Preview of the benchmark input-output accounts for 2002: preliminary estimates of gross output and proposed classification framework.

Stanley-Allen, Karla L. ; Empey, Nicholas R. ; Meade, Douglas S. 等

THIS article presents BEA's preliminary estimates of gross output for the 2002 benchmark input-output (I-O) accounts. (1) These estimates provide a comprehensive view of the distribution of gross output in the U.S. economy for 2002 and a first look at the proposed classification framework for the industries and commodities to be presented in the final 2002 benchmark I-O accounts.

The final estimates of the Bureau of Economic Analysis' 2002 benchmark input-output accounts will be published in the summer of 2007. These accounts will provide a detailed picture of the interdependent structure of the U.S. economy. (2) BEA's I-O accounts--both the benchmark accounts and the annual industry accounts--provide detailed information on the production of goods and services (commodities) by industry, the use of the commodities required to produce the output, and the distribution to final users. The I-O accounts also provide the basis for a more detailed understanding of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs), showing the commodity composition of GDP by final use category and the distribution of value added by industry on an establishment basis.

These preliminary benchmark estimates are being released 3 years after the reference year. Previously, estimates on industry and commodity gross output were released only with the final publication of the accounts, 5 years after the reference year. The release of these data provides information regarding the growth of production for 1997-2002.

This article also proposes a list of the industries and commodities that will be presented in the 2002 benchmark I-O accounts. BEA plans to publish greater industry and commodity detail in services sectors and less detail in the goods producing sectors. This revision reflects a number of factors. First, the Census Bureau's expansion of data collection for the service sectors enables BEA to expand the level of detail in the I-O accounts. Second, BEA proposes combining industries with small (less than $3 billion) and declining gross output with larger, similar industries; this impacts primarily the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Lastly, a decrease in the number of construction industries is proposed to make the benchmark I-O accounts consistent with BEA's NIPA categories. BEA welcomes comments on this issue, as it will play an important role in determining the final industry classification framework.

The remainder of this article consists of three sections. The first section compares these preliminary 2002 benchmark I-O estimates and the annual I-O accounts. The second section reviews the proposed detailed classification scheme for the final published accounts and describes changes in the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). And the third section provides a summary of the methodology used to prepare these preliminary output estimates; it also describes the effects of the 2003 comprehensive NIPA revisions.

Comparison of Benchmark I-O and Annual I-O Accounts

The benchmark I-O accounts include a comprehensive and detailed presentation of estimates of gross output by industry. The benchmark I-O accounts set "best levels" for industry and commodity output levels for the annual I-O accounts, which are prepared using less detailed and less comprehensive source data. (3) After the final benchmark estimates are published, BEA revises the annual estimates to ensure the two sets of estimates are consistent.

These preliminary 2002 benchmark gross output estimates make clear that the annual estimates did a relatively good job of capturing overall growth across industries.

Gross output increased at an average annual rate of 4.4 percent in 1997-2002, from $15.1 trillion to $18.8 trillion, according to the preliminary estimates (table A). The estimates confirm the general economic picture previously presented by the annual industry accounts. Notably, the services sector increased its share of total U.S. gross output from 64 percent in 1997 to 69 percent in 2002, and the goods sector's share declined from 36 percent to 31 percent--the same as in the annual industry accounts (chart 1).

For the aggregate economy, the growth rate of gross output estimates in 1997-2002 differs only slightly from the annual industry accounts. The average annual growth rate for benchmark gross output was 4.4 percent compared with 4.5 percent for the annual industry accounts (table 1). In addition, the growth rates of industries in the benchmark and annual I-O accounts are highly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92. The mean absolute difference in growth is 1.1 percent, and 39 of the 60 industries differ by less than this amount.

Relative growth rates in both sets of accounts are highly similar. Of the 10 fastest growing industries in the preliminary benchmark estimates, 9 were also in the top 10 in the annual estimates. The exception was the "other transportation and support activities" industry, which grew at only a moderate rate according to the annual estimates. The fastest growing industy according to both sets of estimates was the information and data processing services industry, which grew at an annual average rate of 15.7 percent according to the benchmark estimates and 15.6 percent according to the annual estimates.

Of the ten slowest growing industries according to the preliminary benchmark estimates, nine also ranked among the slowest growing industries in the annual accounts. The exception was the water transportation industry, which grew at a moderate rate according to the annual estimates.

Benchmark and Annual Accounts Background

The benchmark accounts are based primarily on 2002 Economic Census data, which provide detailed and comprehensive coverage of economic activity on an establishment basis. The annual I-O accounts are based on levels from the 1997 benchmark I-O accounts, which are extrapolated forward using more current, but less detailed, survey data. (4)

The annual I-O accounts are published one year after the reference year, using survey data to extrapolate from the prior benchmark I-O accounts. This publication schedule requires annual source data that are published relatively soon after their reference period. This means that sources other than the quinquennial Economic Census must be used to compile the annual accounts, including the Services Annual Survey (SAS), Census M3 data, and the Annual Survey of Manufacturers (ASM).

Whenever possible the annual I-O accounts use data at the same level of detail as the benchmark. However, if data on the same level are not available, the best available extrapolators are used. The samples for the annual surveys are designed to provide unbiased estimates, but have a higher sampling error than the Economic Census.

The Economic Census collects detailed industry and commodity output data for the entire universe of establishments. Thus, the Economic Census can be used to correct misclassifications and omissions in annual surveys. The Census Bureau reviews the results of annual surveys such as the M3, the ASM, and the SAS, in light of the results of the Economic Census. If survey data are inconsistent with the results of the Economic Census, revisions are made to match previously published data to the levels shown in the Economic Census.

The comparison of gross output estimates between the benchmark and annual I-O accounts highlights industries where the annual extrapolators may need additional scrutiny. The revision of output levels in the annual I-O accounts after the publication of the Economic Census is part of a broad revision of BEA statistics to incorporate the best and most accurate data possible.

Proposed classification for 2002 Benchmark

The 2002 benchmark I-O accounts and the 1997 benchmark I-O accounts, although both on a NAICS basis, differ in their coverage of goods-producing industries and services-providing industries. The larger proportion of services industries in the 2002 benchmark accounts is intended to reflect both the increased information now available for these industries and the shifting focus of U.S. economic activity from goods-producing to services-producing industries (Appendix A). The number of detailed goods producing industries in the 2002 accounts has decreased for a number of reasons (table C). BEA is proposing to combine industries that are small (gross output less than 3 billion dollars) and declining with larger, similar industries. This impacted the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. In addition, the number of construction industries is reduced to be consistent with the NIPA construction categories. The total number of industries has decreased, from 490 to 432.

Until June 1, 2006, BEA is soliciting public feedback regarding its proposed sectoring plan. To provide comments to BEA, please visit BEA's Web site at <www.bea.gov/bea/dn2/home/benchmark.htm> and click on the appropriate link in the "Questions and Comments" section, or send e-mail directly to <benchmarkio@bea.gov>.

Effects of the 2002 NAICS revisions

The 2002 benchmark I-O accounts will incorporate the 2002 NAICS revision. The 2002 NAICS identified new, emerging, and advanced technology industries, made adjustments to various sectors for better comparability among the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and incorporated numerous recommendations from data users. As a result of the incorporation of the 2002 NAICS, the 2002 benchmark I-O account will be better able to measure the rapidly changing industry structure of the U.S. economy.

The 2002 NAICS revision included important changes:

* new industry in the wholesale trade sector to identify business-to-business (B2B) electronic markets was created.

* Changes were made to reflect differences in the nature of the products of merchant wholesalers and agents and brokers. The industries are now separated, yielding a clearer picture of trade margin activity in the I-O accounts.

* Revisions in the retail trade sector were intended to better capture new areas of growing activity. Discount department stores were moved out of the department stores industry and into a separate new industry. In addition, there is a more detailed breakdown of business-to-consumer electronic markets that includes electronic shopping, electronic auctions and mail-order houses.

* The information sector was reorganized to recognize industries involved in Internet activity, moving Internet publishing and broadcasting into a new industry. In addition, a new industry was created to incorporate newly expanded data for internet service providers (ISP) and Web search portals.

Methodology

This section summarizes the methods used in compiling industry and commodity output estimates, discusses the treatment of secondary products, and reviews statistical and classification changes to be introduced in the 2002 benchmark I-O table. (5)

Measuring industry and commodity output

The basic unit of accounting for BEA's I-O accounts is the establishment, which is a single business unit or location for which Census or survey data may be collected. Each establishment is assigned a NAICS industry classification according to its largest share of production and the nature of its production process. Industry output is defined and measured as the total value of all goods and services being produced by the establishments in a given industry. Commodities are defined as the different goods and services which are produced by establishments. Each establishment may produce one or more commodities which are not primary to that industry, or in other words, do not constitute that industry's standard or main product. These commodities are called secondary products or services.

The primary sources of data for industry output are shipments (for mining and manufacturing industries), expenses (for nonprofit industries serving households), commodities (for agricultural crops or livestock), receipts less cost of goods sold (for wholesale and retail trade), and receipts (for most other industries, especially services). (6) (Table D shows the main sources of data for gross output for the major NAICS sectors.) Data from the Economic Census are supplemented with data based on administrative records for nonemployers and misreporters. For industries not covered by the Economic Census, data from other government agencies and trade associations are used. In addition, BEA makes imputations for industries where information is not directly available, such as for owner-occupied housing, own-account construction, and own-account software. (7) To calculate commodity output, all similar primary and secondary activities are combined. For example, if a plant that primarily produces milk also produces some ice cream, then the shipments of milk and ice cream would both be included in the output of the milk industry. However, the milk production would be included in milk commodity output, and the ice cream in ice cream commodity output.

Final data are not currently available for all areas of the economy for 2002. In these cases, estimates were compiled using other information, such as extrapolators from annual surveys. In some cases, such as industries for which Economic Census data have previously been released, the data may still be subject to upcoming revisions which will later be incorporated by BEA.

The most significant changes in the final release will be limited to a few NAICS industries. The following sectors will receive revised or newly available 2002 data from Census: construction, auxiliaries, and wholesale trade. Some revised 2002 data will be received from other divisions within BEA prior to the final publication. These data include nonfiler misreporting adjustments, data for life insurance carriers, rail transportation, state and local government enterprises, state and local general government, Federal government enterprises, and Federal general government. BEA will also receive revised data on state and local sales taxes.

Finally, a new methodology is currently being developed to estimate royalties, and new data sources are currently being identified to be used for education and hospitals.

Effect of the NIPA comprehensive revision on the benchmark estimates

Several statistical and methodological changes introduced in the 2002 benchmark are the result of the 2003 comprehensive revision of the NIPAs. (8) The 2002 benchmark accounts incorporate the NIPA revisions to provide measures of output that are consistent with the NIPAs. The benchmark will be used in turn in the next comprehensive revision of the NIPAs. Major definitional changes from the NIPA comprehensive revision include the following:

* The new treatment of insurance services recognizes the income earned through insurers' investment of premiums as a supplement to premiums and will use normal losses instead of actual losses to compute insurance gross output. The effect of this change is to smooth the industry's gross output and reduce the effect of natural disasters on industry output.

* An important service provided by commercial banks is financial intermediation--the repackaging of funds collected from depositors or lenders to meet the needs of borrowers. The new treatment of commercial bank services recognizes that both depositors and borrowers receive these implicit services and now allocates a portion to the borrowers. This change reduces gross output of banks by reallocating a portion of implicit services from final expenditures to intermediate consumption, reflecting the larger share of borrowed funds attributed to business.

* The new treatment of government as a producer makes the treatment of government inputs identical to the treatment of intermediate inputs in the private sector. Government purchases of goods and services will appear as intermediate inputs to the general government services industry instead of as final uses purchases by Federal and state and local government. The commodity output of government is purchased by government final uses.

* A new government enterprise, Indian gaming, was created to show the output of Indian tribal casino and hotel activities, which boosted government output. Meanwhile, output was reduced in the amusements, gambling, and recreation industry, the hotel industry, and nonprofit institutions serving households, where these activities were previously counted.

Appendix A follows.

Appendix A. Proposed industries for the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output
Accounts

 I-O Industry code and title Related 2002
 NAICS codes

 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHING, AND HUNTING

1110 Crop production#
 1111A0 Oilseed farming 11111-2
 1111B0 Grain farming 11113-6, 11119
 111200 Vegetable and melon farming 1112
 1113A0 Fruit farming 11131-2, 111331-4,
 111336 *, 111339
 111335 Tree nut farming 111335, 111336 *
 111400 Greenhouse, nursery, and
 floriculture production 1114
 111910 Tobacco farming 1191
 111920 Cotton farming 111192
 1119A0 Sugarcane and sugar beet farming 11193, 111991
 1119B0 All other crop farming 11194, 111992,
 111998
1120 Animal production#
 1121A0 Cattle ranching and farming 11211, 11213
 112120 Dairy cattle and milk production 11212
 112AOO Animal production, except cattle and
 poultry and eggs 1122, 1124-5, 1129
 112300 Poultry and egg production 1123

1130 Forestry and logging#
 113A00 Forest nurseries, forest products,
 and timber tracts 1131-2
 113300 Logging 1133

1140 Fishing, hunting and trapping#
 114100 Fishing 1141
 114200 Hunting and trapping 1142

1150 Support activities for agriculture and forestry#
 115000 Support activities for agriculture
 and forestry 115

 MINING

2110 Oil and gas extraction#
 211000 Oil and gas extraction 211

2121 Coal mining#
 212100 Coal mining 2121

2122 Metal ores mining#
 212210 Iron ore mining 21221
 2122A0 Gold, silver, and other metal ore
 mining 21222, 21229
 212230 Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc
 mining 21223

2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying#
 212310 Stone mining and quarrying 21231
 212320 Sand, gravel, clay, and ceramic and
 refractory minerals mining and
 quarrying 21232
 212390 Other nonmetallic mineral mining and
 quarrying 21239

2130 Support activities for mining#
 213111 Drilling oil and gas wells 213111
 213112 Support activities for oil and gas
 operations 213112
 21311A Support activities for other mining 213113-5

 UTILITIES

2211 Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution#
 221100 Electric power generation
 transmission , and distribution 2211

2212 Natural gas distribution#
 221200 Natural gas distribution 2212

2213 Water, sewage, and other systems#
 221300 Water, sewage, and other systems 2213

 CONSTRUCTION

2301 New nonresidential construction#
 230101 Nonresidential commercial and health
 care structures 23 *
 230102 Nonresidential manufacturing
 structures 23 *
 230103 Other nonresidential structures 23 *

2302 New residential construction#
 230201 Residential permanent site single-
 and multi-family structures 23 *
 230202 Other residential structures 23 *

2303 Maintenance and repair construction#
 230301 Nonresidential maintenance and
 repair 23 *
 230302 Residential maintenance and repair 23 *

 MANUFACTURING

3110 Food manufacturing#
 311111 Dog and cat food manufacturing 311111
 311119 Other animal food manufacturing 311119
 311210 Flour milling and malt manufacturing 31121
 311221 Wet corn milling 311221
 31122A Soybean and other oilseed processing 311222-3
 311225 Fats and oils refining and blending 311225
 311230 Breakfast cereal manufacturing 311230
 31131A Sugar cane mills and refining 311311-2
 311313 Beet sugar manufacturing 311313
 311320 Chocolate and confectionery
 manufacturing from cacao beans 31132
 311330 Confectionery manufacturing from
 purchased chocolate 31133
 311340 Nonchocolate confectionery
 manufacturing 31134
 311410 Frozen food manufacturing 31141
 311420 Fruit and vegetable canning,
 pickling, and drying 31142
 31151A Fluid milk and butter manufacturing 311511-2
 311513 Cheese manufacturing 311513
 311514 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy
 product manufacturing 311514
 311520 Ice cream and frozen dessert
 manufacturing 311520
 31161A Animal (except poultry)
 slaughtering, rendering, and
 processing 311611-3
 311615 Poultry processing 311615
 311700 Seafood product preparation and
 packaging 3117
 311810 Bread and bakery product
 manufacturing 31181
 311820 Cookie, cracker, and pasta
 manufacturing 31182
 311830 Tortilla manufacturing 31183
 311910 Snack food manufacturing 31191
 311920 Coffee and tea manufacturing 31192
 311930 Flavoring syrup and concentrate
 manufacturing 31193
 311940 Seasoning and dressing manufacturing 31194
 311990 All other food manufacturing 31199

3121 Beverage manufacturing#
 312110 Soft drink and ice manufacturing 31211
 312120 Breweries 31212
 312130 Wineries 31213
 312140 Distilleries 31214

3122 Tobacco manufacturing#
 3122A0 Tobacco product manufacturing 3122

3130 Textile mills#
 313100 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 3131
 313210 Broadwoven fabric mills 31321
 313220 Narrow fabric mills and schiffli
 machine embroidery 31322
 313230 Nonwoven fabric mills 31323
 313240 Knit fabric mills 31324
 313310 Textile and fabric finishing mills 31331
 313320 Fabric coating mills 31332

3140 Textile product mills#
 314110 Carpet and rug mills 31411
 314120 Curtain and linen mills 31412
 314910 Textile bag and canvas mills 31491
 314990 All other textile product mills 31499

3150 Apparel manufacturing#
 315110 Hosiery and sock mills 31511
 315190 Other apparel knitting mills 31519
 315210 Cut and sew apparel contractors 31521
 315220 Men's and boys' cut and sew apparel
 manufacturing 31522
 315230 Women's and girls' cut and sew
 apparel manufacturing 31523
 315290 Other cut and sew apparel
 manufacturing 31529
 315900 Apparel accessories and other
 apparel manufacturing 3159

3160 Leather and allied product manufacturing#
 316100 Leather and hide tanning and
 finishing 3161
 316200 Footwear manufacturing 3162
 316900 Other leather and allied product
 manufacturing 3169

3210 Wood product manufacturing#
 321100 Sawmills and wood preservation 3211
 32121A Veneer and plywood manufacturing 321211-2
 32121B Engineered wood member and truss
 manufacturing 321213-4
 321219 Reconstituted wood product
 manufacturing 321219
 321910 Wood windows and doors and millwork 32191
 321920 Wood container and pallet
 manufacturing 32192
 32991 Manufactured home (mobile home)
 manufacturing 321991
 321992 Prefabricated wood building
 manufacturing 321992
 321999 All other miscellaneous wood product
 manufacturing 321999

3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills#
 322110 Pulp mills 32211
 322120 Paper mills 32212
 322130 Paperboard mills 32213

3222 Converted paper product manufacturing#
 322210 Paperboard container manufacturing 32221
 32222A Coated and laminated paper,
 packaging paper, and plastics film
 manufacturing 322221-2
 32222B All other paper bag and coated and
 treated paper manufacturing 322223-6
 322230 Stationery product manufacturing 32223
 322291 Sanitary paper product manufacturing 322291
 322299 All other converted paper product
 manufacturing 322299

3230 Printing and related support activities#
 323110 Printing 32311
 323120 Support activities for printing 32312

3240 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing#
 324110 Petroleum refineries 32411
 324121 Asphalt paving mixture and block
 manufacturing 324121
 324122 Asphalt shingle and coating
 materials manufacturing 324122
 324191 Petroleum lubricating oil and grease
 manufacturing 324191
 324199 All other petroleum and coal
 products manufacturing 324199

3251 Basic chemical manufacturing#
 325110 Petrochemical manufacturing 32511
 325120 Industrial gas manufacturing 32512
 325130 Synthetic dye and pigment
 manufacturing 32513
 325181 Alkalies and chlorine manufacturing 325181
 325182 Carbon black manufacturing 325182
 325188 All other basic inorganic chemical
 manufacturing 325188
 325190 Other basic organic chemical
 manufacturing 32519

3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers manufacturing#
 325211 Plastics material and resin
 manufacturing 325211
 325212 Synthetic rubber manufacturing 325212
 325220 Artificial and synthetic fibers and
 filaments manufacturing 32522

3253 Agricultural chemical manufacturing#
 325311 Nitrogenous fertilizer manufacturing 325311
 325312 Phosphatic fertilizer manufacturing 325312
 325314 Fertilizer (mixing only)
 manufacturing 325314
 325320 Pesticide and other agricultural
 chemical manufacturing 325320

3254 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing#
 325411 Medicinal and botanical
 manufacturing 325411
 325412 Pharmaceutical preparation
 manufacturing 325412
 325413 In-vitro diagnostic substance
 manufacturing 325413
 325414 Biological product (except
 diagnostic) manufacturing 325414

3255 Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing#
 325510 Paint and coating manufacturing 32551
 325520 Adhesive manufacturing 32552

3256 Soap, cleaning compound, and toiletry manufacturing#
 325610 Soap and cleaning compound
 manufacturing 32561
 325620 Toilet preparation manufacturing 32562

3259 Other chemical product and preparation manufacturing#
 325910 Printing ink manufacturing 32591
 3259A0 All other chemical product and
 preparation manufacturing 32592, 32599

3260 Plastics and rubber products manufacturing#
 326110 Plastics packaging materials and
 unlaminated film and sheet
 manufacturing 32611
 326121 Unlaminated plastics profile shape
 manufacturing 326121
 326122 Plastics pipe and pipe fitting
 manufacturing 326122
 326130 Laminated plastics plate, sheet
 (except packaging), and shape
 manufacturing 32613

 326140 Polystyrene foam product
 manufacturing 32614
 326150 Urethane and other foam product
 (except polystyrene) manufacturing 32615
 326160 Plastics bottle manufacturing 32616
 32619A Other plastics product manufacturing 32619
 326210 Tire manufacturing 32621
 326220 Rubber and plastics hoses and
 belting manufacturing 32622
 326290 Other rubber product manufacturing 32629

3270 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing#
 32711A Pottery, ceramics, and vitreous
 plumbing fixture manufacturing 32711
 32712A Brick, tile, and other structural
 clay product manufacturing 327121-3
 32712B Clay and nonclay refractory
 manufacturing 327124-5
 327211 Flat glass manufacturing 327211
 327212 Other pressed and blown glass and
 glassware manufacturing 327212
 327213 Glass container manufacturing 327213
 327215 Glass product manufacturing made of
 purchased glass 327215
 327310 Cement manufacturing 32731
 327320 Ready-mix concrete manufacturing 32732
 327330 Concrete pipe, brick, and block
 manufacturing 32733
 327390 Other concrete product manufacturing 32739
 3274A0 Lime and gypsum product
 manufacturing 3274
 327910 Abrasive product manufacturing 32791
 327991 Cut stone and stone product
 manufacturing 327991
 327992 Ground or treated mineral and earth
 manufacturing 327992
 327993 Mineral wool manufacturing 327993
 327999 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
 products 327999

331A Iron and steel mills and manufacturing from purchased steel#
 331110 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy
 manufacturing 3311
 331210 Iron and steel pipe and tube
 manufacturing from purchased steel 33121
 331220 Rolling and drawing of purchased
 steel 33122

331B Nonferrous metal production and processing#
 33131A Alumina refining and primary
 aluminum production 331311-2
 331314 Secondary smelting and alloying of
 aluminum 331314
 33131B Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil
 manufacturing and aluminum rolling
 and drawing 331315, 331319
 331316 Aluminum extruded product
 manufacturing 331316
 331411 Primary smelting and refining of
 copper 331411
 331419 Primary smelting and refining of
 nonferrous metal (except copper
 and aluminum) 331419
 331420 Copper rolling, drawing, extruding,
 and alloying 33142
 331490 Nonferrous metal (except copper and
 aluminum) rolling, drawing,
 extruding, and alloying 33149

3315 Foundries#
 331510 Ferrous metal foundries 33151
 33152A Aluminum foundries 331521, 331524
 33152B Nonferrous foundries, except
 aluminum 331522, 331525
 331528

3321 Forgingand stamping#
 33211A All other forging, stamping, and
 sintering 332111-2, 332117
 332114 Custom roll forming 332114
 33211B Crown and closure manufacturing and
 metal stamping 332115-6

3322 Cutlery and handtool manufacturing#
 33221A Cutlery, utensil, pot, and pan
 manufacturing 332211, 332214
 33221B Handtool manufacturing 332212-3

3323 Architectural and structural metals manufacturing#
 332310 Plate work and fabricated structural
 product manufacturing 33231
 332320 Ornamental and architectural metal
 products manufacturing 33232

3324 Boiler, tank, and shipping container manufacturing#
 332410 Power boiler and heat exchanger
 manufacturing 33241
 332420 Metal tank (heavy gauge)
 manufacturing 33242
 332430 Metal can, box, and other metal
 container (light gauge)
 manufacturing 33243

332A Ordnance and accessories manufacturing#
 33299A Ammunition manufacturing 332992-3
 33299B Arms, ordnance, and accessories
 manufacturing 332994-5

332B Other fabricated metal product manufacturing#
 332500 Hardware manufacturing 3325
 332600 Spring and wire product
 manufacturing 3326
 332710 Machine shops 33271
 332720 Turned product and screw, nut, and
 bolt manufacturing 33272
 332800 Coating, engraving, heat treating
 and allied activities 3328
 33291A Valve and fittings other than
 plumbing 33291-2, 332919
 332913 Plumbing fixture fitting and trim
 manufacturing 332913
 332991 Ball and roller bearing
 manufacturing 332991
 332996 Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting
 manufacturing 332996
 33299C Other fabricated metal manufacturing 332997-9

3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery manufacturing#
 333111 Farm machinery and equipment
 manufacturing 333111
 333112 Lawn and garden equipment
 manufacturing 333112
 333120 Construction machinery manufacturing 33312
 333130 Mining and oil and gas field
 machinery manufacturing 33313

3332 Industrial machinery manufacturing#
 33329A Other industrial machinery
 manufacturing 33321, 333291-4,
 333298
 333220 Plastics and rubber industry
 machinery manufacturing 33322
 333295 Semiconductor machinery
 manufacturing 333295

3333 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing#
 33331A Vending, commercial, industrial, and
 office machinery manufacturing 333311-3
 333314 Optical instrument and lens
 manufacturing 333314
 333315 Photographic and photocopying
 equipment manufacturing 333315
 333319 Other commercial and service
 industry machinery manufacturing 333319

3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment manufacturing#
 33341A Air purification and ventilation
 equipment manufacturing 333411-2
 333414 Heating equipment (except warm air
 furnaces) manufacturing 333414
 333415 Air conditioning, refrigeration, and
 warm air heating equipment
 manufacturing 333415

3335 Metalworking machinery manufacturing#
 333511 Industrial mold manufacturing 333511
 33351A Metal cutting and forming machine
 tool manufacturing 333512-3
 333514 Special tool, die, jig, and fixture
 manufacturing 333514
 333515 Cutting tool and machine tool
 accessory manufacturing 333515
 33351B Rolling mill and other metalworking
 machinery manufacturing 333516, 333518

3336 Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing#
 333611 Turbine and turbine generator set
 units manufacturing 333611
 333612 Speed changer, industrial high-speed
 drive, and gear manufacturing 333612
 333613 Mechanical power transmission
 equipment manufacturing 333613
 333618 Other engine equipment manufacturing 333618

3339 Other general purpose machinery manufacturing#
 333911 Pump and pumping equipment
 manufacturing 333911, 333913
 333912 Air and gas compressor manufacturing 333912
 333920 Material handling equipment
 manufacturing 333921-4
 333991 Power-driven handtool manufacturing 333991
 33399A Other general purpose machinery
 manufacturing 333992, 333997
 333999
 333993 Packaging machinery manufacturing 333993
 333994 Industrial process furnace and oven
 manufacturing 333994
 33399B Fluid power process machinery 333995-6

3341 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing#
 334111 Electronic computer manufacturing 334111
 334112 Computer storage device
 manufacturing 334112
 33411A Computer terminals and other
 computer peripheral equipment
 manufacturing 334113, 334119

334A Audio, video, and communications equipment manufacturing#
 334210 Telephone apparatus manufacturing 33421
 334220 Broadcast and wireless
 communications equipment 33422
 334290 Other communications equipment
 manufacturing 33429
 334300 Audio and video equipment
 manufacturing 3343

3344 Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing#
 334411 Electron tube manufacturing 334411
 334412 Bare printed circuit board
 manufacturing 334412
 334413 Semiconductor and related device
 manufacturing 334413
 33441A Electronic capacitor, resistor,
 coil, transformer, and other
 inductor manufacturing 334414-6
 334417 Electronic connector manufacturing 334417
 334418 Printed circuit assembly (electronic
 assembly) manufacturing 334418
 334419 Other electronic component
 manufacturing 334419

3345 Electronic instrument manufacturing#
 334510 Electromedical and
 electrotherapeutic apparatus
 manufacturing 334510
 334511 Search, detection, and navigation
 instruments manufacturing 334511
 334512 Automatic environmental control
 manufacturing 334512
 334513 Industrial process variable
 instruments manufacturing 334513
 334514 Totalizing fluid meters and counting
 devices manufacturing 334514
 334515 Electricity and signal testing
 instruments manufacturing 334515
 334516 Analytical laboratory instrument
 manufacturing 334516
 334517 Irradiation apparatus manufacturing 334517
 33451A Watch, clock, and other measuring
 and controlling device
 manufacturing 334518-9

3346 Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media#
 33461A Software, audio, and video media
 reproducing 334611-2
 334613 Magnetic and optical recording media
 manufacturing 334613

3351 Electric lighting equipment manufacturing#
 335110 Electric lamp bulb and part
 manufacturing 33511
 335120 Lighting fixture manufacturing 33512

3352 Household appliance manufacturing#
 335210 Small electrical appliance
 manufacturing 33521
 335221 Household cooking appliance
 manufacturing 335221
 335222 Household refrigerator and home
 freezer manufacturing 335222
 335224 Household laundry equipment
 manufacturing 335224
 335228 Other major household appliance
 manufacturing 335228

3353 Electrical equipment manufacturing#
 335311 Power, distribution, and specialty
 transformer manufacturing 335311
 335312 Motor and generator manufacturing 335312
 335313 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus
 manufacturing 335313
 335314 Relay and industrial control
 manufacturing 335314

3359 Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing#
 335911 Storage battery manufacturing 335911
 335912 Primary battery manufacturing 335912
 335920 Communication and energy wire and
 cable manufacturing 33592
 335930 Wiring device manufacturing 33593
 335991 Carbon and graphite product
 manufacturing 335991
 335999 All other miscellaneous electrical
 equipment and component
 manufacturing 335999

3361 Motor vehicle manufacturing#
 336111 Automobile manufacturing 1336111
 336112 Light truck and utility vehicle
 manufacturing 336112
 336120 Heavy duty truck manufacturing 336120

336A Motor vehicle body, trailer, and parts manufacturing#
 336211 Motor vehicle body manufacturing 336211
 336212 Truck trailer manufacturing 336212
 336213 Motor home manufacturing 336213
 336214 Travel trailer and camper
 manufacturing 336214
 336300 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 3363

3364 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing#
 336411 Aircraft manufacturing 336411
 336412 Aircraft engine and engine parts
 manufacturing 336412
 336413 Other aircraft parts and auxiliary
 equipment manufacturing 336413
 336414 Guided missile and space vehicle
 manufacturing 336414
 33641A Propulsion units and parts for space
 vehicles and guided missiles 336415, 336419

336B Other transportation equipment manufacturing#
 336500 Railroad rolling stock manufacturing 3365
 336611 Ship building and repairing 336611
 336612 Boat building 336612
 336991 Motorcycle, bicycle, and parts
 manufacturing 336991
 336992 Military armored vehicle, tank, and
 tank component manufacturing 336992
 336999 All other transportation equipment
 manufacturing 336999

3370 Furniture and related product manufacturing#
 337110 Wood kitchen cabinet and countertop
 manufacturing 33711
 337121 Upholstered household furniture
 manufacturing 337121
 337122 Nonupholstered wood household
 furniture manufacturing 337122
 33712A Metal and other household furniture
 manufacturing 37124-5, 337129
 337127 Institutional furniture
 manufacturing 337127
 33721A Office furniture manufacturing 337211, 337214
 337212 Custom architectural woodwork and
 millwork manufacturing 337212
 337215 Showcase, partition, shelving, and
 locker manufacturing 1337215
 337910 Mattress manufacturing 33791
 337920 Blind and shade manufacturing 33792

3391 Medicalequipment and supplies manufacturing#
 339111 Laboratory apparatus and furniture
 manufacturing 339111
 339112 Surgical and medical instrument
 manufacturing 339112
 339113 Surgical appliance and supplies
 manufacturing 339113
 339114 Dental equipment and supplies
 manufacturing 339114
 339115 Ophthalmic goods manufacturing 339115
 339116 Dental laboratories 339116

3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing#
 339910 Jewelry and silverware manufacturing 33991
 339920 Sporting and athletic goods
 manufacturing 33992
 339930 Doll, toy, and game manufacturing 33993
 339940 Office supplies (except paper)
 manufacturing 33994
 339950 Sign manufacturing 33995
 339991 Gasket, packing, and sealing device
 manufacturing 339991
 339992 Musical instrument manufacturing 339992
 33999A All other miscellaneous
 manufacturing 339993, 339995
 339999
 339994 Broom, brush, and mop manufacturing 339994

 WHOLESALE TRADE

4200 Wholesale trade#
 420000 Wholesale trade 42

 RETAIL TRADE

4A00 Retail trade#
 4A0000 Retail trade 44, 45

 TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING
 EXCLUDING POSTAL SERVICE

4810 Air transportation#
 481000 Air transportation 481

4820 Rail transportation#
 482000 Rail transportation 482

4830 Water transportation#
 483000 Water transportation 483

4840 Truck transportation#
 484000 Truck transportation 484

4850 Transit and ground passenger transportation#
 485000 Transit and ground passenger
 transportation 485

4860 Pipeline transportation#
 486000 Pipeline transportation 486

48A0 Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support activities#
 48A000 Scenic and sightseeing
 transportation and support
 activities for transportation 487, 488

4920 Couriers and messengers#
 492000 Couriers and messengers 492

4930 Warehousing and storage#
 493000 Warehousing and storage 493

 INFORMATION

5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers#
 511110 Newspaper publishers 51111
 511120 Periodical publishers 51112
 511130 Book publishers 51113
 5111A0 Directory, mailing list, and other
 publishers 51114, 51119

5112 Software publishers#
 511200 Software publishers 51121

5120 Motion picture and sound recording industries#
 512100 Motion picture and video industries 5121
 512200 Sound recording industries 5122

5151 Radio and television broadcasting#
 515100 Radio and television broadcasting 5151

5152 Cable networks and program distribution#
 515200 Cable and other subscription
 programming 5152

5161 Internet publishing and broadcasting#
 516110 Internet publishing and broadcasting 516

5170 Telecommunications#
 517000 Telecommunications 517

5180 Internet service providers, web search portals, and data
 processing#
 518100 Internet service providers and web
 search portals 5181
 518200 Data processing, hosting, and
 related services 5182

5190 Other information services#
 519100 Other information services 519

 FINANCE AND INSURANCE

52A0 Monetary authorities, credit intermediation, and related
 activities#
 52A000 Monetary authorities and depository
 credit intermediation 521, 5221
 522A00 Nondepository credit intermediation
 and related activities 5222-3

5230 Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and related
 activities#
 523000 Securities, commodity contracts,
 investments, and related
 activities 523

5240 Insurance carriers and related activities#
 524100 Insurance carriers 5241
 524200 Insurance agencies, brokerages, and
 related activities 5242

5250 Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles#
 525000 Funds, trusts, and other financial
 vehicles 525

 REAL ESTATE AND RENTAL AND LEASING

5310 Real estate#
 531000 Real estate 531

S008 Owner-occupied dwellings#
 S008 Owner-occupied dwellings n.a.

5321 Automotequipment rental and leasing#
 532100 Automotive equipment rental and
 leasing 5321

532A Consumer goods and general rental centers#
 532A00 General and consumer goods rental
 except video tapes and discs 53221-2, 53229,
 5323
 532230 Video tape and disc rental 53223

5324 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and
 leasing#
 532400 Commercial and industrial machinery
 and equipment rental and leasing 5324

5330 Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets#
 533000 Lessors of nonfinancial intangible
 assets 533

 PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL SERVICES

5411 Legal services#
 541100 Legal services 5411

5412 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services#
 541200 Accounting, tax preparation,
 bookkeeping, and payroll services 5412

5413 Architectural, engineering, and related services#
 541300 Architectural, engineering, and
 related services 5413

5414 Specialized design services#
 541400 Specialized design services 5414

5415 Computer systems design and related services#
 541511 Custom computer programming services 541511
 541512 Computer systems design services 541512
 54151A Other computer related services,
 including facilities management 541513, 541519

5416 Management, scientific, and technical consulting services#
 541610 Management, scientific, and
 technical consulting services 54161
 5416A0 Environmental and other technical
 consulting services 54162, 54169

5417 Scientific research and development services#
 541700 Scientific research and development
 services 5417

5418 Advertising and related services#
 541800 Advertising and related services 5418
5419 Other professional, scientific, and technical services#
 5419A0 All other miscellaneous
 professional, scientific, and
 technical services 54191, 54193
 54199
 541920 Photographic services 54192
 541940 Veterinary services 54194

 MANAGEMENT OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES

5500 Managemof companies and enterprises#
 550000 Management of companies and
 enterprises 55

 ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES

5613 Employment services#
 561300 Employment services 5613

5615 Travel arrangement and reservation services#
 561500 Travel arrangement and reservation
 services 5615

561A All other administrative and support services#
 561100 Office administrative services 5611
 561200 Facilities support services 5612
 561400 Business support services 5614
 561600 Investigation and security services 5616
 561700 Services to buildings and dwellings 5617
 561900 Other support services 5619

5620 Waste management and remediation services#
 562000 Waste management and remediation
 services 562

 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

6100 Educational services#
 611100 Elementary and secondary schools 6111
 611A00 Junior colleges, colleges,
 universities, and professional
 schools 6112-3
 611800 Other educational services 6114-7

 HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

6210 Ambulatory health care services#
 621A00 Offices of physicians, dentists, and
 other health practitioners 6211-3
 621800 Medical and diagnostic labs and
 outpatient and other ambulatory
 care services 6214-5, 6219
 621600 Home health care services 6216

6220 Hospitals#
 622000 Hospitals 622

6230 Nursing and residential care facilities#
 623000 Nursing and residential care
 facilities 623

6240 Social assistance#
 624A00 Individual and family services 6241
 624200 Community food, housing, and other
 relief services, including
 rehabilitation services 6242-3
 624400 Child day care services 6244

 ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION

71A0 Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, zoos, and parks#
 711100 Performing arts companies 7111
 711200 Spectator sports 7112
 711A00 Promoters of performing arts and
 sports and agents for public
 figures 7113-4
 711500 Independent artists, writers, and
 performers 7115
 712000 Museums, historical sites, zoos, and
 parks 712

7130 Amusements, gambling, and recreation#
 713A00 Amusement parks, arcades, and
 gambling industries 7131-2
 713800 Other amusement and recreation
 industries 71391-3, 71399
 713940 Fitness and recreational sports
 centers 71394
 713950 Bowling centers 71395

 ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICES

7210 Accommodation#
 7211A0 Hotels and motels, including casino
 hotels 72111-2
 721A00 Other accommodations 72119, 7212-3

7220 Food services and drinking places#
 722000 Food services and drinking places 722

 OTHER SERVICES, EXCEPT PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

8111 Automotive repair and maintenance#
 8111A0 Automotive repair and maintenance,
 except car washes 81111-2, 811191,
 811198
 811192 Car washes 811192

811A Electronic, commercial, and household goods repair#
 811200 Electronic and precision equipment
 repair and maintenance 8112
 811300 Commercial and industrial machinery
 and equipment repair and
 maintenance 8113
 811400 Personal and household goods repair
 and maintenance 8114

8120 Personal and laundry services#
 812100 Personal care services 8121
 812200 Death care services 8122
 812300 Dry-cleaning and laundry services 8123
 812900 Other personal services 8129

813A Religious, grantmaking, giving, and social advocacy
 organizations#
 813100 Religious organizations 8131
 813A00 Grantmaking, giving, and social
 advocacy organizations 8132, 8133

813B Civic, social, professional, and similar organizations#
 813800 Civic, social, professional, and
 similar organizations 8134, 8139

8140 Private households#
 814000 Private households 814

 GOVERNMENT

S001 Federal Government enterprises#
 491000 Postal service 491
 S00101 Federal electric utilities n.a.
 S00102 Other Federal Government enterprises n.a.

S002 State and local government enterprises#
 S00201 State and local government passenger
 transit n.a.
 S00202 State and local government electric
 utilities n.a.
 500203 Other state and local government
 enterprises n.a.

S005 General Federal defense government industry#
 500500 General Federal defense government
 industry n.a.

S006 General Federal nondefense government industry#
 S00600 General Federal nondefense
 government industry n.a.

S009 General state and local government industry#
 S00900 General state and local government
 industry n.a.

n.a. Not applicable,

Note. The titles in boldface represent the industries used for the
summary version of the 2002 input-output (I-O) tables.

An asterisk following a North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) code indicates that the NAICS industry is included in more than
one I-0 industry.

Note: The titles in boldface represent the industries used for the
summary version of the 2002 input-output (I-O) tables indicated with #.

Acknowledgments

This article and the completion of the 2002 preliminary output estimates represent the contributions of many members of the Industry Accounts staff. Sumiye Okubo, Associate Director Industry Accounts, Ann M. Lawson, Chief of the Industry Economics Division, and Douglas S. Meade, Deputy Chief of the Industry Economics Division, supervised the preparation of the accounts. Mary L. Streitwieser, Chief of the Benchmark I-O Branch, planned and coordinated the staff of the branch to produce these estimates. Mark A. Planting and Karen J. Horowitz provided invaluable technical support and assistance in reviewing the estimates.

Douglas S. Meade and Mary L. Streitwieser coordinated and wrote sections of the article. Karla L. Stanley-Mien, Stanislaw Rzeznik, Nicholas Empey and Monica Strople contributed text and tables. Mahnaz Fahim-Nader contributed tables and assisted with coordination with publication staff.

The following staff members of the Industry Economics Division contributed significantly to the development of the preliminary output estimates for the 2002 Benchmark input-output (I-O) accounts

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting: Belinda L. Bonds, Lisa C. Phares, Stanislaw Rzeznik.

Mining: Belinda L. Bonds, Lisa C. Phares, Stanislaw Rzeznik.

Utilities: Bill McCarthy, Alvin Blake.

Construction: Belinda L. Bonds, Nicholas Empey.

Manufacturing: Belinda L. Bonds, Lisa C. Phares, Stanislaw Rzeznik, Nicholas Empey, Eric Bryda.

Wholesale Trade: Bill McCarthy, Simon Njaka Randrianarivelo.

Retail Trade: Bill McCarthy, Ricky L. Stewart.

Transportation and Warehousing: Bill McCarthy, Alvin Blake.

Information: Edward T. Morgan, Darlene C. Robinson-Smith.

Finance and Insurance: Edward T. Morgan, Karla L. Stanley-Mien.

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing: Edward T. Morgan, Yuen Lau, Kevin Muck, Emily Thompson.

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services: Edward T. Morgan, Emily Thompson, Kevin Muck.

Management of Companies and Enterprises: Edward T. Morgan.

Administrative and Waste Services: Edward T. Morgan, Yuen Lau.

Educational Services: Patricia W. Coles, Jessica Brede.

Health Care and Social Assistance: Patricia W. Coles, Charles Hedden.

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: Patricia W. Coles, Jessica Brede.

Accommodation and Food Services: Patricia W. Coles, Nathan Klouda.

Other Services, except public administration and private households: Patricia W. Coles, Monica S. Strople.

Federal Government and Enterprises: Patricia W. Coles, Charles Hedden, Monica S. Strople.

State and Local Government and Enterprises: Patricia W. Coles, Jessica Brede, Nathan Klouda.

Taxes on Production and Imports: Patricia W. Coles, Charles Hedden.

Foreign Transactions: Edward T. Morgan, Robert Robinowitz, Karla Mien.

Misreporting filer adjustment, nonemployer filer adjustment and nonfiler adjustment: Patricia W. Coles, Bill McCarthy, Edward T. Morgan, Yuen Lau, Ricky L. Stewart, Monica S. Strople.

The following staff members of the Office of the Chief Information Officer coordinated the computer programming and processing system: Brian D. Kajutti, Paul A. Kilday, Ross F. Metzger, and Janice E. Townsend.

From the Industry Economics Division, Douglas Meade, assisted by Nicholas Empey, Nathan Klouda, Lisa C. Phares, Monica S. Strople, and Eric Weiss, updated and tested the database used for the 2002 benchmark accounts.

Data Availability

The 2002 preliminary output estimates for the 60 industries and commodities included in table 1 of this article are available as a table in either MS Excel or HTML format on BEA's Web site at <www.bea.gov>. Select "Benchmark Input-Output Accounts" under the "Industry" column on the BEA home page.

Users will be able to find an input-output make table matrix, containing output estimates before industry redefinitions, for the 60 industries and commodities included in table 1.

In the spring of 2006, BEA will make preliminary output estimates for all 432 industries and commodities listed in Appendix A available on its Web site. These more detailed estimates will incorporate revisions made by the U.S. Census Bureau to the source data used in the production of the preliminary output estimates.

Plans for the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts

The preliminary 2002 benchmark I-O industry and commodity outputs released in this article and on BEA's Web site represent the first preview of the final I-O table scheduled for final release in 2007. Other major milestones include the following:

* Spring 2006: BEA will incorporate newly revised economic census data, imports and exports, and input estimates for broad input categories. BEA will conduct a preliminary reconciliation of value added estimates between the benchmark and annual I-O accounts.

* June 1, 2006: The latest date that BEA will entertain comments on the proposed industry classification framework.

* Summer 2006: BEA will publish revised sets of industry and commodity output in more detail on BEA's Web site.

* Summer 2006: Preliminary estimates of final uses will be developed and reconciled with the national income and product accounts (NIPAs).

* Fall 2006: Value added and final uses estimates will be reconciled with NIPAs and annual I-O.

* January-February 2007: The table will undergo final balancing and review.

* Summer 2007: The accounts will be published in the SURVEY and on the BEA Web site.

The 2002 benchmark table will be released with an alternative presentation based on the System of National Accounts (SNA), which comprises a supply table and a use table. Before the final publication date, BEA will provide interim status reports and discussions of methodology in the SURVEY.

(1.) Gross output is a measure of what is produced in the domestic economy. It reflects the value of intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased services) and the value added created by the industry's labor and capital. Gross output includes both the value of what is produced and then used by others in their production processes as well as the value of what is produced and sold to final users. Gross output for the economy reflects double counting and is much higher than GDP; in the benchmark I-O accounts it is measured in nominal dollars.

(2.) The 2002 benchmark I-O accounts will be the tenth in a series of such accounts published by BEA. The nine previous benchmark accounts covered 1958, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997. The 1997 accounts were presented in the December 2002 issue of the SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS, and were the first set of accounts classified according to the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The new accounts will be classified according to the 2002 NAICS. Classification changes arising from the 2002 NAICS revision are discussed in a section below.

(3.) The concept of best-level is implicit in the term "benchmark," which means a fixed or known point of reference. Both the benchmark I-O and the NIPA benchmark are based on the more reliable Economic Census data. Annual I-O and annual NIPA estimates are "best-change," since they are estimated using extrapolators that are considered the most reliable estimates of year-to-year growth. When the next Economic Census data are completely incorporated into the accounts, the "best-change" estimates are revised so as to minimize the change from the original estimates, yet pass through the best-level estimate.

(4.) For more information on differences in methodology between the benchmark and annual I-O accounts, see Brian C. Moyer, Mark A. Planting, Mahnaz Fahim-Nader, and Sherlene K.S. Lum, "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the Annual Industry Accounts," SURVEY 84 (March 2004): 38-51.

(5.) For more detailed information on methods and concepts for the benchmark I-O, refer to Ann M. Lawson, Kurt S. Bersani, Mahnaz Fahim-Nader, and Jiemin Guo, "Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the United States, 1997," SURVEY 82 (December 2002): 19-109.

(6.) Expenses are also used when shipments or receipts data are unavailable in certain industries.

(7.) Own-account construction and software are construction and software development performed by a firm's own employees, rather than purchased in a market transaction.

(8.) For a detailed discussion of the NIPA Comprehensive Revision, see Brent R. Moulton and Eugene P. Seskin, "Preview of the 2003 Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts: Changes in Definitions and Classifications," SURVEY 83 (June 2003): 17-34, and Eugene P. Seskin and Daniel Larkins, "Improved Estimates of the National Income and Product Accounts for 1929-2002: Results of the Comprehensive Revision," SURVEY 84 (February 2004): 7-29.

Table A. Gross Output by Major NAICS Sector

 Gross
 output

 1997

 NAICS Billions
Line code Industry of dollars

 1 Total output 15,141.2
 2 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 290.7
 3 21 Mining 169.6
 4 22 Utilities 289.8
 5 23 Construction 676.1
 6 Durable-goods manufacturing (1) 2,108.6
 7 Nondurable-goods manufacturing (1) 1,663.8
 8 42 Wholesale trade 747.3
 9 44 Retail trade 825.0
 10 48 Transportation and warehousing 503.4
 11 51 Information 669.1
 12 52 Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and
 leasing 2,427.6
 13 54 Professional, scientific, and technical
 services 743.5
 14 55 Management of companies and enterprises 242.0
 15 56 Administrative and waste management
 services 348.2
 16 61-62 Educational services, health care, and
 social assistance 927.9
 17 71-72 Arts, entertainment, recreation,
 accommodation, and food service 533.7
 18 81 Other services, except public
 administration 348.0
 19 Government 1,626.9

 Gross
 output Average
 annual
 2002 growth rate
 1997-2002
 Billions
Line of dollars Percent

 1 18,810.8 4.4
 2 270.6 -1.4
 3 179.1 1.1
 4 314.7 1.7
 5 909.2 6.1
 6 2,080.5 -0.3
 7 1,758.7 1.1
 8 866.6 3.0
 9 1,046.0 4.9
 10 603.6 3.7
 11 956.6 7.4
 12 3,358.0 6.7
 13 1,052.1 7.2
 14 297.8 4.2
 15 488.5 7.0
 16 1,310.8 7.2
 17 709.3 5.9
 18 452.7 5.4
 19 2,156.2 5.8

(1.) Durable-goods and nondurable-goods manufacturing are
recombinations of North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
subsectors 311-339. Durable goods comprise subsectors 33, 321, and 327.
Nondurable goods comprise subsectors 31-2, excluding 321 and 327.

Table B. Benchmark Industries' Growth Rates

 Gross
 output

 1997

 Billions
Line Industry of dollars

 1 Fastest growing industries
 2 Information and data processing services 47.3
 3 Computer systems design and related services 101.5
 4 Warehousing and storage 27.2
 5 Social assistance 66.9
 6 Other transportation and support activities 84.7
 7 Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and
 related activities 55.4
 8 Hospitals and nursing and residential care 368.3
 facilities
 9 Administrative and support services 306.3
 10 Legal services 152.7
 11 Broadcasting and telecommunications 377.1
 12 Slowest growing industries
 13 Apparel, leather, and allied product
 manufacturing 76.7
 14 Primary metal manufacturing 166.6
 15 Computer and electronic product manufacturing 425.6
 16 Textile and textile product mills 89.2
 17 Farms 242.0
 18 Mining, except oil and gas 52.6
 19 Electrical equipment, appliance, and component
 manufacturing 109.4
 20 Machinery manufacturing 260.9
 21 Air transportation 104.2
 22 Water transportation 24.6

 Gross Average
 output annual
 growth rate
 2002 1997-2002

 Billions
Line of dollars Percent

 1
 2 98.2 15.7
 3 171.5 11.1
 4 44.5 10.3
 5 107.7 10.0
 6 129.9 8.9
 7 82.3 8.2
 8 523.4 7.3
 9 435.0 7.3
 10 215.7 7.2
 11 525.6 6.9
 12
 13 47.7 -9.1
 14 138.2 -3.7
 15 353.2 -3.7
 16 75.2 -3.3
 17 220.4 -1.9
 18 48.0 -1.8
 19 100.5 -1.7
 20 241.2 -1.6
 21 98.1 -1.2
 22 23.7 -0.7

Table C. Summary of Industry Coverage

 1997 benchmark 2002 benchmark

 Total detailed industries 490 432
Goods producing 389 322
Services providing 101 110
 Total summary industries 130 133
Goods producing 69 66
Services providing 61 67

Table D. Principal Data Sources for the 2002 Benchmark I-O Accounts

Industry Source

Agriculture, forestry,
 fishing, and mining U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
 Service and Economic Research Service and
 National Agriculture Statistical Service
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric
 Administration, National Marine Fisheries
 Service, Fisheries of the United States
 Census Bureau Statistics of United States
 Businesses and 2002 Economic Census, NAICS
 Sector 21, Mining
Construction Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry
 Economics Division, Annual Industry
 Accounts
Manufacturing 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 31-33,
 Manufacturing and Census Bureau 2003
 Current Industrial Reports
Utilities and
 transportation and
 warehousing 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 48-49,
 Transportation and Warehousing
 U.S. Department of Transportation: Air
 Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly and
 Bureau of Transportation Statistics
 Association of American Railroads, 2004
 Railroad Facts
 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 22,
 Utilities
 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
 Administration
 Alaska Railroad (AKRR) 2004 Annual Report
 Amtrak 2004 Annual Report
Wholesale and retail
 trade 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 42,
 Wholesale Trade and NAICS Sector 44-45,
 Retail Trade
 Census Bureau 2002 Annual Retail Trade Survey
 and 2002 Annual Wholesale Trade Survey
Information 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 51,
 Information
 Census Bureau 2002 Service Annual Survey
Finance, insurance,
 real estate, rental,
 and leasing 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 52,
 Finance and Insurance
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 2003
 Statistics on Banking
 New York Stock Exchange, 2002 Annual Report
 Federal Reserve Board, Flow of Funds Accounts
 A. M. Best and Company, Best's 2003 Aggregate
 and Averages, Property/Casualty Insurance
 Mortgage Insurance Companies of America,
 2003-2004 Factbook
 American Council of Life Insurers, 2003 Life
 Insurance Fact Book
 Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income
 and Product Accounts
 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 53, Real
 Estate and Rental and Leasing
Professional and
 business services 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 54,
 Professional, Scientific, and Technical
 Services, and NAICS Sector 55, Management
 of Companies and Enterprises, and NAICS
 Sector 56, Administrative and Support
 Services and Waste Management and
 Remediation Services
Educational services,
 health care, and
 social assistance
 services U.S. Department of Education, National Center
 for Education Statistics, 2002 Digest of
 Education Statistics
 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 61,
 Educational Services and NAICS Sector 62,
 Health Care and Social Assistance
Arts, entertainment,
 recreation,
 accommodation, and
 food services 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 71, Arts,
 Entertainment, and Recreation and NAICS
 Sector 72, Accomodation and Food Services
Other services, except
 public
 administration 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 81, Other
 Services (except Public Administration)
 Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income
 and Product Accounts
Government Census Bureau 2002 Census of Governments,
 2002 Government Finances, 2002 Public
 Employment, and 2002 Monthly Construction
 Statistics
 Federal Budget Data and Federal Government
 Agency Reports
 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services
 Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income
 and Product Accounts
Noncomparable imports Bureau of Economic Analysis, International
 Transactions Accounts
Households Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income
 and Product Accounts
Scrap 2002 Economic Census, NAICS Sector 31-33,
 Manufacturing
Inventory valuation
 adjustment Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income
 and Product Accounts
 2002 Economic Census

Table 1. Gross Output by Industry

 Gross Benchmark
 output accounts
Line Industry (NAICS code) 1997 2002

 1 All industries (1) 15,141.2 18,810.8
 2 Private industries 13,514.3 16,654.6
 3 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
 hunting 290.7 270.6
 4 Farms (2) (111-2) 242.0 220.4
 5 Forestry, fishing, and related
 activities (113-5) 48.8 50.1
 6 Mining 169.6 179.1
 7 Oil and gas extraction (211) 91.6 103.7
 8 Mining, except oil and gas (212) 52.6 48.0
 9 Support activities for mining (213) 25.4 27.4
 10 Utilities(22) 289.8 314.7
 11 Construction(23) 676.1 909.2
 12 Manufacturing 3,772.4 3,839.2
 13 Durable goods 2,108.6 2,080.5
 14 Wood products (321) 88.6 87.5
 15 Nonmetallic mineral products (327) 85.3 93.0
 16 Primary metals (331) 166.6 138.2
 17 Fabricated metal products (332) 238.7 243.4
 18 Machinery (333) 260.9 241.2
 19 Computer and electronic products
 (334) 425.6 353.2
 20 Electrical equipment, appliances,
 and components (335) 109.4 100.5
 21 Motor vehicles, bodies and
 trailers, and parts (3361-3) 416.7 463.6
 22 Other transportation equipment
 (3364-6, 9) 152.7 162.8
 23 Furniture and related products
 (337) 63.3 74.2
 24 Miscellaneous manufacturing (339) 100.7 122.7
 25 Nondurable goods 1,663.8 1,758.7
 26 Food and beverage and tobacco
 products (311-2) 517.8 562.3
 27 Textile mills and textile product
 mills (313-4) 89.2 75.2
 28 Apparel and leather and allied
 products (315-6) 76.7 47.7
 29 Paper products 148.2 151.8
 30 Printing and related support
 activities (323) 96.6 94.7
 31 Petroleum and coal products (324) 173.7 212.4
 32 Chemical products (325) 405.1 444.8
 33 Plastics and rubber products (326) 156.5 169.8
 34 Wholesale trade (42) 747.3 866.6
 35 Retail trade (44-5) 825.0 1,046.0
 36 Transportation and warehousing 503.4 603.6
 37 Air transportation (481) 104.2 98.1
 38 Rail transportation (482) 42.3 45.5
 39 Water transportation (483) 24.6 23.7
 40 Truck transportation (484) 168.2 202.3
 41 Transit and ground passenger
 transportation (485) 24.7 31.6
 42 Pipeline transportation (486) 27.5 28.0
 43 Other transportation and support
 activities (487-8, 492) 84.7 129.9
 44 Warehousing and storage (493) 27.2 44.5
 45 Information 669.1 956.6
 46 Publishing industries (includes
 software) (511) 183.4 251.3
 47 Motion picture and sound recording
 industries (512) 61.4 81.6
 48 Broadcasting and telecommunications
 (515-7) 377.1 525.6
 49 Information and data processing
 services (518) 47.3 98.2
 50 Finance, insurance, real estate,
 rental, and leasing (52-3) 2,427.6 3,358.0
 59 Professional and business services 1,333.7 1,838.4
 60 Professional, scientific, and
 technical services 743.5 1,052.1
 61 Legal services (5411) 152.7 215.7
 62 Computer systems design and
 related services (5415) 101.5 171.5
 63 Miscellaneous professional,
 scientific, and technical
 services (5412-4, 6-9) 489.3 664.9
 64 Management of companies and
 enterprises (55) 242.0 297.8
 65 Administrative and waste management
 services 348.2 488.5
 66 Administrative and support
 services (561) 306.3 435.0
 67 Waste management and remediation
 services (562) 42.0 53.5
 68 Educational services, health care, and
 social assistance 927.9 1,310.8
 69 Educational services(61) 111.5 152.9
 70 Health care and social assistance 816.4 1,157.9
 71 Ambulatory health care services
 (621) 381.2 526.8
 72 Hospitals and nursing and
 residential care facilities
 (622-3) 368.3 523.4
 73 Social assistance (624) 66.9 107.7
 74 Arts, entertainment, recreation,
 accommodation, and food services 533.7 709.3
 75 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 124.0 175.7
 76 Performing arts, spectator sports,
 museums, and related activities
 (711-2) 55.4 82.3
 77 Amusements, gambling, and
 recreation industries (713) 68.6 93.4
 78 Accommodation and food services 409.8 533.6
 79 Accommodation (721) 110.0 143.7
 80 Food services and drinking places
 (722) 299.8 389.9
 81 Other services, except public
 administration (81) 348.0 452.7
 82 Government 1,626.9 2,156.2
 83 Federal 541.4 685.2
 84 General government 466.8 601.8
 85 Government enterprises 74.6 83.4
 86 State and local 1,085.5 1,471.0
 87 General government 954.3 1,301.8
 88 Government enterprises 131.2 169.2
 Addenda:
 89 Private goods-producing industries (3) 4,908.7 5,198.1
 90 Private services-producing
 industries (4) 8,605.6 11,456.5

 Average annual
 Difference growth rate
 Annual between 1997-2002
 accounts benchmark
Line 2002 and annual Benchmark Annual

 1 18,831.9 -21.1 4.4 4.5
 2 16,676.2 -21.6 4.3 4.3
 3 266.3 4.3 -1.4 -1.7
 4 218.4 2.0 -1.9 -2.0
 5 47.8 2.3 0.6 -0.4
 6 194.1 -15.0 1.1 2.7
 7 111.8 -8.1 2.5 4.1
 8 49.5 -1.5 -1.8 -1.2
 9 32.8 -5.4 1.6 5.3
 10 333.7 -19.0 1.7 2.9
 11 909.2 0.0 6.1 6.1
 12 3,831.0 8.1 0.4 0.3
 13 2,083.9 -3.4 -0.3 -0.2
 14 87.8 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2
 15 87.4 5.6 1.7 0.5
 16 134.4 3.8 -3.7 -4.2
 17 246.9 -3.5 0.4 0.7
 18 245.9 -4.6 -1.6 -1.2
 19 383.1 -29.9 -3.7 -2.1
 20 99.7 0.8 -1.7 -1.8
 21 436.1 27.5 2.2 0.9
 22 170.7 -7.9 1.3 2.3
 23 68.6 5.6 3.2 1.6
 24 123.2 -0.6 4.0 4.1
 25 1,747.2 11.5 1.1 1.0
 26 572.2 -9.9 1.7 2.0
 27 75.7 -0.4 -3.3 -3.2
 28 57.9 -10.2 -9.1 -5.5
 29 149.1 2.7 0.5 0.1
 30 97.4 -2.6 -0.4 0.2
 31 206.6 5.8 4.1 3.5
 32 412.7 32.0 1.9 0.4
 33 175.7 -5.8 1.7 2.3
 34 874.1 -7.5 3.0 3.2
 35 1,090.1 -44.1 4.9 5.7
 36 572.5 31.1 3.7 2.6
 37 101.2 -3.1 -1.2 -0.6
 38 44.7 0.8 1.5 1.1
 39 28.1 -4.3 -0.7 2.7
 40 204.1 -1.8 3.8 4.0
 41 25.5 6.1 5.1 0.6
 42 31.7 3.7 0.3 2.9
 43 99.2 30.7 8.9 3.2
 44 38.1 6.4 10.3 7.0
 45 1,005.1 -48.5 7.4 8.5
 46 240.2 11.1 6.5 5.5
 47 81.0 0.6 5.9 5.7
 48 586.4 -60.8 6.9 9.2
 49 97.5 0.7 15.7 15.6
 50 3,245.6 112.4 6.7 6.0
 59 1,917.6 -79.1 6.6 7.5
 60 1,129.9 -77.8 7.2 8.7
 61 202.7 13.0 7.2 5.8
 62 161.6 9.9 11.1 9.8
 63 765.6 -100.7 6.3 9.4
 64 291.5 6.4 4.2 3.8
 65 496.2 -7.7 7.0 7.3
 66 444.3 -9.3 7.3 7.7
 67 52.0 1.6 5.0 4.4
 68 1,296.4 14.4 7.2 6.9
 69 157.4 -4.5 6.5 7.1
 70 1,139.0 18.9 7.2 6.9
 71 526.7 0.1 6.7 6.7
 72 506.7 16.6 7.3 6.6
 73 105.6 2.2 10.0 9.5
 74 682.7 26.6 5.9 5.1
 75 163.6 12.0 7.2 5.7
 76 75.9 6.4 8.2 6.5
 77 87.7 5.6 6.4 5.1
 78 519.1 14.5 5.4 4.8
 79 132.2 11.5 5.5 3.8
 80 386.8 3.0 5.4 5.2
 81 458.0 -5.3 5.4 5.7
 82 2,155.7 0.5 5.8 5.8
 83 684.5 0.7 4.8 4.8
 84 601.8 0.0 5.2 5.2
 85 82.7 0.7 2.3 2.1
 86 1,471.2 -0.2 6.3 6.3
 87 1,301.8 0.0 6.4 6.4
 88 169.4 -0.2 5.2 5.2
 89 5,200.7 -2.6 1.2 1.2
 90 11,475.6 -19.0 5.9 5.9

(1.) These annual estimates exclude the inventory valuation adjustment,
which was included in the previously published annual estimates.

(2.) These benchmark and annual estimates of farm output include
nonpurchased feed and seed, which were excluded from the annual
estimates.

(3.) Consists of agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting; mining,
construction; and manufacturing.

(4.) Consists of utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade;
transportation and warehousing; information; finance, insurance, real
estate, rental, and leasing, professional, scientific and technical
services, management of companies and enterprises; administrative and
waste management services; educational services; health care and social
assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food
services; and other services, except public administration.

Chart 1. Distribution of Private Industry Gross Output, 1997 and 2002

 1997 2002

Goods 36% 31%
Services 64% 69%

Note: Table made from pie chart.