76 77 75
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 180 180 179

Industry 2002 2003 2004

All tourism industries 5,583 5,579 5,679
 Traveler accommodations 1,319 1,319 1,330
 Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site 9 9 9
 Food services and drinking places 1,636 16,971 1,772
 Transportation 1,208 1,134 1,115
 Air transportation services 515 473 465
 All other transportation-related
 industries 693 660 650
 Rail transportation services 12 12 15
 Water transportation services 27 28 29
 Interurban bus transportation 25 24 22
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 21 20 20
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 47 48 49
 Taxi service 49 44 41
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 18 18 18
 Automotive equipment rental
 and leasing 104 100 100
 Automotive repair services 61 53 49
 Parking lots and garages 12 13 14
 Toll highways 4 5 5
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 226 210 205
 Petroleum refineries 8 8 7
 Gasoline service stations 81 78 77
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 1,162 1,173 1,204
 Recreation and entertainment 594 603 625
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 33 33 35
 Spectator sports 57 58 62
 Participant sports 210 216 223
 Gambling 169 170 179
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 125 1261 126
 Shopping 569 570 579
 Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 174 169 170
 Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline service
 stations 395 401 409
 All other industries 248 247 250
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 80 79 80
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 169 169 170

Industry 2005 2006

All tourism industries 5,771 5,841
 Traveler accommodations 1,349 1,364
 Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site 9 9
 Food services and drinking places 1,832 1,882
 Transportation 1,119 1,111
 Air transportation services 461 449
 All other transportation-related
 industries 658 662
 Rail transportation services 15 16
 Water transportation services 33 35
 Interurban bus transportation 22 22
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 20 19
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 54 56
 Taxi service 43 44
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 18 18
 Automotive equipment rental
 and leasing 101 101
 Automotive repair services 46 46
 Parking lots and garages 15 15
 Toll highways 5 6
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 202 202
 Petroleum refineries 7 7
 Gasoline service stations 77 76
 Recreation, entertainment, and
 shopping 1,205 1,213
 Recreation and entertainment 637 646
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 34 34
 Spectator sports 65 68
 Participant sports 227 232
 Gambling 188 189
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 124 124
 Shopping 568 567
 Industries producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 163 161
 Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline service
 stations 404 406
 All other industries 257 263
 All other industries, excluding
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 86 88
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 171 175

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table M. Effect of TTSA Enhancements on the Value of Total Tourism
Demand

[Billions of dollars]

 2003 2004 2005

Include vacation home rentals +13.5 +13.9 +14.5
Include improved gasoline estimates +26.6 +32.2 +39.9
Include inbound tourism commissions offset -3.2 -3.8 -4.1
Total effect +36.9 +42.3 +50.3

Table 1. Production of Commodities by Industry, 2005

[Millions of dollars]

 Industry

 Nonfarm
 residential
 tenant
 occupied
 Traveler permanent
Commodity accommodations site

Traveler accommodations 100,672 11,315
Food services and drinking places 30,244 ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling 28,140 ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 13 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 1,929 ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 2,840 241,636
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 3 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 163,842 252,950
Intermediate inputs 60,000 62,394
Value added 103,842 190,557
 Compensation of employees 55,379 8,964
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 15,266 28,060
 Gross operating surplus 33,197 153,532

 Industry

 Food services
 and drinking Air
Commodity places transportation

Traveler accommodations 495 ...
Food services and drinking places 457,547 ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 64,209
International passenger air
 transportation services ... 33,723
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 5
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 473 ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 136 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... 1,316
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... 4,723
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 2,071 ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 1,021 27,292
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... 3,471
All other retail trade margins 94 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 461,838 134,737
Intermediate inputs 235,941 84,909
Value added 225,897 49,828
 Compensation of employees 153,401 41,106
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 24,330 7,139
 Gross operating surplus 48,166 1,584

 Industry

 Rail Water
Commodity transportation transportation

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 80 ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,279 ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... 8,566
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 15
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 1
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline 1,588 816
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 24,296 3,352
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 12,390 27,421
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 20,855 1,547
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 60,488 41,718
Intermediate inputs 25,886 26,846
Value added 34,602 14,873
 Compensation of employees 19,001 8,897
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 352 1,643
 Gross operating surplus 15,249 4,333

 Industry

 Interurban Interurban
 bus charter bus
Commodity transportation transportation

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation 1,670 10
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 40 687
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 43 165
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 25
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... 4
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 59 23
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 1,812 915
Intermediate inputs 708 177
Value added 1,104 738
 Compensation of employees 791 578
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 15 16
 Gross operating surplus 297 144

 Industry

 Urban transit
 systems
 and other Taxi
Commodity transportation service

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation 13 ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 66 ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 18,981 39
Taxi service 11 11,424
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 30 ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 20 4
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 5 4
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 3,673 55
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 22,800 11,526
Intermediate inputs 17,452 3,615
Value added 5,348 7,910
 Compensation of employees 18,937 5,413
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies -79 462
 Gross operating surplus -13,510 2,036

 Industry

 Automotive
 Scenic and equipment
 sightseeing rental and
Commodity transportation leasing

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services 11 ...
Interurban bus transportation 20 ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 15 ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 31 29
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,363 ...
Automotive rental ... 25,715
Other vehicle rental ... 605
Automotive repair services 1 ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 1 ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 32 16,829
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 7 241
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 2,480 43,420
Intermediate inputs 683 30,870
Value added 1,797 12,550
 Compensation of employees 777 7,731
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 250 3,755
 Gross operating surplus 770 1,064

 Industry

 Automotive Parking
 repair lots and
Commodity services garages

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 103,300 ...
Parking lots and garages ... 11,186
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 31 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 11,614 ...
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 1,660 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 116,604 11,187
Intermediate inputs 61,256 5,833
Value added 55,348 5,354
 Compensation of employees 31,453 2,182
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 8,359 835
 Gross operating surplus 15,537 2,337

 Industry

 Travel
 arrangement
 and
 Toll reservation
Commodity highways services

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls 7,928 ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... 37,477
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... 79
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 208 114
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 8,136 37,669
Intermediate inputs 1,733 17,327
Value added 6,402 20,342
 Compensation of employees 2,378 16,108
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies ... 834
 Gross operating surplus 4,024 3,401

 Industry

 Motion
 pictures and
 performing Spectator
Commodity arts sports

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 4 5
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts 21,227 11,394
Spectator sports ... 13,878
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 39 2,530
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 157 280
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 21,233 8,365
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 4 15
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 42,664 36,465
Intermediate inputs 23,832 10,225
Value added 18,832 26,241
 Compensation of employees 13,508 15,241
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 1,737 2,046
 Gross operating surplus 3,587 8,954

 Industry

 Participant
Commodity sports Gambling

Traveler accommodations 363 ...
Food services and drinking places 5,920 2,178
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... 81
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports 35,505 ...
Gambling ... 38,236
All other recreation and
 entertainment 69 37
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 1 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 539 88
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 636 10,085
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 43 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 43,076 50,705
Intermediate inputs 21,770 22,220
Value added 21,307 28,485
 Compensation of employees 14,702 17,237
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 2,499 2,450
 Gross operating surplus 4,106 8,798

 Industry

 All other
 recreation and Petroleum
Commodity entertainment refineries

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 4,461 ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services ... ...
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts 170 ...
Spectator sports ...
Participant sports 2,733 ...
Gambling 56 ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 37,348 ...
Gasoline ... 189,409
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 69 ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... 149,615
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 2,005 ...
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 1,761 31,106
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... 148
All other retail trade margins 234 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 48,837 370,279
Intermediate inputs 20,346 314,831
Value added 28,492 55,448
 Compensation of employees 14,368 9,547
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 4,405 1,755
 Gross operating surplus 9,719 44,146

 Industry

 Industries
 producing
 nondurable PCE
 commodities, Wholesale
 excluding trade and
 petroleum transportation
Commodity refineries services

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places ... ...
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Automotive repair services 25 7,500
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment 1,365 ...
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... 87,965
Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 1,339,683 13,353
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... 425,678
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 169 22
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 735,110 252,374
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 24,322 600,905
All other retail trade margins 1,342 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 2,102,017 1,387,797
Intermediate inputs 1,294,348 506,756
Value added 807,669 881,040
 Compensation of employees 383,229 474,391
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 20,305 170,797
 Gross operating surplus 404,135 235,853

 Industry

 Retail trade
 services,
 excluding
 Gasoline gasoline
 service service
Commodity stations stations

Traveler accommodations ... ...
Food services and drinking places 7,152 11,914
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
Interurban bus transportation ... ...
Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
Taxi service ... ...
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
Automotive rental ... 1,079
Other vehicle rental 9 77
Automotive repair services 5,726 71,452
Parking lots and garages ... ...
Highway tolls ... ...
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
Spectator sports ... ...
Participant sports ... ...
Gambling ... ...
All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 579
Gasoline ... ...
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on gasoline 46,551 6,850
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline ... 16,406
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 24,360 589,505
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 3,585 26,045
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
All other retail trade margins 1,773 475,546
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 89,156 1,199,454
Intermediate inputs 16,235 448,843
Value added 72,921 750,611
 Compensation of employees 29,624 438,275
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 14,145 162,561
 Gross operating surplus 29,152 149,776

 Industry

 Domestic
 production at
 All other producers'
Commodity industries prices

Traveler accommodations 1,207 114,052
Food services and drinking places 31,062 550,566
Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 64,209
International passenger air
 transportation services ... 33,723
Passenger rail transportation
 services ... 1,279
Passenger water transportation
 services ... 8,577
Interurban bus transportation 2 1,715
Interurban charter bus
 transportation 56 863
Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 284 19,573
Taxi service 1 11,437
Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 7 2,445
Automotive rental 78 26,873
Other vehicle rental ... 692
Automotive repair services 153 188,185
Parking lots and garages 375 11,562
Highway tolls ... 7,928
Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... 37,477
Motion pictures and performing arts 560 33,432
Spectator sports ... 13,878
Participant sports 53 38,291
Gambling ... 66,432
All other recreation and
 entertainment 10,834 53,275
Gasoline ... 189,409
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... 90,369
Retail trade margins on gasoline 147 53,798
Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 43,791 1,564,164
Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... 458,049
Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 18,243 639,456
All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 15,936,643 17,372,148
All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 31,068 682,317
All other retail trade margins 17,705 498,669
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Industry output 16,092,270 22,834,843
Intermediate inputs 7,063,967 10,379,003
Value added 9,028,302 12,455,840
 Compensation of employees 5,253,411 7,036,626
 Taxes on production and imports,
 less subsidies 391,151 865,088
 Gross operating surplus 3,383,740 4,554,127

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 2. Supply and Consumption of Commodities, 2005

[Millions of dollars]

 Supply

 Domestic
 production
 at
 producers'
Commodity prices Imports

 Traveler accommodations 114,052 ...
 Food services and drinking places 550,566 ...
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 64,209 ...
 International passenger air
 transportation services 33,723 22,461
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,279 ...
 Passenger water transportation
 services 8,577 798
 Interurban bus transportation 1,715 ...
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 863 ...
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 19,573 ...
 Taxi service 11,437 ...
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,445 ...
 Automotive rental 26,873 ...
 Other vehicle rental 692 ...
 Automotive repair services 188,185 ...
 Parking lots and garages 11,562 ...
 Highway tolls 7,928 ...
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 37,477 ...
 Motion pictures and performing arts 33,432 139
 Spectator sports 13,878 16
 Participant sports 38,291 ...
 Gambling 66,432 ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 53,275 3
 Gasoline 189,409 9,722
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline 90,369 ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline 53,798 ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 1,564,164 452,329
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline 458,049 ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 639,456 ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 17,372,148 1,324,113
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins 682,317 ...
 All other retail trade margins 498,669 ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... 68,988
Total 22,834,843 1,878,570

 Supply

 Wholesale
 trade
 Change in margins and
 private transportation
Commodity inventories costs

 Traveler accommodations ... ...
 Food services and drinking places ... ...
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
 International passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
 Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
 Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
 Interurban bus transportation ... ...
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
 Taxi service ... ...
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
 Automotive rental ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ...
 Automotive repair services ... ...
 Parking lots and garages ... ...
 Highway tolls ... ...
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... ...
 Motion pictures and performing arts ... ...
 Spectator sports ... ...
 Participant sports ... ...
 Gambling ... ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 3 ...
 Gasoline 1,564 90,369
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 21,565 458,049
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins -1,858 682,317
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
 All other retail trade margins ... ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Total 21,275 1,230,735

 Supply

 Total supply
 at
 Retail trade purchasers'
Commodity margins prices

 Traveler accommodations ... 114,052
 Food services and drinking places ... 550,566
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 64,209
 International passenger air
 transportation services ... 56,184
 Passenger rail transportation
 services ... 1,279
 Passenger water transportation
 services ... 9,376
 Interurban bus transportation ... 1,715
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 863
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... 19,573
 Taxi service ... 11,437
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 2,445
 Automotive rental ... 26,873
 Other vehicle rental ... 692
 Automotive repair services ... 188,185
 Parking lots and garages ... 11,562
 Highway tolls ... 7,928
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... 37,477
 Motion pictures and performing arts ... 33,571
 Spectator sports ... 13,894
 Participant sports ... 38,291
 Gambling ... 66,432
 All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 53,276
 Gasoline 53,798 341,733
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 639,456 3,092,433
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 498,669 19,879,105
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
 All other retail trade margins ... ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... 68,988
Total 1,191,923 24,692,138

 Consumption

 Intermediate

 Private Government
Commodity expenditures expenditures

 Traveler accommodations 35,302 8,166
 Food services and drinking places 87,571 13,964
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 28,558 5,376
 International passenger air
 transportation services 7,179 1,663
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 539 185
 Passenger water transportation
 services ... ...
 Interurban bus transportation 69 2
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 5,441 120
 Taxi service 6,867 700
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 57 2
 Automotive rental 14,805 3,599
 Other vehicle rental 402 1
 Automotive repair services 40,978 4,554
 Parking lots and garages 2,483 1,280
 Highway tolls 1,514 408
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 11,319 1,924
 Motion pictures and performing arts 6,693 25
 Spectator sports 7,689 16
 Participant sports 5,758 89
 Gambling 117 ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 4,748 2,572
 Gasoline 58,936 7,126
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 860,859 138,217
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 8,137,925 846,670
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
 All other retail trade margins ... ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad 17,365 ...
Total 9,343,175 1,036,658

 Consumption

 Personal Gross
 consumption private fixed
Commodity expenditures investment

 Traveler accommodations 70,584 ...
 Food services and drinking places 448,364 ...
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 30,275 ...
 International passenger air
 transportation services 29,678 ...
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 555 ...
 Passenger water transportation
 services 9,106 ...
 Interurban bus transportation 1,644 ...
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 863 ...
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 14,012 ...
 Taxi service 3,870 ...
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,386 ...
 Automotive rental 8,469 ...
 Other vehicle rental 289 ...
 Automotive repair services 142,645 ...
 Parking lots and garages 7,798 ...
 Highway tolls 6,006 ...
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 22,388 ...
 Motion pictures and performing arts 26,722 ...
 Spectator sports 6,174 ...
 Participant sports 32,444 ...
 Gambling 66,315 ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 45,953 ...
 Gasoline 274,767 ...
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 1,880,156 32,030
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 5,559,265 2,004,124
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
 All other retail trade margins ... ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad 51,623 ...
Total 8,742,349 2,036,154

 Consumption

 Government Exports of
 final goods and
Commodity expenditures services

 Traveler accommodations ... ...
 Food services and drinking places ... 668
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... ...
 International passenger air
 transportation services ... 17,664
 Passenger rail transportation
 services ... ...
 Passenger water transportation
 services ... 270
 Interurban bus transportation ... ...
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... ...
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services ... ...
 Taxi service ... ...
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... ...
 Automotive rental ... ...
 Other vehicle rental ... ...
 Automotive repair services ... 9
 Parking lots and garages ... ...
 Highway tolls ... ...
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services ... 1,846
 Motion pictures and performing arts ... 131
 Spectator sports ... 15
 Participant sports ... ...
 Gambling ... ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 3
 Gasoline ... 904
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline ... ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 1,851 179,320
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ... ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ... ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 2,370,911 960,209
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ... ...
 All other retail trade margins ... ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Total 2,372,762 1,161,040

 Consumption

 Total
Commodity consumption

 Traveler accommodations 114,052
 Food services and drinking places 550,566
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 64,209
 International passenger air
 transportation services 56,184
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,279
 Passenger water transportation
 services 9,376
 Interurban bus transportation 1,715
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 863
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 19,573
 Taxi service 11,437
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,445
 Automotive rental 26,873
 Other vehicle rental 692
 Automotive repair services 188,185
 Parking lots and garages 11,562
 Highway tolls 7,928
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 37,477
 Motion pictures and performing arts 33,571
 Spectator sports 13,894
 Participant sports 38,291
 Gambling 66,432
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 53,276
 Gasoline 341,733
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on gasoline ...
 Retail trade margins on gasoline ...
 Nondurable PCE commodities other
 than gasoline 3,092,433
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 margins on nondurable PCE
 commodities other than gasoline ...
 Retail trade margins on nondurable
 PCE commodities other than
 gasoline ...
 All other commodities, except all
 other trade and transportation
 margins 19,879,105
 All other wholesale trade and
 transportation margins ...
 All other retail trade margins ...
 Travel by U.S. residents abroad 68,988
Total 24,692,138

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 3. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor, 2005

[Millions of dollars]

 Total Resident
Commodity consumption households Business

 Traveler accommodations 114,052 49,316 35,302
 Food services and drinking
 places 550,566 54,096 31,273
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 64,209 24,906 28,558
 International passenger air
 transportation services 56,184 29,678 7,179
 Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,279 456 539
 Passenger water
 transportation services 9,376 8,433 ...
 Interurban bus
 transportation 1,715 1,352 69
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 863 710 ...
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 19,573 2,189 864
 Taxi service 11,437 1,118 2,054
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,445 1,963 57
 Automotive rental 26,873 5,470 14,653
 Other vehicle rental 692 123 402
 Automotive repair services 188,185 6,840 2,855
 Parking lots and garages 11,562 1,279 414
 Highway tolls 7,928 473 121
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 37,477 21,523 10,882
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 33,571 7,501 3,600
 Spectator sports 13,894 1,451 4,132
 Participant sports 38,291 7,474 3,102
 Gambling 66,432 27,407 ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 53,276 12,604 2,552
 Gasoline 341,733 37,789 15,773
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 3,092,433 73,216 22,181
 All other commodities 19,879,105 ... ...
Total demand less travel by
 U.S. residents abroad 24,623,150 377,368 186,564
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad 68,988 51,623 17,365
Total demand 24,692,138 428,991 203,929

 Total
 tourism
Commodity Government Nonresidents demand

 Traveler accommodations 8,166 212,681 114,052
 Food services and drinking
 places 7,246 17,221 109,837
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 5,376 5,368 64,209
 International passenger air
 transportation services 1,663 17,664 56,184
 Passenger rail
 transportation services 185 98 1,279
 Passenger water
 transportation services ... 270 8,703
 Interurban bus
 transportation 2 292 1,715
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 153 863
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 19 221 3,292
 Taxi service 209 130 3,511
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2 423 2,445
 Automotive rental 3,562 489 24,175
 Other vehicle rental 1 111 637
 Automotive repair services 195 1,223 11,113
 Parking lots and garages 213 119 2,025
 Highway tolls 33 96 723
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 1,850 1,846 36,101
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... 994 12,095
 Spectator sports ... 331 5,914
 Participant sports ... 558 11,134
 Gambling ... 5,907 33,314
 All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 1,064 16,220
 Gasoline 1,075 2,356 56,993
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,788 20,019 118,203
 All other commodities ... ... ...
Total demand less travel by
 U.S. residents abroad 32,583 98,222 694,737
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... 68,988
Total demand 32,583 98,222 763,725

 Tourism
 Nontourism commodity
Commodity demand ratio

 Traveler accommodations ... 1.00
 Food services and drinking
 places 440,729 0.20
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
 International passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
 Passenger rail
 transportation services ... 1.00
 Passenger water
 transportation services 673 0.93
 Interurban bus
 transportation ... 1.00
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 1.00
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 16,280 0.17
 Taxi service 7,925 0.31
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 1.00
 Automotive rental 2,698 0.90
 Other vehicle rental 55 0.92
 Automotive repair services 177,073 0.06
 Parking lots and garages 9,536 0.18
 Highway tolls 7,205 0.09
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 1,376 0.96
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 21,476 0.36
 Spectator sports 7,980 0.43
 Participant sports 27,157 0.29
 Gambling 33,118 0.50
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 37,055 0.30
 Gasoline 284,740 0.17
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,974,230 0.04
 All other commodities 19,879,105 0.00
Total demand less travel by
 U.S. residents abroad 23,928,413 ...
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... 1.00
Total demand 23,928,413 ...

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 3a. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor
(Unadjusted for Travel Arrangement Commissions), 2005

[Millions of dollars]

 Total Resident
Commodity consumption households Business

 Traveler accommodations 117,967 51,009 36,514
 Food services and drinking
 places 550,566 54,096 31,273
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 71,758 27,834 31,916
 International passenger air
 transportation services 63,770 33,685 8,148
 Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,525 544 643
 Passenger water
 transportation services 10,455 9,478 ...
 Interurban bus
 transportation 1,715 1,352 69
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 871 716 ...
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 19,635 2,230 880
 Taxi service 11,484 1,133 2,081
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,460 1,975 58
 Automotive rental 29,611 6,089 16,313
 Other vehicle rental 692 123 402
 Automotive repair services 188,185 6,840 2,855
 Parking lots and garages 11,562 1,279 414
 Highway tolls 7,928 473 121
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 15,299 8,770 3,036
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 33,601 7,520 3,609
 Spectator sports 13,919 1,457 4,150
 Participant sports 38,291 7,474 3,102
 Gambling 67,464 28,256 ...
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 53,329 12,645 2,560
 Gasoline 341,733 37,789 15,773
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 3,092,433 73,216 22,181
 All other commodities 19,879,105 ... ...
Total demand less travel by
 U.S. residents abroad 24,625,357 375,985 186,099
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad 70,835 53,005 17,830
Total demand 24,696,192 428,991 203,929

 Total
 tourism
Commodity Government Nonresidents demand

 Traveler accommodations 8,447 21,998 117,967
 Food services and drinking
 places 7,246 17,221 109,837
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 6,008 6,000 71,758
 International passenger air
 transportation services 1,887 20,049 63,770
 Passenger rail
 transportation services 220 117 1,525
 Passenger water
 transportation services ... 304 9,782
 Interurban bus
 transportation 2 292 1,715
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 154 871
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 19 225 3,355
 Taxi service 212 132 3,559
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2 426 2,460
 Automotive rental 3,966 545 26,912
 Other vehicle rental 1 111 637
 Automotive repair services 195 1,223 11,113
 Parking lots and garages 213 119 2,025
 Highway tolls 33 96 723
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 271 1,846 13,922
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts ... 997 12,125
 Spectator sports ... 332 5,939
 Participant sports ... 558 11,134
 Gambling ... 6,090 34,346
 All other recreation and
 entertainment ... 1,068 16,273
 Gasoline 1,075 2,356 56,993
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,788 20,019 118,203
 All other commodities ... ... ...
Total demand less travel by
 U.S. residents abroad 32,583 102,276 696,945
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... ... 70,835
Total demand 32,583 102,276 767,780

 Tourism
 Nontourism commodity
Commodity demand ratio

 Traveler accommodations ... 1.00
 Food services and drinking
 places 440,729 0.20
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
 International passenger air
 transportation services ... 1.00
 Passenger rail
 transportation services ... 1.00
 Passenger water
 transportation services 673 0.94
 Interurban bus
 transportation ... 1.00
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation ... 1.00
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 16,280 0.17
 Taxi service 7,925 0.31
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services ... 1.00
 Automotive rental 2,698 0.91
 Other vehicle rental 55 0.92
 Automotive repair services 177,073 0.06
 Parking lots and garages 9,536 0.18
 Highway tolls 7,205 0.09
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 1,376 0.91
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 21,476 0.36
 Spectator sports 7,980 0.43
 Participant sports 27,157 0.29
 Gambling 33,118 0.51
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 37,055 0.31
 Gasoline 284,740 0.17
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 2,974,230 0.04
 All other commodities 19,879 0.00
Total demand less travel by
 U.S. residents abroad 23,928,413 ...
 Travel by U.S. residents
 abroad ... 1.00
Total demand 23,928,413 ...

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 4. Output and Value Added by Industry, 2005

[Millions of dollars]

 Industry Intermediate
Industry output consumption

 Traveler accommodations 163,842 60,000
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 252,950 62,394
 Food services and drinking places 461,838 235,941
 Air transportation services 134,737 84,909
 Rail transportation services 60,488 25,886
 Water transportation services 41,718 26,846
 Interurban bus transportation 1,812 708
 Interurban charter bus transportation 915 177
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 22,800 17,452
 Taxi service 11,526 3,615
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation 2,480 683
 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 43,420 30,870
 Automotive repair services 116,604 61,256
 Parking 11,187 5,833
 Toll highways 8,136 1,733
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 37,669 17,327
 Motion pictures and performing arts 42,664 23,832
 Spectator sports 36,465 10,225
 Participant sports 43,076 21,770
 Gambling 50,705 22,220
 All other recreation and entertainment 48,837 20,346
 Petroleum refineries 370,279 314,831
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 2,102,017 1,294,348
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 1,387,797 506,756
 Gasoline service stations 89,156 16,235
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 1,199,454 448,843
 All other industries 16,092,270 7,063,967
Total 22,834,843 10,379,003

 Tourism
 industry
Industry Value added ratio

 Traveler accommodations 103,842 0.74
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 190,557 0.04
 Food services and drinking places 225,897 0.20
 Air transportation services 49,828 0.73
 Rail transportation services 34,602 0.04
 Water transportation services 14,873 0.20
 Interurban bus transportation 1,104 0.95
 Interurban charter bus transportation 738 0.82
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 5,348 0.15
 Taxi service 7,910 0.30
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation 1,797 0.97
 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 12,550 0.55
 Automotive repair services 55,348 0.05
 Parking 5,354 0.18
 Toll highways 6,402 0.09
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 20,342 0.96
 Motion pictures and performing arts 18,832 0.18
 Spectator sports 26,241 0.30
 Participant sports 21,307 0.28
 Gambling 28,485 0.39
 All other recreation and entertainment 28,492 0.27
 Petroleum refineries 55,448 0.10
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 807,669 0.02
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 881,040 0.02
 Gasoline service stations 72,921 0.12
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 750,611 0.03
 All other industries 9,028,302 0.00
Total 12,455,840 ...

 Tourism
 Tourism intermediate
Industry output consumption

 Traveler accommodations 120,894 44,272
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 11,315 2,791
 Food services and drinking places 92,021 47,011
 Air transportation services 98,167 61,863
 Rail transportation services 2,488 1,065
 Water transportation services 8,231 5,297
 Interurban bus transportation 1,718 671
 Interurban charter bus transportation 750 145
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 3,306 2,531
 Taxi service 3,514 1,102
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation 2,413 665
 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 23,695 16,847
 Automotive repair services 6,105 3,207
 Parking 1,960 1,022
 Toll highways 723 154
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 36,104 16,607
 Motion pictures and performing arts 7,666 4,283
 Spectator sports 10,794 3,026
 Participant sports 11,910 6,019
 Gambling 19,653 8,612
 All other recreation and entertainment 13,233 5,513
 Petroleum refineries 37,308 31,721
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 51,631 31,792
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 318,961 11,647
 Gasoline service stations 10,468 1,906
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 32,117 12,018
 All other industries 13,573 5,958
Total 653,652 327,745

 Tourism
Industry value added

 Traveler accommodations 76,621
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 8,524
 Food services and drinking places 45,010
 Air transportation services 36,304
 Rail transportation services 1,423
 Water transportation services 2,934
 Interurban bus transportation 1,046
 Interurban charter bus transportation 606
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 776
 Taxi service 2,412
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation 1,748
 Automotive equipment rental and leasing 6,849
 Automotive repair services 2,898
 Parking 938
 Toll highways 569
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 19,497
 Motion pictures and performing arts 3,384
 Spectator sports 7,767
 Participant sports 5,891
 Gambling 11,040
 All other recreation and entertainment 7,720
 Petroleum refineries 5,587
 Industries producing nondurable PCE
 commodities, excluding petroleum
 refineries 19,838
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 20,249
 Gasoline service stations 8,562
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 20,098
 All other industries 7,615
Total 325,907

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 5. Output by Commodity, 2005

[Millions of dollars]

 Domestic
 production at Tourism
 purchasers' commodity
Commodity prices ratio

 Traveler accommodations 114,052 1.00
 Food services and drinking places 550,566 0.20
 Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 64,209 1.00
 International passenger air
 transportation services 33,723 1.00
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,279 1.00
 Passenger water transportation
 services 8,577 0.93
 Interurban bus transportation 1,715 1.00
 Interurban charter bus transportation 863 1.00
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 19,573 0.17
 Taxi service 11,437 0.31
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 2,445 1.00
 Automotive rental 26,873 0.90
 Other vehicle rental 692 0.92
 Automotive repair services 188,185 0.06
 Parking lots and garages 11,562 0.18
 Highway tolls 7,928 0.09
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 37,477 0.96
 Motion pictures and performing arts 33,432 0.36
 Spectator sports 13,878 0.43
 Participant sports 38,291 0.29
 Gambling 66,432 0.50
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 53,275 0.30
 Gasoline 333,576 0.17
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 2,661,670 0.04
Total 4,281,709 ...

 Total
 Direct commodity
 tourism output
Commodity output multiplier

 Traveler accommodations 114,052 1.54
 Food services and drinking places 109,837 1.88
 Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 64,209 1.70
 International passenger air
 transportation services 33,723 1.70
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 1,279 1.62
 Passenger water transportation
 services 7,962 1.98
 Interurban bus transportation 1,715 1.71
 Interurban charter bus transportation 863 1.71
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 3,292 1.71
 Taxi service 3,511 1.71
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 2,445 1.46
 Automotive rental 24,175 1.64
 Other vehicle rental 637 1.64
 Automotive repair services 11,113 1.71
 Parking lots and garages 2,025 1.71
 Highway tolls 723 1.94
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 36,101 1.62
 Motion pictures and performing arts 12,045 1.77
 Spectator sports 5,907 1.64
 Participant sports 11,134 1.62
 Gambling 33,314 1.62
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 16,220 1.64
 Gasoline 55,633 1.84
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 101,738 2.08
Total 653,652 ...

 Total
 tourism-related
Commodity output

 Traveler accommodations 175,725
 Food services and drinking places 206,483
 Domestic passenger air transportation
 services 108,913
 International passenger air
 transportation services 57,202
 Passenger rail transportation
 services 2,076
 Passenger water transportation
 services 15,746
 Interurban bus transportation 2,936
 Interurban charter bus transportation 1,478
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation services 5,636
 Taxi service 6,011
 Scenic and sightseeing transportation
 services 3,575
 Automotive rental 39,664
 Other vehicle rental 1,045
 Automotive repair services 18,999
 Parking lots and garages 3,462
 Highway tolls 1,401
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 58,479
 Motion pictures and performing arts 21,305
 Spectator sports 9,665
 Participant sports 18,014
 Gambling 53,898
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 26,680
 Gasoline 102,174
 Nondurable PCE commodities other than
 gasoline 211,153
Total 1,151,720

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 6. Employment and Compensation of Employees by Industry, 2005

 Total
 employment Compensation
 Industry (thousands of (millions of
 employees) dollars)

 Traveler accommodations 1,829 55,379
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 197 8,964
 Food services and drinking places 9,194 153,401
 Air transportation services 632 41,106
 Rail transportation services 368 19,001
 Water transportation services 167 8,897
 Interurban bus transportation 23 791
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 24 578
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 376 18,937
 Taxi service 141 5,413
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 19 777
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 186 7,731
 Automotive repair services 884 31,453
 Parking lots and garages 84 2,182
 Toll highways 62 2,378
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 210 16,108
 Motion pictures and performing arts 188 13,508
 Spectator sports 219 15,241
 Participant sports 820 14,702
 Gambling 485 17,237
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 458 14,368
 Petroleum refineries 71 9,547
 Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 6,656 383,229
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 7,452 474,391
 Gasoline service stations 652 29,624
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 15,093 438,275
 All other industries 101,624 5,253,411
Total 148,112 7,036,626

 Tourism
 Tourism employment
 Industry industry (thousands of
 ratio employees)

 Traveler accommodations 0.74 1,349
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 0.04 9
 Food services and drinking places 0.20 1,832
 Air transportation services 0.73 461
 Rail transportation services 0.04 15
 Water transportation services 0.20 33
 Interurban bus transportation 0.95 22
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 0.82 20
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 0.15 54
 Taxi service 0.30 43
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 0.97 18
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 0.55 101
 Automotive repair services 0.05 46
 Parking lots and garages 0.18 15
 Toll highways 0.09 5
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 0.96 202
 Motion pictures and performing arts 0.18 34
 Spectator sports 0.30 65
 Participant sports 0.28 227
 Gambling 0.39 188
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 0.27 124
 Petroleum refineries 0.10 7
 Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 0.02 163
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 0.02 171
 Gasoline service stations 0.12 77
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 0.03 404
 All other industries 0.00 86
Total ... 5,771

 Tourism Average
 compensation compensation
 Industry (millions per tourism
 of dollars) employee

 Traveler accommodations 40,862 30,281
 Nonfarm residential tenant occupied
 permanent site 401 45,578
 Food services and drinking places 30,565 16,685
 Air transportation services 29,949 65,002
 Rail transportation services 782 51,692
 Water transportation services 1,755 53,342
 Interurban bus transportation 750 34,453
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 474 24,272
 Urban transit systems and other
 transportation 2,746 50,416
 Taxi service 1,650 38,517
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 756 41,470
 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 4,219 41,596
 Automotive repair services 1,647 35,585
 Parking lots and garages 382 25,910
 Toll highways 211 38,605
 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 15,439 76,541
 Motion pictures and performing arts 2,427 71,955
 Spectator sports 4,511 69,685
 Participant sports 4,065 17,922
 Gambling 6,681 35,563
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 3,893 31,375
 Petroleum refineries 962 133,708
 Industries producing nondurable
 PCE commodities, excluding
 petroleum refineries 9,413 57,572
 Wholesale trade and transportation
 services 10,903 63,659
 Gasoline service stations 3,478 45,462
 Retail trade services, excluding
 gasoline service stations 11,735 29,038
 All other industries 4,431 51,695
Total 195,088 ...

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 7. Employment by Industry, 2005
[Thousands of employees]

 Total Total
 Direct industry tourism-
 tourism employment related
 Industry employment multiplier employment

 Traveler accommodations 1,349 1.23 1,661
 Nonfarm residential tenant
 occupied permanent site 9 2.97 26
 Food services and drinking
 places 1,832 1.34 2,450
 Air transportation services 461 1.77 816
 Rail transportation services 15 1.93 29
 Water transportation services 33 3.64 120
 Interurban bus transportation 22 1.44 31
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 20 1.44 28
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation 54 1.44 79
 Taxi service 43 1.44 62
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 18 1.44 26
 Automotive equipment rental
 and leasing 101 2.35 238
 Automotive repair services 46 1.54 71
 Parking lots and garages 15 2.09 31
 Toll highways 5 1.79 10
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 202 1.54 310
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 34 2.16 73
 Spectator sports 65 1.70 110
 Participant sports 227 1.29 292
 Gambling 188 1.44 271
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 124 1.54 191
 Petroleum refineries 7 3.31 24
 Industries producing
 nondurable PCE commodities,
 excluding petroleum
 refineries 163 2.88 471
 Wholesale trade and
 transportation services 171 1.57 270
 Gasoline service stations 77 1.20 92
 Retail trade services,
 excluding gasoline service
 stations 404 1.20 485
 All other industries 86 1.94 167
Total 5,771 ... 8,433

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Table 8. Real Tourism Output, 2005

 Real
 output
 Direct (millions
 output of chained
 (millions Chain-type (2000)
 Commodity of dollars) price index dollars)

 Traveler accommodations 122,590 119.3 102,737
 Food services and drinking
 places 118,743 118.0 100,127
 Domestic passenger air
 transportation services 65,879 89.5 73,578
 International passenger air
 transportation services 38,356 129.8 29,559
 Passenger rail
 transportation services 1,373 106.1 1,294
 Passenger water
 transportation services 9,010 80.8 11,156
 Interurban bus
 transportation 1,688 127.5 1,324
 Interurban charter bus
 transportation 890 120.4 736
 Urban transit systems and
 other transportation
 services 3,567 122.4 2,914
 Taxi service 3,695 129.2 2,860
 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation services 2,543 120.9 2,104
 Automotive rental 25,487 118.1 21,575
 Other vehicle rental 672 116.5 577
 Automotive repair services 11,707 121.7 9,618
 Parking lots and garages 2,052 128.7 1,594
 Highway tolls 730 135.3 539
 Travel arrangement and
 reservation services 37,978 100.8 37,660
 Motion pictures and
 performing arts 12,235 124.8 9,805
 Spectator sports 6,313 129.6 4,873
 Participant sports 11,802 113.1 10,438
 Gambling 35,932 117.0 30,708
 All other recreation and
 entertainment 17,157 118.9 14,431
 Gasoline 62,690 170.7 36,732
 Nondurable PCE commodities
 other than gasoline 107,132 108.3 98,908
Total 700,221 115.7 605,165

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Chart 1. Contributions to Annual Growth in Real
Tourism Output in 2003-2006

Average annual growth rates

2003 3.2%
2004 5.9%
2005 2.9%
2006 2.5%

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart 2. Contributions to Annual Growth in the
Chain-Type Price Index for Tourism Goods and
Services in 2003-2006

Average annual growth rates

2003 2.8%
2004 3.1%
2005 4.4%
2006 4.5%

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Chart 8. Contribution Annual Growth in Direct
Tourism Employment in 2003-2006

Average annual growth rates

2003 -0.1%
2004 1.8%
2005 1.6%
2006 1.2%

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: Table made from bar graph.