U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1996 and 1997.

Kass, David I. ; Okubo, Sumiye

THIS article presents estimates of the travel and tourism satellite accounts (TTSA's) for 1996 and 1997, which update the 1992 TTSA's.(1) The 1996 and 1997 TTSA's show that travel and tourism continue to be significant and growing activities in the U.S. economy. They identify the industries that benefit directly and indirectly from travel and tourism.

The TTSA's are particularly useful because tourism is not generally treated as a separate industry, so comprehensive data on tourism do not exist in most nations' economic statistics. These data are instead scattered among other industries--such as transportation services, restaurants, and sporting goods. Thus, statistics on tourism and on its economic impact tend to be an assembly of anecdotal and partial information on the numbers of travelers, recreational activities, and other physical measures of travel and tourism. The estimates of spending on travel and tourism that are available from trade associations, State agencies, and consultants often use different definitions and vary in terms of quality and timeliness.

The TTSA framework links tourism expenditures to the industries that produce tourism goods and services in the United States, and it is directly related to the U.S. national economic accounts. The TTSA's define travel and tourism as the economic activity generated inside the United States by "visitors" of all types--for business and pleasure, by residents and nonresidents alike--and outside the United States by U.S. residents.(2)

The TTSA's are based on the input-output (I-O) accounts, which trace the full range of commodities that are produced by each industry in the U. S. economy and are used by final consumers and which include the industry distribution of value added. The TTSA's, as an extension of the I-O tables, focus on the travel and tourism commodities; they expand the detail provided for these commodities, and they simplify the rest of the commodity flows into an aggregate "other" category (see table 12.1). In the TTSA's, the travel and tourism commodities are identified, the total available supplies of these commodities are estimated, the share of each travel and tourism commodity and of "other" commodities that are purchased by "visitors" is calculated, and the sum of the shares is traced through the accounts to estimate travel and tourism demand. The TTSA's also provide estimates of travel and tourism value added that consist of the total value added of only the travel and tourism industries.

The 1996 TTSA's are based on the 1992 TTSA's and the 1996 annual I-O accounts, which is the latest year currently available. The 1997 TTSA's are derived by extending the 1996 estimates in order to provide more recent information.

As in the 1992 TTSA's, three alternative methodologies are used to prepare the estimates of shares of commodities purchased by visitors and nonvisitors. The results are presented as a range, rather than as a single estimate (tables 10-14). One important reason for providing a range is that the information available to allocate commodities between visitors and nonvisitors is generally based on relatively small sample surveys and indirect methods. The discussion focuses on the midrange, method 2, estimates (tables 2-6).

From 1992 to 1997, the output and the employment of the travel and tourism industries grew more rapidly than those of the overall economy. Highlights include the following:

* Final domestic demand (in nominal terms) for travel and tourism grew at an average annual rate of 6.9 percent from 1992 to 1997, and its share of gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 3.1 percent to 3.3 percent.(3)

* Leisure travel expenditures by U.S. households accounted for the largest share of tourism expenditures in the United States in 1997--43 percent, up from 41 percent in 1992.

* International visitors to the United States account for about a third of the U.S. trade surplus in services. The trade surplus for tourism rose from $21.5 billion in 1992 to $24.5 billion in 1997.

* Value added (in nominal terms) of all travel and tourism industries grew at an average annual rate of 7.5 percent from 1992 to 1997--faster than the annual GDP growth rate of 5.6 percent and faster than the growth rates for the manufacturing (5.3 percent), communications (5.6 percent), and services (6.6 percent) industries.(4) Among the tourism industries, automotive rental and leasing grew the fastest at 13.8 percent.

* The tourism industries with the highest value added in 1997 were hotels and lodging ($54.6 billion), passenger air ($46.1 billion), eating and drinking places ($26.7 billion), and gifts, souvenirs, and other spending ($14.1 billion). The relative size of tourism industries has not changed since 1992.

* Employment in travel and tourism industries rose steadily from 3.9 million in 1992 to 4.8 million in 1997; the annual rate of increase of 2.7 percent exceeded the 2.0-percent growth in total U.S. employment. Travel and tourism industries employed twice the number of workers in agriculture, eight times that in mining, and three times that in communications.

* The TTSA's show the ripple effects of tourism expenditures on other industries. In 1996, for every dollar of tourism expenditures, $1.68 of industry output was generated--that is, U.S. travel and tourism expenditures of $435 billion generated an additional $295 billion of industry output for a total of $729 billion of gross output (direct plus indirect).

The first section of this article summarizes the TTSA estimates for 1996 and 1997. The second section provides an overview of the methodologies that were used to estimate the TTSA's for 1996 and 1997.

Estimates of Travel and Tourism for 1996 and 1997

The 1996 and 1997 TTSA's provide a basis for measuring changes in travel and tourism activities since 1992. They show changes in visitor spending by type of visitor and commodity, the growth of travel and tourism industries and employment in these industries, and the ripple effects of this spending on other U.S. industries.

Tourism demand

In 1992-97, domestic tourism's final demand--total tourism demand, less travel by U.S. residents abroad, less business tourism demand--increased at an average annual rate of 6.9 percent, while GDP increased at an average annual rate of 5.6 percent.(5) Tourism final demand purchases in the United States increased from $198.5 billion, or 3.1 percent of GDP, in 1992 to $277.(6) billion, or 3.3 percent of GDP, in 1997 (table 1).

Table 1.--Key Indicators of Tourism Activity in 1992, 1996, and 1997

 Tourism
 Tourism industry Com-
 final value pensa-
 demand added tion Employ-
 (billions (billions (billions ment
 of of of dol- (thou-
 dollars) dollars) lars) sands)

1992
Method 1 189.0 120.5 81.3 3,749
Method 2 198.5 124.5 84.5 3,933
Method 3 233.9 135.7 91.5 4,353

1996
Method 1 249.4 160.2 98.5 4,255
Method 2 262.4 166.0 102.0 4,440
Method 3 311.7 186.3 114.7 5,206

1997
Method 1 264.0 172.3 102.9 4,302
Method 2 277.6 178.7 106.6 4,491
Method 3 329.0 200.6 119.9 5,263

 Percent

 Share of GDP
 Share
 Tourism
 Tourism industry Com-
 final value pensa- Employ
 demand added tion ment

1992
Method 1 3.0 1.9 2.2 3.2
Method 2 3.1 2.0 2.3 3.3
Method 3 3.7 2.2 2.5 3.7

1996
Method 1 3.2 2.1 2.2 3.4
Method 2 3.4 2.1 2.3 3.5
Method 3 4.0 2.4 2.6 4.1

1997
Method 1 3.2 2.1 2.2 3.3
Method 2 3.3 2.2 2.3 3.5
Method 3 4.0 2.4 2.6 4.0

Note.--See the section "Estimating Methods" for a discussion of the three methods.

By category, the relative ranking of expenditures in 1997 was unchanged from that in 1992 (chart 1). The largest expenditures were in passenger air travel, followed by hotels and lodging, meals and beverages, and gifts, souvenirs, and other spending (PCE for nondurable commodities other than gasoline and oil) (table 2).

[Chart 1 OMITTED]

Table 2.--Tourism Demand by Commodity in 1992, 1996, and 1997

[Millions of dollars in purchasers' prices]

 Tourism demand
 Commodity
 1992 1996 1997

Hotels and lodging places 56,577 70,229 74,103
Eating and drinking places 48,685 58,256 61,022
Passenger rail 1,226 1,217 1,296
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation 3,934 4,603 4,841
Taxicabs 3,002 4,043 4,298
Domestic passenger air fares 48,466 60,529 64,856
International air fares 32,159 40,760 45,156
Passenger water 4,150 4,490 4,384
Auto and truck rental 12,132 20,553 21,092
Other vehicle rental 209 452 485
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 2,919 3,761 3,766
Recreation and entertainment 15,500 29,434 32,202
Participant sports 3,678 5,103 5,311
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events 4,673 5,987 6,511
Sports events 1,385 1,738 1,763
Travel by US residents abroad 39,964 49,452 53,451
Gasoline and oil 11,864 14,217 14,371
Personal consumption expenditure
 nondurable commodities other than
 gasoline and oil 37,362 50,722 52,745
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls 70,081 9,066 9,514

Total 334,893 434,613 461,166

 Average annual
 growth rate
 Commodity
 1992- 1992-
 96 97

Hotels and lodging places 5.6 5.5
Eating and drinking places 4.6 4.6
Passenger rail -0.2 1.1
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation 4.0 4.2
Taxicabs 7.7 7.4
Domestic passenger air fares 5.7 6.0
International air fares 6.1 7.0
Passenger water 2.0 1.1
Auto and truck rental 14.1 11.7
Other vehicle rental 21.3 18.3
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 6.5 5.2
Recreation and entertainment 17.4 15.7
Participant sports 8.5 7.6
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events 6.4 6.9
Sports events 5.8 4.9
Travel by US residents abroad 5.5 6.0
Gasoline and oil 4.6 3.9
Personal consumption expenditure
 nondurable commodities other than
 gasoline and oil 7.9 7.1
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls 6.6 6.3

Total 6.7 6.1

Note.--The estimates shown in this table are those that were derived using method 2; see the section "Estimating Methods" in the text.

In 1992-97, the tourism expenditure categories with the fastest growth rates were other vehicle rental (18.3 percent annual growth rate) and recreation and entertainment (15.7 percent). Other vehicle rental accounted for only 0.1 percent of total tourism demand in 1997, and recreation and entertainment accounted for 7 percent.

The TTSA's show the share of spending by different types of visitors. Resident households in the United States spent more (43 percent of total tourism expenditures in the United States(6) in 1997, up from 41 percent in 1992) than the business sector (29 percent in 1992 and 1997) and the government sector (5 percent in 1997, down from 6 percent in 1992). Nonresident or international visitors accounted for 24 percent of tourism expenditures in the United States in 1992 and 1997.

International visitors to the United States have played an important role in international trade. The U.S. trade surplus for tourism was $21.5 billion in 1992, $26.9 billion in 1996, and $24.5 billion in 1997--which accounted for almost a third of the total U.S. trade surplus in services.(7) International visitors to the United States generated $96.2 billion of tourism demand in 1997, up 6.1 percent at an average annual rate from $71.6 billion in 1992. Expenditures by U.S. residents overseas were $40.0 billion in 1992 and $53.5 billion in 1997; they accounted for 12 percent of total tourism expenditures in 1997.

Tourism value added

In 1992-97, the total value added of the travel and tourism industries rose at an annual rate of 7.5 percent, compared with a 5.6-percent increase in GDP (table 3). Furthermore, the tourism industries grew more rapidly than manufacturing (5.3 percent), communications (5.6 percent), and services (6.6 percent).(8) Tourism industry value added was $178.7 billion, or 2.2 percent of GDP, in 1997, up from $124.5 billion, or 2.0 percent of GDP, in 1992 (table 1).

Table 3.--Tourism Value Added by Industry in 1992, 1996, and 1997

[Millions of dollars]

 Tourism industry value added
 Industry
 1992 1996 1997

Hotels and lodging places 42,008 51,275 54,625
Eating and drinking places 18,918 24,382 26,880
Railroads and related services 757 694 720
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except taxicabs 1,401 1,803 2,128
Taxicabs 1,707 2,482 2,715
Air transportation 30,451 42,121 46,099
Water transportation 1,385 1,567 1,972
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 5,871 11,291 11,186
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 1,854 2,186 2,106
Miscellaneous amusement and
 services (except membership
 sports and recreation clubs);
 racing including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and museums,
 art galleries, and botanical and
 zoological gardens 4,281 6,950 7,947
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 2,203 2,797 2,781
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except motion
 pictures), bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 2,033 2,213 2,725
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 559 711 703
Gasoline service stations 1,632 2,287 2,473
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 9,466 13,271 14,119
Total tourism Industries 124,528 166,029 178,659

 Average annual
 growth rate
 Industry
 1992- 1992-
 96 97

Hotels and lodging places 5.1 5.4
Eating and drinking places 6.5 7.1
Railroads and related services -2.2 -1.0
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except taxicabs 6.5 8.7
Taxicabs 9.8 9.7
Air transportation 8.4 8.6
Water transportation 3.1 7.3
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 17.8 13.8
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 4.2 2.6
Miscellaneous amusement and
 services (except membership
 sports and recreation clubs);
 racing including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and museums,
 art galleries, and botanical and
 zoological gardens 12.9 12.3
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 6.2 4.8
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except motion
 pictures), bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 2.1 6.0
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 6.2 4.7
Gasoline service stations 8.8 8.7
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 8.8 8.3
Total tourism Industries 7.5 7.5

Note.--The estimates shown in this table are those that were derived using method 2: see the section "Estimating Methods" in the text.

This relatively faster pace of growth may have resulted because expenditures for travel and tourism tend to be income elastic--that is, they tend to grow faster than the overall economy during periods of expansion. Several economic studies have concluded that various components of tourism expenditures are income elastic--such as spending on airline travel, hotels (number of nights away from home), restaurant meals away from home, auto repairs, parking, and tolls, and gasoline.(9)

The two fastest growing travel and tourism industries were the automotive rental and leasing industry and the miscellaneous amusement and recreation services industry. Value added for automotive rental and leasing grew at an annual rate of 13.8 percent; in 1997, its value added was $11.2 billion, or 6 percent of tourism GDP. Miscellaneous amusement and recreation services grew 12.3 percent; its value added was $7.6 billion, or 4 percent of tourism GDP.

Tourism employment

Employment in the travel and tourism industries increased 14 percent--from 3.9 million in 1992 to 4.5 million in 1997. Its average annual growth rate of 2.7 percent exceeded the 2.0-percent growth in total employment in the United States (table 4).(10) Employment growth in the travel and tourism industries also exceeded that in manufacturing (0.6 percent) and communications (2.3 percent), but it lagged that in services (4.0 percent). Employment in the travel and tourism industries accounted for 3.5 percent of total employment in 1997, up from 3.3 percent in 1992 (table 1).

Table 4.--Tourism Employment by Industry in 1992, 1996, and 1997

[Thousands of employees]

 Tourism employment
 Industry
 1992 1996 1997

Hotels and lodging places 1,347 1,452 1,474
Eating and drinking places 1,158 1,317 1,327
Railroads and related services 9 7 7
Local aid suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except taxicabs 103 106 109
Taxicabs 15 15 15
Air transportation 506 575 565
Water transportation 14 14 17
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 97 125 126
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 43 48 46
Miscellaneous amusement and
 services (except membership
 sports and recreation clubs);
 racing including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and museums,
 art galleries, and botanical and
 zoological gardens 120 184 196
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 95 103 105
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except motion
 pictures), bands, orchestras, and
 entertainers 56 61 63
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 6 6 6
Gasoline service stations 47 50 50
Retail excluding eating and drinking
 places and gasoline services
 stations 318 378 384

Total tourism industries 3,933 4,440 4,491
Total industries 117,998 127,009 130,086
Tourism share (percent) 3.3 3.5 3.5

 Average annual
 growth rate
 Industry
 1992- 1992-
 96 97

Hotels and lodging places 1.9 1.8
Eating and drinking places 3.3 2.8
Railroads and related services -5.4 -3.7
Local aid suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except taxicabs 0.6 1.2
Taxicabs 0.0 0.1
Air transportation 3.3 2.3
Water transportation -0.7 3.0
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 6.4 5.3
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 3.2 1.8
Miscellaneous amusement and
 services (except membership
 sports and recreation clubs);
 racing including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and museums,
 art galleries, and botanical and
 zoological gardens 11.1 10.3
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 2.1 2.0
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except motion
 pictures), bands, orchestras, and
 entertainers 2.1 2.1
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 0.7 0.4
Gasoline service stations 1.6 1.3
Retail excluding eating and drinking
 places and gasoline services
 stations 4.5 3.9

Total tourism industries 3.1 2.7
Total industries 1.9 2.0
Tourism share (percent) ... ...

Note.--The estimates shown in this table are those that were derived using method 2; see the section "Estimating Methods" in the text.

In 1997, the largest tourism industry employers were hotels and lodging places, with 1.5 million employees, and eating and drinking places, with 1.3 million employees. These two industries were also the largest tourism employers in 1992 (table 4). In 1992-97, the tourism industry with the fastest employment growth rate was miscellaneous amusement and recreation services (10.3 percent).

Tourism employee compensation

The average compensation of employees in the tourism industries in 1997 ($23,475) remained below that of all employees in the United States ($35,944). Compensation of tourism employees ranged from $93,765 for professional sports clubs and promoters to $13,395 for eating and drinking places (table 5). In 1992-97, tourism compensation increased at an average annual rate of 4.7 percent, while total compensation increased 5.1 percent. Compensation of tourism employees accounted for 2.3 percent of total compensation of employees in 1997, the same as in 1992 (table 5).

Table 5.--Compensation of Tourism Employees by Industry in 1992, 1996, and 1997

[Millions of dollars]

 Tourism employment
 Industry
 1992 1996 1997

Hotels and lodging places 26,453 32,240 33,847
Eating and drinking places 13,795 16,856 17,778
Railroads and related services 534 461 491
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 3,378 4,063 4,261
Taxicabs 494 578 576
Air transportation 24,060 27,179 27,736
Water transportation 673 715 877
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 2,041 2,762 2,909
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 1,122 1,466 1,495
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 2,085 3,058 3,356
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 1,711 2,024 2,110
Motion picture theaters;
 dance studios, schools, and
 halls; theatrical producers
(except motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras, and
 entertainers 1,208 1,796 1,909
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 446 526 529
Gasoline service stations 750 847 869
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 5,762 7,444 7,828
Total tourism industries 84,511 102,015 106,571
Total Industries 3,645,042 4,395,585 4,675,738
Tourism share (percent) 2.3 2.3 2.3

 Average annual
 growth rate
 Industry
 1992- 1992-
 96 97

Hotels and lodging places 5.1 5.1
Eating and drinking places 5.1 5.2
Railroads and related services -3.6 -1.7
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 4.7 4.8
Taxicabs 4.0 3.1
Air transportation 3.1 2.9
Water transportation 1.5 5.5
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 7.9 7.3
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 6.9 5.9
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 10.1 10.0
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 4.3 4.3
Motion picture theaters;
 dance studios, schools, and
 halls; theatrical producers
(except motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras, and
 entertainers 10.4 9.6
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 4.2 3.5
Gasoline service stations 3.1 3.0
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 6.6 6.3
Total tourism industries 4.8 4.7
Total Industries 4.8 5.1
Tourism share (percent) ... ...

Note.--The estimates shown in this table are those that were derived using method 2; see the section "Estimating Methods" in the text.

Employees' share of income, as measured by the ratio of compensation to value added, in tourism industries tends to be larger than in other industries. In 1992, the ratio was 68 percent, while the ratio of total compensation to GDP was 58 percent. By 1997, the difference between these ratios had narrowed considerably: The tourism compensation ratio was 60 percent, and the national ratio was 56 percent. The decline in the tourism compensation ratio reflected the fact that tourism compensation grew more slowly than tourism value added.

Indirect effects of tourism expenditures

Because the TTSA's are tied to the I-O accounts, the ripple effects of tourism expenditures on other industries can also be estimated. The total (direct) U.S. travel and tourism expenditures in 1996 of $435 billion generated an additional (indirect) $295 billion, or total industry output of $729 billion-that is, every $1.00 of tourism expenditures generated an additional $0.68 of industry output (table 6).(11) The ripple effects of these expenditures differ for each tourism commodity.(12) For example, in 1996, every $1.00 spent on restaurants and food services generated an additional $1.05 in the agriculture, food-processing, distribution, and other industries. Similarly, every $1.00 spent on hotels generated an additional $0.76 of industry output, every $1.00 spent on air travel generated an additional $0.84 of industry output, and every $1.00 spent on amusements generated an additional $0.79 of industry output.

Table 6.--Direct and Indirect Required Industry Output from Tourism Demand in 1996

[Millions of dollars]

 Tourism de-
 mand by Indirect indus-
 Major industry group input-output try output by
 commodity(1) industry(2)

Agriculture 1,430 16,434
Minerals 13 20,230
Construction 29 10,552
Manufacturing 34,742 102,129
Transportation, utilities,
 and communication 121,771 50,037
Trade 29,186 20,118
Finance 3,139 48,542
Services 194,746 65,702
Other 49,557 -39,159
Total 434,612 294,586

 Direct and
 indirect re-
 quired indus-
 Major industry group try output by
 industry

Agriculture 17,864
Minerals 20,243
Construction 10,581
Manufacturing 136,871
Transportation, utilities,
 and communication 171,808
Trade 49,304
Finance 51,681
Services 260,448
Other 10,398
Total 729,198

(1.) The estimates shown in this table are those that were derived using method 2; see the section "Estimating Methods" in the text.

(2.) See "Table 5.--Industry-by-Commodity Total Requirements, 1996," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 80 (January 2000): 84-86.

The multipliers for 1996 are very similar to those derived from the 1992 TTSA's and the 1992 benchmark input-output accounts. For example, every $1.00 of tourism expenditures in 1992 generated an additional $0.69 of industry output.

Estimating Methods

The TTSA's are presented as a set of five tables that show the industry sources of supply of tourism commodities, the demand for tourism commodities, tourism GDP, and tourism employment and compensation of tourism employees (see tables 10-14). The following section briefly explains the methods used to develop these estimates.

Table 10.1.--Production Account of Tourism Industries and All Other Industries, 1996

[Millions of dollars]

 Rail-
 Commodity Hotels Eating roads
 and and and re-
 lodging drinking lated
 places places serv-
 ices(2)

Hotels and lodging places 69,317 ... ...
Eating and drinking places 20,765 262,923 ...
Passenger rail ... ... 1,217
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment 13,048 ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... 15 ...
Other retail margins 662 690 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Personal consumption ... ... ...
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs ... ... 34,970
All other commodities 1,018 17,693 2,224

Industry output 104,810 281,321 38,411

Intermediate inputs 41,459 137,644 16,517
Compensation of employees 39,833 99,330 14,548
Other value added 23,518 44,346 7,346

 Local
 and
 subur-
 ban
 transit
 and
 inter-
 Commodity urban Air
 high- Taxi- transpor-
 way cabs tation
 pas-
 senger
 trans-
 porta-
 tion,
 except
 taxi-
 cabs(2)

Hotels and lodging places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... ... ...
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation 16,038 ... ...
Taxicabs ... 8,898 ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... 60,509
International air fares ... ... 26,124
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... ... ...
Other retail margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Personal consumption ... ... ...
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 7 ... 17,469
All other commodities 4,111 ... 6,767

Industry output 20,156 8,898 110,869

Intermediate inputs 12,260 3,436 56,881
Compensation of employees 17,790 2,638 34,836
Other value added -9,894 2,824 19,152

 Auto- Arrange-
 Commodity Water motive ment of
 trans- rental pas-
 porta- and senger
 tion(2) leasing, trans-
 without portation
 drivers

Hotels and lodging places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... ... ...
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water 4,245 ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... 24,606 ...
Other vehicle rental ... 931 ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... 16,966
Recreation and entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... ... ...
Other retail margins ... 120 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Personal consumption ... ... ...
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 2,756 ... ...
All other commodities 21,428 8,988 113

Industry output 28,430 34,644 17,079

Intermediate inputs 17,497 15,151 7,150
Compensation of employees 4,987 4,768 6,658
Other value added 5,946 14,726 3,271

 Indus-
 tries
 produc- Indus-
 ing Mem- tries
 Commodity recre- bership produc,
 ation sports ing mov-
 and and ies,
 enter- recre- theaters,
 tain- ation ballet,
 ment dubs and
 com- musical
 mod- events(4)
 ities(3)

Hotels and lodging places ... 329 ...
Eating and drinking places 1,824 4,488 20
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment 44,047 14 ...
Participant sports 2,981 11,232 ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... 27,042
Sports events ... ...
Petroleum retail margins 56 ... ...
Other retail margins 1,468 254 117
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Personal consumption ... ... ...
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs ... ... ...
All other commodities 4,992 ... 3,139

Industry output 55,388 16,317 30,318

Intermediate inputs 20,791 7,512 18,997
Compensation of employees 15,214 6,373 9,190
Other value added 19,362 2,432 2,132

 Retail
 exclud-
 Commodity Profes- ing eat-
 sional ing and
 sports Gasoline drinking
 promot- services places
 ers stations and
 gasoline
 services
 stations

Hotels and lodging places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... 2,661 16,382
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... 38 950
Other vehicle rental ... 5 46
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment ... ... 415
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events 4,375 ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... 35,836 ...
Other retail margins 60 ... 628,568
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Personal consumption ... ... ...
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... 10,938
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... 3,612 52,811
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs ... ... ...
All other commodities 7,919 1,261 17,443

Industry output 12,354 43,413 727,554

Intermediate inputs 4,847 12,128 243,013
Compensation of employees 5,552 11,686 271,796
Other value added 1,955 19,699 212,745

 Auto-
 Industries mobile
 producing parking,
 Commodity nondurable auto-
 personal motive
 consumption repair
 commodities shops
 other than and
 gasoline services,
 and oil and toll
 high-
 ways(2)

Hotels and lodging places ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... ...
Passenger rail ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ...
Taxicabs ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ...
International air fares ... ...
Passenger water ... ...
Auto and truck rental 79
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ...
Recreation and entertainment 805 ...
Participant sports ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ...
Sports events ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... 133
Other retail margins ... 1,061
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Personal consumption 120,530 ...
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil 977,047 ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... 87,127
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 19,535 ...
All other commodities 432,126 1,934

Industry output 1,550,042 90,335

Intermediate inputs 967,159 44,554
Compensation of employees ... 25,658
Other value added ... 19,922

 Domestic
 All other production
 Commodity industries (producers'
 prices)(5)

Hotels and lodging places 83 69,729
Eating and drinking places 11,781 320,842
Passenger rail ... 1,217
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... 16,038
Taxicabs ... 8,898
Domestic passenger air fares 19 60,528
International air fares ... 26,124
Passenger water ... 4,245
Auto and truck rental 81 25,754
Other vehicle rental ... 982
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... 16,966
Recreation and entertainment 1,342 59,670
Participant sports ... 14,214
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events 95 27,137
Sports events 1,359 5,733
Petroleum retail margins 275 36,315
Other retail margins 17,559 650,559
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Personal consumption 8,424 128,954
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil 10,220 998,205
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls 5,074 148,624
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 803,536 878,273
All other commodities 9,759,292 10,290,449

Industry output 10,619,140 13,789,458

Intermediate inputs ... ...
Compensation of employees ... ...
Other value added ... ...

(1.) Industries are defined on an SIC basis.

(2.) Includes government enterprises,

(3.) Miscellaneous amusement and recreation services (except membership sports and recreation clubs); racing including track operation; marinas; libraries and museums, art galleries, and botanical and zooological gardens.

(4.) Motion picture theaters; dance studios, schools and halts; theatrical producers (except motion pictures), bands, orchestras, and entertainers.

(5.) The industry output for domestic production is in purchasers' prices because it includes margins and transportation costs.

Table 10.2.--Production Account of Tourism Industries and All Other Industries, 1997

[Millions of dollars]

 Rail-
Commodity Hotels Eating roads
 and and and re-
 lodging drinking lated
 places places serv-
 ices(2)

Hotels and lodging places 73,154 ... ...
Eating and drinking places 21,323 280,245 ...
Passenger rail ... ... 1,296
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment 13,402 ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... 16 ...
Other retail margins 679 717 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs ... ... 35,770
All other commodities 2,189 17,952 1,935

Industry output 110,746 298,930 39,001

Intermediate inputs 42,805 140,417 17,318
Compensation of employees 42,097 105,704 14,767
Other value added 25,844 52,809 6,916

 Local
 and
 subur-
 ban
 transit
Commodity and Air
 inter- Taxi- transpor-
 urban cabs tation
 high-
 way
 pas-
 senger
 trans-
 porta-
 tion,
 except
 taxi-
 cabs(2)

Hotels and lodging places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... ... ...
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation 16,877 ... ...
Taxicabs ... 9,443 ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... 64,835
International air fares ... ... 27,476
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... ... ...
Other retail margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 6 ... 21,369
All other commodities 4,265 ... 8,114

Industry output 21,149 9,443 121,794

Intermediate inputs 11,853 3,478 60,887
Compensation of employees 18,617 2,626 36,645
Other value added -9,320 3,339 24,261

 Auto-
 motive Arrange-
 Water rental ment of
Commodity trans- and pas-
 porta- leasing, senger
 tion(2) without transpor-
 drivers tation

Hotels and lodging places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... ... ...
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water 4,631 ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... 25,188 ...
Other vehicle rental ... 997 ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... 16,970
Recreation and entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... ... ...
Other retail margins ... 129 ...
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 2,306 ... ...
All other commodities 19,899 9,215 1,255

Industry output 26,836 35,529 18,225

Intermediate inputs 14,931 16,187 8,035
Compensation of employees 5,294 5,029 7,236
Other value added 6,611 14,312 2,955

 Indus- Indus-
 tries tries
 produc- Mem- produc-
 ing bership ing mov-
 recre- sports ies,
Commodity ation and theaters,
 and recre- ballet,
 enter- ation and
 tain- clubs musical
 ment events(4)
 com-
 mod-
 ities(3)

Hotels and lodging places ... 348 ...
Eating and drinking places 1,999 4,743 21
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... ... ...
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment 48,779 15 ...
Participant sports 3,286 11,534 ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... 29,415
Sports events ... ... ...
Petroleum retail margins 57 ... ...
Other retail margins 1,563 268 124
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... ...
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs ... ... ...
All other commodities 4,661 ... 5,287

Industry output 60,345 16,908 34,847

Intermediate inputs 22,854 8,102 20,091
Compensation of employees 16,455 6,683 10,339
Other value added 21,036 2,123 4,416

 Profes- Retail
 sional exclud-
 sports ing eat-
Commodity clubs Gasoline ing and
 and services drinking
 promo- stations places
 ers and gas-
 oline
 services
 stations

Hotels and lodging places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... 2,771 16,763
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ... ...
Taxicabs ... ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ... ...
International air fares ... ... ...
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... 40 1,049
Other vehicle rental ... 5 52
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and entertainment ... ... 449
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ... ...
Sports events 4,548 ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... 38,642 ...
Other retail margins 68 ... 665,878
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil ... ... 11,236
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... 3,762 56,879
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs ... ... ...
All other commodities 8,996 1,477 21,918

Industry output 13,613 46,698 774,223

Intermediate inputs 5,752 12,819 257,919
Compensation of employees 5,907 11,911 286,254
Other value added 1,954 21,968 230,050

 Auto-
 mobile
 Industries parking,
 producing auto-
 nondurable motive
Commodity personal repair
 consumption shops
 expenditure and
 commodities services,
 other than and toll
 gasoline and high-
 oil ways(2)

Hotels and lodging places ... ...
Eating and drinking places ... ...
Passenger rail ... ...
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... ...
Taxicabs ... ...
Domestic passenger air fares ... ...
International air fares ... ...
Passenger water ... ...
Auto and truck rental ... 82
Other vehicle rental ... ...
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... ...
Recreation and entertainment 890 ...
Participant sports ... ...
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events ... ...
Sports events ... ...
Petroleum retail margins ... 141
Other retail margins ... 1,113
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Gasoline and oil 115,386 ...
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil 1,022,407 ...
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls ... 90,234
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 20,768 ...
All other commodities 449,430 7,733

Industry output 1,608,881 99,303

Intermediate inputs 1,010,904 46,932
Compensation of employees ... 27,571
Other value added ... 24,799

Commodity Domestic
 All other production
 industries (producers'
 prices(3)

Hotels and lodging places 84 73,586
Eating and drinking places 12,275 340,141
Passenger rail ... 1,296
Passenger bus and other local
 transportation ... 16,877
Taxicabs ... 9,443
Domestic passenger air fares 21 64,856
International air fares ... 27,476
Passenger water ... 4,631
Auto and truck rental 86 26,445
Other vehicle rental ... 1,054
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation ... 16,970
Recreation and entertainment 1,410 64,944
Participant sports ... 14,820
Movie, theater, ballet, and
 musical events 92 29,508
Sports events 1,142 5,690
Petroleum retail margins 274 39,130
Other retail margins 18,366 688,905
Travel by U.S. residents abroad ... ...
Gasoline and oil 8,649 124,036
Personal consumption
 expenditures nondurable
 commodities other than
 gasoline and oil 8,506 1,042,149
Parking, automotive repair, and
 highway tolls 5,112 155,988
Wholesale trade margins and
 transportation costs 862,659 942,878
All other commodities n.a. n.a.

Industry output n.a. n.a.

Intermediate inputs ... ...
Compensation of employees ... ...
Other value added ... ...

(1.) Industries are defined on an SIC basis.

(2.) includes government enterprises.

(3.) Miscellaneous amusement and recreation services (except membership sports and recreation clubs); racing including track operation; marinas; libraries and museums, art galleries, and botanical and zooological gardens.

(4.) Motion picture theaters; dance studios, schools and halls; theatrical producers (except motion pictures), bands, orchestras, and entertainers.

(5.) The industry output for domestic production is in purchasers' prices because it includes margins and transportation costs.

Table 11.1.--Supply and Consumption of Tourism and All Other Commodities, 1996

[Millions of dollars]

 Supply
Commodity Domestic Change in
 production Imports Government private
 (producers' sales invento-
 prices) ries
Hotels and lodging
 places 69,729 ... 500 ...
Eating and
 drinking places 320,842 ... ... ...
Passenger rail 1,217 ... ... ...
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 16,038 ... ... ...
Taxicabs 8,898 ... ... ...
Domestic passenger
 air fares 60,528 ... ... ...
International air
 fares 26,124 14,847 ... ...
Passenger water 4,245 453 ... ...
Auto and truck
 rental 25,754 ... ... ...
Other vehicle
 rental 982 ... ... ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 16,966 ... ... ...
Recreation and
 entertainment 59,670 ... 5,158 ...
Participant sports 14,214 ... ... ...
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and
 musical events 27,137 200 ... ...
Sports events 5,733 140 625 ...
Petroleum retail
 margins 36,315 ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins 650,559 ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... 491,452 ... ...
Gasoline and oil 128,954 7,280 ... 1,313

Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 998,205 177,294 1,055 4,679
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway toils 148,624 ... 252 ...
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs 878,273 ... ... ...
All other
 commodities 10,290,449 654,062 184,276 24,002

Total 13,789,458 903,728 191,867 29,994

 Supply

 Wholesale
Commodity trade
 margins Retail
 and margins Total
 transpor- supply(1)
 tation
 costs
Hotels and lodging

 places ... ... 70,229
Eating and
 drinking places ... ... 320,842
Passenger rail ... ... 1,217
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation ... ... 16,038
Taxicabs ... ... 8,898
Domestic passenger
 air fares ... ... 60,528
International air
 fares ... ... 40,971
Passenger water ... ... 4,698
Auto and truck
 rental ... ... 25,754
Other vehicle
 rental ... ... 982
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation ... ... 16,966
Recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 64,828
Participant sports ... ... 14,214
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and
 musical events ... ... 27,337
Sports events ... ... 6,499
Petroleum retail
 margins ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... 49,452
Gasoline and oil 73,303 36,315 244,540

Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 244,755 367,900 1,784,530
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway toils ... ... 148,877
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs ... ... ...
All other
 commodities 560,215 282,659 11,947,659

Total 878,273 686,674 14,855,059

 Consumption

Commodity Personal Gross private
 consumption fixed invest-
 Inter- expenditures ment
 mediate
Hotels and lodging
 places 33,459 29,913 ...
Eating and
 drinking places 33,353 281,479 ...
Passenger rail 304 820 ...
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 3,060 12,891 ...
Taxicabs 4,872 3,530 ...
Domestic passenger
 air fares 28,236 26,227 ...
International air
 fares 4,019 16,227 ...
Passenger water ... 4,505 ...
Auto and truck
 rental 18,520 5,674 ...
Other vehicle
 rental 687 295 ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 11,857 3,622 ...
Recreation and
 entertainment 1,546 62,102 ...
Participant sports 1,689 12,525 ...
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and
 musical events 10,246 16,668 ...
Sports events 1,498 4,156 ...
Petroleum retail
 margins ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 12,821 36,631 ...
Gasoline and oil 91,546 137,171 ...

Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 481,474 1,149,402 3,457
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway toils 47,825 97,689 ...
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs ... ... ...
All other
 commodities 5,189,412 3,335,872 1,209,239

Total 5,976,424 5,237,500 1,212,696

 Consumption

Commodity Exports of Government
 goods and expenditures Total
 services excluding consumption
 sales(2)
Hotels and lodging
 places ... 6,857 70,229
Eating and
 drinking places 390 5,620 320,842
Passenger rail ... 93 1,217
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation ... 87 16,038
Taxicabs ... 496 8,898
Domestic passenger
 air fares ... 6,065 60,528
International air
 fares 20,039 587 40,971
Passenger water 333 ... 4,698
Auto and truck
 rental ... 1,560 25,754
Other vehicle
 rental ... ... 982
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 1,348 139 16,966
Recreation and
 entertainment ... 1,180 64,828
Participant sports ... ... 14,214
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and
 musical events 150 273 27,337
Sports events 392 453 6,499
Petroleum retail
 margins ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... 49,452
Gasoline and oil 2,976 12,847 244,540

Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 102,204 47,993 1,784,530
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway toils 12 3,351 148,877
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs ... ... ...
All other
 commodities 686,926 1,526,209 11,947,659

Total 814,769 1,613,810 14,655,059

(1.) Total supply in purchasers' prices is equal to domestic production in producers' prices plus imports, government sales, wholesale trade margins and transportation costs, and retail margins less change in private inventories. Whole-sale and retail margins and transportation costs are not shown explicitly in this column, because they are included in the purchasers' values for the gasoline and oil, personal consumption expenditure nondurable commodities other than gasoline and oil, and all other commodities.

(2.) Includes consumption and investment expenditures and excludes government sales. Government sales are included as part of supply.

Table 11.2.--Supply and Consumption of Tourism and All Other Commodities, 1997

[Millions of dollars]

 Supply

Commodity Domestic Change in
 production Imports Government private
 (producers' sales invento-
 prices) ries
Hotels and lodging
 places 73,586 ... 516 ...
Eating and
 drinking places 340,341 ... ... ...
Passenger rail 1,296 ... ... ...
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 16,877 ... ... ...
Taxicabs 9,443 ... ... ...
Domestic passenger
 air fares 64,856 ... ... ...
International air
 fares 27,476 17,891 ... ...
Passenger water 4,631 358 ... ...
Auto and truck
 rental 26,445 ... ... ...
Other vehicle
 rental 1,054 ... ... ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 16,970 ... ... ...
Recreation and
 entertainment 64,944 ... 5,331 ...
Participant sports 14,820 ... ... ...
Movie, theater,
 bailer, and
 musical events 29,508 273 ... ...
Sports events 5,690 248 646 ...
Petroleum retail
 margins 39,130 ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins 688,905 ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... 53,451 ... ...
Gasoline and oil 124,036 7,968 ... 1,511
Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 1,042,149 190,130 1,091 3,491
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway tolls 155,988 ... 261 ...
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs 942,878 ... ... ...
All other
 commodities n.a. 690,351 n.a. 63,323

Total n.a. 960,669 n.a. 68,325

 Supply

 Wholesale
Commodity trade
 margins Retail
 and margins Total
 transpor- supply(1)
 tation
 costs
Hotels and lodging
 places ... ... 74,103
Eating and
 drinking places ... ... 340,141
Passenger rail ... ... 1,296
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation ... ... 16,877
Taxicabs ... ... 9,443
Domestic passenger
 air fares ... ... 64,856
International air
 fares ... ... 45,367
Passenger water ... ... 4,989
Auto and truck
 rental ... ... 26,445
Other vehicle
 rental ... ... 1,054
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation ... ... 16,970
Recreation and
 entertainment ... ... 70,275
Participant sports ... ... 14,820
Movie, theater,
 bailer, and
 musical events ... ... 29,780
Sports events ... ... 6,584
Petroleum retail
 margins ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... 53,451
Gasoline and oil 76,078 38,915 248,509
Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 246,088 368,118 1,851,067
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway tolls ... ... 156,249
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs ... ... ...
All other
 commodities n.a. n.a. n.a.

Total n.a. n.a. n.a.

 Consumption

Commodity Personal Gross private
 Inter- consumption fixed invest-
 mediate expenditures ment
Hotels and lodging
 places 35,443 31,563 ...
Eating and
 drinking places 35,518 298,410 ...
Passenger rail 326 873 ...
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 3,222 13,566 ...
Taxicabs 5,183 3,746 ...
Domestic passenger
 air fares 29,482 29,096 ...
International air
 fares 5,086 19,102 ...
Passenger water ... 4,587 ...
Auto and truck
 rental 19,004 5,826 ...
Other vehicle
 rental 737 316 ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 11,838 3,623 ...
Recreation and
 entertainment 2,430 66,624 ...
Participant sports 1,761 13,059 ...
Movie, theater,
 bailer, and
 musical events 11,168 18,158 ...
Sports events 1,532 4,210 ...
Petroleum retail
 margins ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 13,858 39,593 ...
Gasoline and oil 92,845 139,398 ...
Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 490,392 1,197,063 3,736
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway tolls 50,242 102,526 ...
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs ... ... ...
All other
 commodities n.a. 3,533,059 1,311,664

Total n.a. 5,524,400 1,315,400

 Consumption

 Govern-
Commodity ment
 Exports of expend-
 goods and itures Total
 services excluding consumption
 sales(2)
Hotels and lodging
 places ... 7,096 74,103
Eating and
 drinking places 396 5,817 340,141
Passenger rail ... 96 1,296
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation ... 90 16,877
Taxicabs ... 514 9,443
Domestic passenger
 air fares ... 6,277 64,856
International air
 fares 20,572 607 45,367
Passenger water 398 ... 4,989
Auto and truck
 rental ... 1,614 26,445
Other vehicle
 rental ... ... 1,054
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 1,366 143 16,970
Recreation and
 entertainment ... 1,221 70,275
Participant sports ... ... 14,820
Movie, theater,
 bailer, and
 musical events 172 283 29,780
Sports events 374 468 6,584
Petroleum retail
 margins ... ... ...
Other retail
 margins ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... 53,451
Gasoline and oil 2,971 13,296 248,509
Personal
 consumption
 expenditures
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline
 and oil 110,204 49,672 1,851,067
Parking,
 automotive
 repair, and
 highway tolls 12 3,468 156,249
Wholesale trade
 margins and
 transportation
 costs ... ... ...
All other
 commodities 735,906 n.a. n.a.

Total 872,369 n.a. n.a.

(1.) Total supply in purchasers' prices is equal to domestic production in producers' prices plus imports, government sales, wholesale trade margins and transportation costs, and retail margins less change in private inventories. Whole-sale and retail margins and transportation costs are not shown explicitly in this column, because they are included in the purchasers' values for the gasoline and oil, personal consumption expenditure nondurable commodities other than gasoline and oil, and all other commodities.

(2.) includes consumption and investment expenditures and excludes government sales. Government sales are included as part of supply.

Note.--Several columns do not have a control total (currently there are no annual input-output data for 1997). In these columns, the column totals and the estimates of "All other commodities" and "Total" are shown as n.a. (not available).

Table 12.1.--Tourism Demand by Type of Visitor, 1996

[Millions of dollars in purchaser's prices]

 Tourism demand

Commodity Total Total tourism demand
 demand Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 70,229 70,229 70,229 70,229
Eating and drinking
 places 320,842 54,310 58,256 79,005
Passenger rail 1,217 1,217 1,217 1,217
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 16,038 3,912 4,603 5,781
Taxicabs 8,898 1,995 4,043 6,225
Domestic passenger
 air fares 60,528 60,529 60,529 60,529
International air
 fares 40,971 40,761 40,760 40,760
Passenger water 4,698 4,490 4,490 4,490
Auto and truck rental 25,754 20,553 20,553 21,476
Other vehicle rental 982 272 452 452
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 16,966 3,761 3,761 3,761
Recreation and
 entertainment 64,828 27,650 29,434 32,548
Participant sports 14,214 4,969 5,103 6,630
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 27,337 5,085 5,987 8,233
Sports events 6,499 1,853 1,738 2,266
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 49,452 49,452 49,452 49,452
Gasoline and oil 244,540 13,450 14,217 20,851
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 1,784,530 47,817 50,722 58,997
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 148,877 7,859 9,066 14,039
All other commodities 11,947,659 ... ... ...
Total 14,855,059 420,164 434,613 486,942

 Tourism demand

Commodity Business

 Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 33,459 33,459 33,459
Eating and drinking
 places 20,511 20,511 20,511
Passenger rail 304 304 304
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 683 818 1,046
Taxicabs 1,001 2,130 3,332
Domestic passenger
 air fares 28,236 28,236 28,236
International air
 fares 4,019 4,019 4,019
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental 14,583 14,583 14,583
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and
 entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports 1,588 1,588 1,588
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 1,025 1,025 1,025
Sports events 475 475 475
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 12,821 12,821 12,821
Gasoline and oil 2,418 2,585 4,017
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 140 254 390
All other commodities ... ... ...
Total 121,263 122,808 125,806

 Tourism demand

Commodity Government expenditures excluding sales

 Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 6,857 6,857 6,857
Eating and drinking
 places 4,203 4,203 4,203
Passenger rail 93 93 93
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 53 54 58
Taxicabs 91 195 304
Domestic passenger
 air fares 6,065 6,065 6,065
International air
 fares 376 376 376
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental 1,376 1,376 1,376
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 139 139 139
Recreation and
 entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil 222 238 368
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 83 138 216
All other commodities ... ... ...
Total 19,557 19,733 20,054

 Tourism demand

Commodity Resident households Nonre-
 Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 sidents

Hotels and lodging
 places 14,254 14,254 14,254 15,659
Eating and drinking
 places 16,897 20,843 41,592 12,699
Passenger rail 639 639 639 181
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 2,506 3,061 4,007 670
Taxicabs 723 1,538 2,409 180
Domestic passenger
 air fares 20,456 20,456 20,456 5,771
International air
 fares 16,327 16,327 16,327 20,039
Passenger water 3,395 3,395 3,395 1,095
Auto and truck rental 3,766 3,766 4,689 829
Other vehicle rental 218 398 398 54
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 2,652 2,652 2,652 970
Recreation and
 entertainment 19,854 21,638 24,752 7,796
Participant sports 2,612 2,746 4,273 769
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 3,137 4,039 6,285 923
Sports events 1,065 950 1,478 313
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 36,631 36,631 36,631 ...
Gasoline and oil 8,718 9,302 14,374 2,092
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 26,430 29,335 37,610 21,387
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 7,458 8,496 13,255 178
All other commodities ... ... ... ...

Total 187,738 200,466 249,476 91,605

 Nontourism demand

Commodity Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking
 places 266,532 262,586 241,837
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 12,126 11,435 10,257
Taxicabs 6,903 4,855 2,673
Domestic passenger
 air fares ... ... ...
International air
 fares 211 211 211
Passenger water 208 208 208
Auto and truck rental 5,201 5,201 4,278
Other vehicle rental 710 530 530
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 13,205 13,205 13,205
Recreation and
 entertainment 37,178 35,394 32,280
Participant sports 9,245 9,111 7,584
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 22,252 21,350 19,104
Sports events 4,646 4,761 4,233
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil 231,090 230,323 223,689
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 1,736,713 1,733,808 1,725,533
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 141,018 139,811 134,838
All other commodities 11,947,659 11,947,659 11,947,659

Total 14,434,897 14,420,448 14,368,119

 Tourism commodity ratio(1)

Commodity Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 1.00 1.00 1.00
Eating and drinking
 places 0.17 0.18 0.25
Passenger rail 1.00 1.00 1.00
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 0.24 0.29 0.36
Taxicabs 0.22 0.45 0.70
Domestic passenger
 air fares 1.00 1.00 1.00
International air
 fares 0.99 0.99 0.99
Passenger water 0.96 0.96 0.96
Auto and truck rental 0.80 0.80 0.83
Other vehicle rental 0.28 0.46 0.46
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 0.22 0.22 0.22
Recreation and
 entertainment 0.43 0.45 0.50
Participant sports 0.35 0.36 0.47
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 0.19 0.22 0.30
Sports events 0.29 0.27 0.35
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 1.00 1.00 1.00
Gasoline and oil 0.06 0.06 0.09
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 0.03 0.03 0.03
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 0.05 0.06 0.09
All other commodities ... ... ...

Total ... ... ...

(1.) The tourism commodity ratio is total tourism demand divided by total demand.

Table 12.2.--Tourism Demand by Type of Visitor, 1997

[Millions of dollars in purchaser's prices]

 Tourism demand

Commodity Total Total tourism demand
 demand Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 74,103 74,103 74,103 74,103
Eating and drinking
 places 340,141 56,886 61,022 82,640
Passenger rail 1,296 1,296 1,296 1,296
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 16,877 4,108 4,841 6,082
Taxicabs 9,443 2,122 4,298 6,611
Domestic passenger
 air fares 64,856 64,856 64,856 64,856
International air
 fares 45,367 45,156 45,156 45,156
Passenger water 4,989 4,384 4,384 4,384
Auto and truck rental 26,445 21,092 21,092 22,054
Other vehicle rental 1,054 293 485 485
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 16,970 3,766 3,766 3,766
Recreation and
 entertainment 70,275 30,240 32,202 35,582
Participant sports 14,820 5,170 5,311 6,905
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 29,780 5,529 6,511 8,960
Sports events 6,584 1,878 1,763 2,299
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 53,451 53,451 53,451 53,451
Gasoline and oil 248,509 13,588 14,371 21,116
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 1,851,067 49,727 52,745 61,242
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 156,249 8,247 9,514 14,731
All other commodities n.a. ... ... ...
Total n.a. 445,891 461,186 515,718

 Tourism demand

Commodity Business
 Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 35,443 35,443 35,443
Eating and drinking
 places 21,689 21,689 21,689
Passenger rail 326 326 326
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 719 861 1,102
Taxicabs 1,065 2,266 3,545
Domestic passenger
 air fares 29,482 29,482 29,482
International air
 fares 5,086 5,086 5,086
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental 14,964 14,964 14,964
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation ... ... ...
Recreation and
 entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports 1,655 1,655 1,655
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 1,118 1,118 1,118
Sports events 486 486 486
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 13,858 13,858 13,858
Gasoline and oil 2,452 2,622 4,074
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 147 267 410
All other commodities ... ... ...
Total 128,489 130,122 133,237

 Tourism demand

Commodity Government expenditures excluding sales
 Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 7,096 7,096 7,096
Eating and drinking
 places 4,342 4,342 4,342
Passenger rail 96 96 96
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 64 56 60
Taxicabs 94 202 315
Domestic passenger
 air fares 6,277 6,277 6,277
International air
 fares 396 396 396
Passenger water ... ... ...
Auto and truck rental 1,424 1,424 1,424
Other vehicle rental ... ... ...
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 143 143 143
Recreation and
 entertainment ... ... ...
Participant sports ... ... ...
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events ... ... ...
Sports events ... ... ...
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil 230 248 381
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil ... ... ...
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 86 143 223
All other commodities ... ... ...
Total 20,240 20,423 20,755

 Tourism demand

Commodity Resident households Nonre-
 Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 sidents

Hotels and lodging
 places 15,107 15,107 15,107 16,456
Eating and drinking
 places 17,509 21,645 43,263 13,346
Passenger rail 662 662 662 211
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 2,644 3,233 4,229 691
Taxicabs 775 1,642 2,563 188
Domestic passenger
 air fares 22,796 22,796 22,796 6,300
International air
 fares 19,102 19,102 19,102 20,572
Passenger water 3,315 3,315 3,315 1,069
Auto and truck rental 3,867 3,867 4,829 837
Other vehicle rental 236 428 428 57
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 2,653 2,653 2,653 970
Recreation and
 entertainment 21,672 23,634 27,014 8,568
Participant sports 2,710 2,851 4,445 805
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 3,401 4,383 6,832 1,010
Sports events 1,073 958 1,494 319
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 39,593 39,593 39,593 ...
Gasoline and oil 8,814 9,411 14,569 2,092
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 27,251 30,269 38,756 22,476
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 7,827 8,917 13,911 187
All other commodities ... ... ... ...

Total 201,007 214,466 265,571 96,154

 Nontourism demand

Commodity Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places ... ... ...
Eating and drinking
 places 283,255 279,119 257,501
Passenger rail ... ... ...
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 12,769 12,036 10,795
Taxicabs 7,321 5,145 2,832
Domestic passenger
 air fares ... ... ...
International air
 fares 211 211 211
Passenger water 605 605 605
Auto and truck rental 5,353 5,353 4,391
Other vehicle rental 761 569 569
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 13,204 13,204 13,204
Recreation and
 entertainment 40,035 38,073 34,693
Participant sports 9,650 9,509 7,915
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 24,251 23,269 20,820
Sports events 4,706 4,821 4,285
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad ... ... ...
Gasoline and oil 234,921 234,138 227,393
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 1,801,340 1 ,798,322 1 ,789,825
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 148,002 146,735 141,518
All other commodities n.a. n.a. n.a.

Total n.a. n.a. n.a.

 Tourism commodity ratio(1)

Commodity Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 1.00 1.00 1.00
Eating and drinking
 places 0.17 0.18 0.24
Passenger rail 1.00 1.00 1.00
Passenger bus and
 other local
 transportation 0.24 0.29 0.36
Taxicabs 0.22 0.46 0.70
Domestic passenger
 air fares 1.00 1.00 1.00
International air
 fares 1.00 1.00 1.00
Passenger water 0.96 0.96 0.96
Auto and truck rental 0.80 0.80 0.83
Other vehicle rental 0.28 0.46 0.46
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 0.22 0.22 0.22
Recreation and
 entertainment 0.43 0.46 0.51
Participant sports 0.35 0.36 0.47
Movie, theater,
 ballet, and musical
 events 0.19 0.22 0.30
Sports events 0.29 0.27 0.35
Travel by U.S.
 residents abroad 1.00 1.00 1.00
Gasoline and oil 0.05 0.06 0.08
Personal consumption
 expenditure
 nondurable
 commodities other
 than gasoline and oil 0.03 0.03 0.03
Parking, automotive
 repair, and highway
 tolls 0.05 0.06 0.06
All other commodities ... ... ...

Total ... ... ...

(1.) The tourism commodity ratio is total tourism demand divided by total demand.

Note.--Several columns do not have a control total (currently there are no annual input-output data for 1997). In these columns, the column totals and the estimates of "All other commodities" and "Total" are shown as n.a. (not available).

Table 13.1.--Tourism GDP of Tourism Industries and Other Industries, 1996

[Millions of dollars]

 Inter-
 mediate
 Industry consump- Value
Industry output tion added

Hotels and lodging places 104,810 41,459 63,351
Eating and drinking places 281,321 137,644 143,677
Railroads and related services 38,411 16,517 21,894
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 20,156 12,260 7,896
Taxicabs 8,898 3,436 5,462
Air transportation 110,869 56,881 53,988
Water transportation 28,430 17,497 10,933
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 34,644 15,151 19,494
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 17,079 7,150 9,929
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 55,368 20,791 34,576
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 16,317 7,512 8,805
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 30,318 18,997 11,321
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 12,354 4,847 7,507
Gasoline service stations 43,413 12,128 31,264
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 727,554 243,013 484,541

Total tourism industries 1,529,940 615,283 914,657

 Tourism industry ratio(1)

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 0.81 0.81 0.82
Eating and drinking places 0.16 0.17 0.23
Railroads and related services 0.03 0.03 0.03
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 0.19 0.23 0.29
Taxicabs 0.22 0.45 0.70
Air transportation 0.78 0.78 0.78
Water transportation 0.14 0.14 0.14
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 0.57 0.58 0.60
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 0.22 0.22 0.22
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 0.18 0.20 0.26
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 0.31 0.32 0.41
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 0.17 0.20 0.27
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 0.10 0.09 0.12
Gasoline service stations 0.07 0.07 0.11
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 0.02 0.03 0.03

Total tourism industries ... ... ...

 Tourism output(2)

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 84,576 84,631 86,174
Eating and drinking places 44,508 47,740 64,743
Railroads and related services 1,217 1,217 1,217
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 3,912 46,031 5,781
Taxicabs 1,995 4 043 6,225
Air transportation 86,499 86,499 86,499
Water transportation 4,075 4,075 4,075
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 19,895 20,066 20,947
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 3,761 3,761 3,761
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 10,195 11,130 14,218
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 5,022 5,163 6,681
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 5,033 5,926 8,149
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 1,247 1,170 1,525
Gasoline service stations 2,967 3,173 4,086
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 18,002 19,927 25,369

Total tourism industries 292,902 303,343 340,051

 Tourism industry intermediate
 consumption

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 33,455 33,556 34,087
Eating and drinking places 21,776 23,358 31,677
Railroads and related services 523 523 523
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 2,380 2,800 3,516
Taxicabs 770 1,561 2,404
Air transportation 44,378 44,378 44,378
Water transportation 2,508 2,508 2,508
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 8,700 8,775 9,161
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 1,574 1,574 1,574
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 3,828 4,179 5,339
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 2,312 2,386 3,076
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 3,154 3,713 5,106
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 489 459 598
Gasoline service stations 829 887 1,309
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 6,013 6,656 8,474

Total tourism industries 132,891 137,314 153,731

 Tourism industry value
 added

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 51,121 51,275 52,087
Eating and drinking places 22,730 24,382 33,066
Railroads and related services 694 694 694
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 1,532 1,803 2,265
Taxicabs 1,225 2,482 3,821
Air transportation 42,121 42,121 42,121
Water transportation 1,567 1,567 1,567
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 11,195 11,291 11,787
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 2,186 2,186 2,186
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 6,367 6,950 8,879
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 2,710 2,797 3,605
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 1,880 2,213 3,043
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 756 711 927
Gasoline service stations 2,138 2,287 3,377
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 11,989 13,271 16,895

Total tourism industries 160,212 166,029 186,319

(1.) The industry tourism ratio is equal to tourism output divided by industry output.

(2.) The industry tourism output is derived from table 10 and table 12, The tourism commodity ratio, table 12, is multiplied by the tourism commodities produced by industries, table 10, and summed by industry. For example, the air industry produces $60,509 million domestic passenger air fares of which 100 percent is tourism, and it also produces $26,124 million international air fares of which 99 percent is tourism; the total tourism output of the industry is $86,499 million.

Table 13.2.--Tourism GDP of Tourism Industries and Other Industries, 1997

[Millions of dollars]

 Inter-
 mediate
 Industry consump- Value
Industry output tion added

Hotels and lodging places 110,746 42,805 67,941
Eating and drinking places 298,930 140,417 158,513
Railroads and related services 39,001 17,318 21,683
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 21,149 11,853 9,296
Taxicabs 9,443 3,478 5,965
Air transportation 121,794 60,687 60,907
Water transportation 26,838 14,931 11,905
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 35,529 16,187 19,342
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 18,225 8,035 10,191
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 60,345 22,854 37,494
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 18,908 8,102 8,806
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 34,847 20,091 14,756
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 13,613 5,752 7,861
Gasoline service stations 46,698 12,819 33,879
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 774,223 257,919 516,304

Total tourism industries 1,628,287 843,448 984,839

 Tourism industry ratio(1)

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 0.80 0.80 0.82
Eating and drinking places 0.16 0.17 0.23
Railroads and related services 0.03 0.03 0.03
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 0.19 0.23 0.29
Taxicabs 0.22 0.46 0.70
Air transportation 0.76 0.76 0.76
Water transportation 0.17 0.17 0.17
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 0.57 0.58 0.68
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 0.21 0.21 0.21
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 0.19 0.20 0.26
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 0.31 0.32 0.41
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 0.16 0.18 0.25
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 0.10 0.09 0.12
Gasoline service stations 0.07 0.07 0.11
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 0.02 0.03 0.03

Total tourism industries ... ... ...

 Tourism output(2)

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 88,782 89,041 90,397
Eating and drinking places 46,869 50,277 68,088
Railroads and related services 1,296 1,296 1,296
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 4,108 4,841 6,082
Taxicabs 2,122 4,298 6,611
Air transportation 92,183 92,183 92,183
Water transportation 4,446 4,446 4,446
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 20,367 20,548 21,465
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 3,766 3,766 3266
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 11,273 12,368 15,723
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 5,171 5,339 6,882
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 5,465 6,435 8,855
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 1,297 1218 1,588
Gasoline service stations 3,189 3,408 5,025
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 19,135 21,172 26,911

Total tourism industries 309,489 320,576 389,318

 Tourism industry intermediate
 consumption

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 34,316 34,416 34,940
Eating and drinking places 22,016 23,616 31,983
Railroads and related services 575 575 575
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 2,302 2,713 3,409
Taxicabs 782 1,583 2,435
Air transportation 46,084 46,084 46,084
Water transportation 2,474 2,474 2,474
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 9,279 9,362 9,779
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 1,660 1,660 1,660
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 4,269 4,661 5,955
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 2,478 2,559 3,298
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 3,151 3,710 5,106
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 548 515 671
Gasoline service stations 875 936 1,379
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 6,374 7,053 8,965

Total tourism industries 137,184 141,917 158,713

 Tourism industry value
 added

 Method Method Method
Industry 1 2 3

Hotels and lodging places 54,466 54,625 5,545
Eating and drinking places 24,853 26,660 3,610
Railroads and related services 720 720 720
Local and suburban transit and
 interurban highway passenger
 transportation, except
 taxicabs 1,806 2,128 2,673
Taxicabs 1,340 2,715 4,176
Air transportation 46,099 46,099 46,099
Water transportation 1,972 1,972 1,972
Automotive rental and leasing,
 without drivers 11,087 11,186 11,685
Arrangement of passenger
 transportation 2,106 2,106 2,106
Miscellaneous amusement and
 recreation services (except
 membership sports and
 recreation clubs); racing
 including track operation;
 marinas; libraries and
 museums, art galleries, and
 botanical and zoological
 gardens 7,004 7,647 9,768
Membership sports and
 recreation clubs 2,893 2,781 3,584
Motion picture theaters; dance
 studios, schools, and halls;
 theatrical producers (except
 motion pictures), bands,
 orchestras and entertainers 2,314 2,725 3,750
Professional sports clubs and
 promoters 749 703 917
Gasoline service stations 2,313 2,473 3,646
Retail excluding eating and
 drinking places and gasoline
 services stations 12,760 14,119 17,946

Total tourism industries 172,284 178,659 200,605

(1.) The industry tourism ratio is equal to tourism output divided by industry output.

(2.) The industry tourism output is derived from table 10 and table 12. The tourism commodity ratio, table 12, is multiplied by the tourism commodities produced by industries, table 10, and summed by industry. For example, the air industry produces $94,835 million domestic passenger air fares of which 100 percent is tourism, it also produces $27,476 million international air fares of which 9g.5 percent is tourism; the total tourism output of the industry is $92,183 million.

Table 14.1.--Tourism Employment and Compensation of Employees, 1996

 Total
 employment
 (thousands Tourism industry ratio
 of
Industry employees Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 1,794 0.81 0.81 0.82
Eating and drinking
 places 7,761 0.16 0.17 0.23
Railroads and
 related services 223 0.03 0.03 0.03
Local and suburban
 transit and
 interurban highway
 passenger
transportation,
 except taxicabs(2) 463 0.19 0.23 0.29
Taxicabs 32 0.22 0.45 0.70
Air
 transportation(3) 737 0.78 0.78 0.78
Water transportation 98 0.14 0.14 0.14
Automotive rental
 and leasing,
 without drivers 215 0.57 0.58 0.60
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 219 0.22 0.22 0.22
Miscellaneous
 amusement and
 recreation services
 (except membership
 sports and
 recreation clubs);
 racing including
 track operation;
 marinas; libraries
 and museums, art
 galleries, and
 botanical and
 zoological gardens 913 0.18 0.20 0.26
Membership sports
 and recreation
 clubs 325 0.31 0.32 0.41
Motion picture
 theaters; dance
 studios, schools,
 and halls;
 theatrical
 producers (except
 motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 314 0.17 0.20 0.27
Professional sports
 clubs and promoters 60 0.10 0.09 0.12
Gasoline service
 stations 687 0.07 0.07 0.11
Retail excluding
 eating and drinking
 places and gasoline
 services stations 13,808 0.02 0.03 0.03

Total tourism
 industries ... ... ... ...
Total Industries ... ... ... ...
Tourism share
 (percent) ... ... ... ...

 Compen-
 Tourism employment (thousands sation
 of employees) (millions
 of
Industry Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 dollars)

Hotels and lodging
 places 1,448 1,452 1,475 39,833
Eating and drinking
 places 1,228 1,317 1,786 99,330
Railroads and
 related services 7 7 7 14,548
Local and suburban
 transit and
 interurban highway
 passenger
transportation,
 except taxicabs(2) 90 106 133 17,790
Taxicabs 7 15 22 1,271
Air
 transportation(3) 575 575 575 34,836
Water transportation 14 14 14 4,987
Automotive rental
 and leasing,
 without drivers 123 125 130 4,768
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 48 48 48 6,658
Miscellaneous
 amusement and
 recreation services
 (except membership
 sports and
 recreation clubs);
 racing including
 track operation;
 marinas; libraries
 and museums, art
 galleries, and
 botanical and
 zoological gardens 168 184 234 15,214
Membership sports
 and recreation
 clubs 100 103 133 6,373
Motion picture
 theaters; dance
 studios, schools,
 and halls;
 theatrical
 producers (except
 motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 52 61 84 9,190
Professional sports
 clubs and promoters 6 6 7 5,552
Gasoline service
 stations 47 50 74 11,586
Retail excluding
 eating and drinking
 places and gasoline
 services stations 342 378 481 271,796

Total tourism
 industries 4,255 4,440 5,206 ...
Total Industries 127,009 127,009 127,009 ...
Tourism share
 (percent) 3.4 3.5 4.1 ...

 Average
 compen-
 sation per
 Tourism compensation (millions tourism
 of dollars) employee
 (do-
Industry Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 llars)(1)

Hotels and lodging
 places 32,143 32,240 32,750 22,203
Eating and drinking
 places 15,714 16,856 22,860 12,799
Railroads and
 related services 461 461 461 65,236
Local and suburban
 transit and
 interurban highway
 passenger
transportation,
 except taxicabs(2) 3,453 4,063 5,103 38,424
Taxicabs 285 578 889 39,728
Air
 transportation(3) 27,179 27,179 27,179 47,268
Water transportation 715 715 715 50,888
Automotive rental
 and leasing,
 without drivers 2,738 2,762 2,883 22,177
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 1,466 1,466 1,466 30,401
Miscellaneous
 amusement and
 recreation services
 (except membership
 sports and
 recreation clubs);
 racing including
 track operation;
 marinas; libraries
 and museums, art
 galleries, and
 botanical and
 zoological gardens 2,801 3,058 3,907 16,664
Membership sports
 and recreation
 clubs 1,961 2,024 2,609 19,610
Motion picture
 theaters; dance
 studios, schools,
 and halls;
 theatrical
 producers (except
 motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 1,526 1,796 2,470 29,266
Professional sports
 clubs and promoters 561 526 686 92,541
Gasoline service
 stations 792 847 1,251 16,864
Retail excluding
 eating and drinking
 places and gasoline
 services stations 6,725 7,444 9,477 19,684

Total tourism
 industries 96,520 102,015 114,706 22,721
Total Industries 4,395,585 4,395,685 4,395,585 34,608
Tourism share
 (percent) 2.2 2.3 2.6 ...

(1.) Average compensation per tourism employee was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the average compensation per tourism employee for methods 1, 2, and 3.

(2.) Employment for this category includes 197,000 State and local government "transit" employees. (Source: Public Employment Payrolls Survey, 1996, Bureau of the Census)

(3.) Air transportation employment and compensation adjusted to remove United Parcel Service employees.

Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Wage Annual Averages, 1996; Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Public Employment Payrolls Survey, 1996.

Table 14.2.--Tourism Employment and Compensation of Employees, 1997

 Total
 employment
 (thousands Tourism industry ratio
 of
Industry employees Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Hotels and lodging
 places 1,833 0.80 0.80 0.82
Eating and drinking
 places 7,891 0.16 0.17 0.23
Railroads and
 related services 220 0.03 0.03 0.03
Local and suburban
 transit and
 interurban highway
 passenger
transportation,
 except taxicabs(2) 477 0.19 0.23 0.29
Taxicabs 32 0.22 0.46 0.70
Air
 transportation(3) 747 0.76 0.76 0.76
Water transportation 101 0.17 0.17 0.17
Automotive rental
 and leasing,
 without drivers 218 0.57 0.58 0.60
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 225 0.21 0.21 0.21
Miscellaneous
 amusement and
 recreation services
 (except membership
 sports and
 recreation clubs);
 racing including
 track operation;
 marinas; libraries
 and museums, art
 galleries, and
 botanical and
 zoological gardens 962 0.19 0.20 0.26
Membership sports
 and recreation
 clubs 332 0.31 0.32 0.41
Motion picture
 theaters; dance
 studios, schools,
 and halls;
 theatrical
 producers (except
 motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 339 0.16 0.18 0.25
Professional sports
 clubs and promoters 63 0.10 0.09 0.12
Gasoline service
 stations 690 0.07 0.07 0.11
Retail excluding
 eating and drinking
 places and gasoline
 services stations 14,055 0.02 0.03 0.03

Total tourism
 industries ... ... ... ...
Total Industries ... ... ... ...
Tourism share
 (percent) ... ... ... ...

 Compen-
 Tourism employment (thousands sation
 of employees) (millions
 of
Industry Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 dollars)

Hotels and lodging
 places 1,469 1,474 1,496 42,097
Eating and drinking
 places 1,237 1,327 1,797 105,704
Railroads and
 related services 7 7 7 14,767
Local and suburban
 transit and
 interurban highway
 passenger
transportation,
 except taxicabs(2) 93 109 137 18,617
Taxicabs 7 15 22 1,265
Air
 transportation(3) 565 565 565 36,645
Water transportation 17 17 17 5,294
Automotive rental
 and leasing,
 without drivers 125 126 132 5,029
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 46 46 46 7,236
Miscellaneous
 amusement and
 recreation services
 (except membership
 sports and
 recreation clubs);
 racing including
 track operation;
 marinas; libraries
 and museums, art
 galleries, and
 botanical and
 zoological gardens 180 196 251 16,456
Membership sports
 and recreation
 clubs 102 105 135 6,683
Motion picture
 theaters; dance
 studios, schools,
 and halls;
 theatrical
 producers (except
 motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 53 63 86 10,339
Professional sports
 clubs and promoters 6 6 7 5,907
Gasoline service
 stations 47 50 74 11,911
Retail excluding
 eating and drinking
 places and gasoline
 services stations 347 384 489 286,254

Total tourism
 industries 4,302 4,491 5,263 ...
Total Industries 130,085 130,085 130,085 ...
Tourism share
 (percent) 3.3 3.5 4.0 ...

 Average
 compen-
 sation per
 Tourism compensation (millions tourism
 of dollars) employee
 (do-
Industry Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 llars)(1)

Hotels and lodging
 places 33,748 33,847 34,362 22,966
Eating and drinking
 places 16,573 17,778 24,076 13,395
Railroads and
 related services 491 491 491 67,123
Local and suburban
 transit and
 interurban highway
 passenger
transportation,
 except taxicabs(2) 3,616 4,261 5,354 39,028
Taxicabs 284 576 886 39,545
Air
 transportation(3) 27,736 27,736 27,736 49,056
Water transportation 877 877 877 52,418
Automotive rental
 and leasing,
 without drivers 2,883 2,909 3,038 23,070
Arrangement of
 passenger
 transportation 1,495 1,495 1,495 32,158
Miscellaneous
 amusement and
 recreation services
 (except membership
 sports and
 recreation clubs);
 racing including
 track operation;
 marinas; libraries
 and museums, art
 galleries, and
 botanical and
 zoological gardens 3,074 3,356 4,288 17,105
Membership sports
 and recreation
 clubs 2,044 2,110 2,720 20,128
Motion picture
 theaters; dance
 studios, schools,
 and halls;
 theatrical
 producers (except
 motion pictures),
 bands, orchestras,
 and entertainers 1,621 1,909 2,627 30,499
Professional sports
 clubs and promoters 563 529 689 93,765
Gasoline service
 stations 813 869 1,282 17,263
Retail excluding
 eating and drinking
 places and gasoline
 services stations 7,075 7,828 9,950 20,367

Total tourism
 industries 102,894 106,571 119,871 23,475
Total Industries 4,675,738 119,871 4,675,738 35,944
Tourism share
 (percent) 2.2 2.3 2.6 ...

(1.) Average compensation per tourism employee was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the average compensation per tourism employee for methods 1, 2, and 3.

(2.) Employment for this category includes 199,000 State and local government "transit" employees. (Source: Public Employment Payrolls Survey, 1997, Bureau of the Census)

(3.) Air Transportation employment and compensation adjusted to remove United Parcel Service employees.

Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Wage Annual Averages, 1997; Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Public Employment Payrolls Survey, 1997.

The production account of tourism industries

Estimates of industry output for 1996 and 1997 are presented in table 10, which shows the production of tourism commodities by industries. The 1996 estimates are from the 1996 annual I-O accounts. Because annual I-O tables for 1997 are not yet available, the 1997 estimates were extrapolated from 1996 levels using methods similar to those that are used to estimate output levels for the annual I-O accounts. For more information, see table 7.

Table 7.--Methods of Estimating the Output of TTSA Industries

TTSA industry Standard
 Industrial
 Classification

Hotels and lodging places 70

Eating and drinking places 58

Railroads and related services 401

Local and suburban transit and 411,413, 414
inter-urban highway passenger
transportation, except taxicabs

Taxicabs 412

Air transportation 451,452

Water transportation 441,442,443
 444, 448, 4492,
 4499

Automotive rental and leasing, 751
without drivers

Arrangement of passenger 472
transportation

Miscellaneous amusement and 4493, 7948, 7992, 7993,
recreation services (except 7996, 7999, 823, 84
membership sports and recreation
clubs); racing, including track
operation; marinas; libraries,
museums, art galleries, and
botanical and zoological gardens

Membership sports and recreation 7997
clubs

Motion picture theaters; dance 783, 791,792
studios, schools, and halls;
theatrical producers (except
motion pictures), bands,
orchestras, and entertainers

Professional sports clubs and 7941
promoters

Gasoline service stations 5541

Retail, excluding eating and 52-59 (excluding 58 and
drinking places and gasoline 5541)
service stations

Industries producing nondurable 20, 21,22, 23, 26, 27,
PCE goods 28, 29, 30, 31

Automobile parking, automotive 7521, 7530, 7549
repair shops and services, and
toll highways

TTSA industry Sources for extrapolation

Hotels and lodging places Service Annual Survey

Eating and drinking places Annual Retail Trade Survey

Railroads and related services Total operating revenue for
 Class I railroads from trade
 source, and AMTRAK.

Local and suburban transit and Transit Fact Book (directly
inter-urban highway passenger generated funds)
transportation, except taxicabs

Taxicabs Taxicab PCE

Air transportation Operating revenues of air
 carriers from Air Carrier
 Financial Statistics

Water transportation Freight and passenger revenue
 data from trade source

Automotive rental and leasing, Service Annual Survey
without drivers

Arrangement of passenger Service Annual Survey
transportation

Miscellaneous amusement and Service Annual Survey
recreation services (except
membership sports and recreation
clubs); racing, including track
operation; marinas; libraries,
museums, art galleries, and
botanical and zoological gardens

Membership sports and recreation Service Annual Survey
clubs

Motion picture theaters; dance Service Annual Survey
studios, schools, and halls;
theatrical producers (except
motion pictures), bands,
orchestras, and entertainers

Professional sports clubs and Service Annual Survey
promoters

Gasoline service stations Annual Retail Trade Survey

Retail, excluding eating and Annual Retail Trade Survey
drinking places and gasoline
service stations

Industries producing nondurable Annual Survey of Manufactures
PCE goods

Automobile parking, automotive Service Annual Survey
repair shops and services, and
toll highways

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

TTSA Travel and tourism satellite accounts

Supply and consumption of tourism commodities

Estimates for supply and consumption of tourism and all other commodities are presented in table 11. The 1996 estimates are from the 1996 annual I-O accounts. The 1997 estimates for the supply components are from the NIPA's or are extrapolations of the 1996 I-O accounts. Estimates of the consumption components excluding intermediate consumption are from the NIPA's; intermediate consumption is the residual of supply less all other consumption.(13) For TTSA commodity definitions and details for estimating personal consumption expenditures for the TTSA commodities, see table 8.

Table 8.--TTSA Commodity Definitions and Methods of Estimating Personal Consumption Expenditures

TTSA commodity Commodity definition

Hotels and other Lodging receipts from hotels, motels,
lodging places guestrooms, and rooming and boarding
 houses serving the general public; other
 receipts of hotels and motels, sporting
 and recreational camps, and recreational
 vehicle parks and campsites

 Excludes meals served by hotels or motels

Eating and drinking Food and beverage receipts and tips
places
 Excludes catering services and school
 lunch sales by State and local
 governments

Passenger rail Receipts from rail passengers--including
 fares, tips, and dining-car receipts

Passenger bus and other Receipts from bus passengers--including
local transportation intercity, charter, local bus, and
 subway--and limousine services

Taxi Taxi fares, including tips

Domestic passenger air Receipts from domestic air passengers
fares including airfares, meal and beverage
 receipts, movie receipts, and other
 receipts

International air fares Receipts from international air
 passengers

Passenger water Receipts from passengers

Auto and truck rental Receipts from rental of automobiles

Other vehicles Receipts from rental of recreation
 vehicles and utility trailers

Arrangement of passen- Commissions for the arrangement of
ger transportation passenger transportation and tour
 receipts

Recreation and Miscellaneous entertainment receipts--
entertainment including amusement parks, fairs,
 museums, gambling, and other recreation
 and amusements

Participant sports Participant sports, such as golf and
 tennis

Movie, theater, ballet, Receipts for admissions to movies,
and musical events theater, and music programs

Sports events Admissions to sports events

Travel by U.S. Travel expenditures by U.S. residents
residents abroad abroad

Gasoline and oil Sales of gasoline, diesel fuel,
 lubricating oils, and grease

PCE nondurable Sales of all commodities that are sold
commodities primarily to PCE nondurables

Selected services Parking, tolls, and automotive repair
 services

TTSA commodity Personal consumption expenditures

Hotels and other 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
lodging places 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 other housing

Eating and drinking 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
places 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 meals and beverages

Passenger rail 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 passenger rail

Passenger bus and other 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
local transportation 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 passenger bus and other local
 transportation

Taxi 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 taxicab

Domestic passenger air 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
fares 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 domestic air passenger fares

International air fares 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 foreign air passenger fares

Passenger water 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 passenger water transportation

Auto and truck rental 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 auto and truck rental

Other vehicles 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 trailer and recreational vehicle rental

Arrangement of passen- 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
ger transportation 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 arrangement of passenger transportation

Recreation and 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
entertainment 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 recreation and entertainment

Participant sports 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 participant sports

Movie, theater, ballet, 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
and musical events 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 movie, theater, ballet, and musical
 events

Sports events 1996--level from annual I-O
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 sports events

Travel by U.S. 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
residents abroad 1997--PCE travel by U.S. residents abroad

Gasoline and oil 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 gasoline and oil

PCE nondurable 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
commodities 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 nondurables excluding gasoline

Selected services 1996--level from annual I-O accounts
 1997--extrapolated from 1996 by PCE for
 parking and automotive repair

Tourism demand by type of commodity and type of visitor

The tourism commodities purchased by consumers were separated into two types. "Pure-tourism" commodities are commodities for which all or most of the expenditures are by visitors, such as hotels and lodging places. "Mixed-use" commodities are commodities for which the expenditures are by both visitors and nonvisitors, such as restaurant meals.

For mixed-use commodities, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) were used to allocate the shares of consumer spending between visitors and nonvisitors. The 1992 CEX data were extrapolated by appropriate PCE components to estimate mixed-use expenditures for 1996 and 1997.

Because of data limitations, the three methods that were used to provide a range of estimates for mixed-use commodities in the 1992 TTSA's were also used to estimate those commodities in the 1996 and 1997 TTSA's.(14)

* Under "Method 1," the CEX estimates for tourism expenditures were assumed to be accurately reported. Thus, tourism expenditures were estimated under this method as the CEX estimates minus estimated overseas expenditures by U.S. residents.

* Under "Method 2," the CEX estimates for tourism expenditures were assumed to be as accurate as the estimates of nontourism expenditures for the same commodities; thus, PCE was used as the control total for total spending for each commodity. Tourism expenditures were estimated as the ratio of CEX expenditures (adjusted for overseas spending) on tourism commodities to total CEX expenditures, multiplied by PCE less nonresident expenditures. The ratios of CEX were applied to the corresponding PCE values for 1996 and 1997.

* Under "Method 3," the CEX estimates for travel and tourism activities were assumed to be more understated than the estimates of other consumer expenditures; thus, the travel estimates were first adjusted using data from the Travel Industry Association (TIA) and from D.K. Shifflet and Associates and information on the ratio of CEX to PCE for comparable expenditure categories. The 1992 adjustment factor for the CEX of 1.5 was then used for the 1996 and 1997 estimates.(15) Tourism expenditures were estimated as the ratio of adjusted CEX expenditures on out-of-town trips (less overseas expenditures) divided by the total CEX expenditures (less overseas expenditures), multiplied by PCE less nonresident expenditures.

The method 3 estimates for eating and drinking places were further adjusted using estimates from TIA and from D.K. Shifflet and Associates. This adjustment consisted of using a weighted average of the TIA estimate, the Shifflet estimate, and the method 3 estimate for resident households.

The CEX does not provide an estimate of "shopping"--PCE for nondurable commodities other than gasoline and oil by resident households. PCE for nondurable commodities by visitors was estimated using an average of the ratios of visitor shopping (from the Shifflet survey and the In-Flight Survey) to the sum of expenditures for hotels, meals, and recreation.(16) This average ratio was applied to the three sets of estimates of the sum of resident household purchases of the following TTSA commodities: Hotels and lodging places; eating and drinking places; arrangement of passenger transportation (tours); recreation and entertainment; participant sports; movie, theater, ballet, and musical events; and sports events.

The methods and sources used to prepare the estimates of visitor expenditures presented in table 12 are shown in table 9. For each of the TTSA commodities, the methods and sources for resident, nonresident, business, and government demand are shown.

Table 9.--Methods of Estimating Demand for TTSA Commodities

TTSA commodity Methods and sources for visitor
 expenditures

Hotels and other Resident--All PCE less nonresident
lodging places expenditures.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight of lodging
 expenditures from the In-Flight Survey.
 Business--All intermediate expenditures.
 Government--All government expenditures.

Eating and drinking Resident--PCE less nonresident
places expenditures times CEX weight of
 expenditures on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight of meals expenditures
 from the In-Flight Survey.
 Business--Intermediate expenditures times
 BEA derived weight from American Express
 Survey of Business Travel Management.
 Government--Government expenditures times
 business ratio of meals to lodging
 expenditures.

Passenger rail Resident--All PCE less nonresident
 expenditures.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--All intermediate expenditures.
 Government--All government expenditures.

Passenger bus and other Resident--All intercity bus PCE less
local transportation nonresident expenditures. Local
 transportation is PCE less nonresident
 expenditures times CEX weight of
 expenditures on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--All intercity bus intermediate
 expenditures. Local transportation is
 intermediate expenditures times resident
 ratio of tourism expenditures to total
 expenditures.
 Government--All intercity bus government
 expenditures. Local transportation is
 government expenditures times resident
 ratio of tourism expenditures to total
 expenditures.

Taxi Resident--PCE less nonresident
 expenditures times CEX weight of
 expenditures on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times SEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--Intermediate expenditures times
 resident ratio of tourism expenditures to
 total expenditures.
 Government--Government expenditures times
 resident ratio of tourism expenditures to
 total expenditures.

Domestic passenger air Resident--All PCE less nonresident
fares expenditures.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--All intermediate expenditures.
 Government--All government expenditures.

International air fares Resident--All PCE less nonresident
 expenditures.
 Nonresident--All exports of international
 air fares.
 Business--All intermediate expenditures.
 Government--All government expenditures
 excluding military airlift command
 expenditures.

Passenger water Resident--All PCE except ferries less
 nonresident expenditures.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey plus exports of water passenger
 fares.

Auto and truck rental Resident--CEX for auto and truck rental
 on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--All intermediate expenditures.
 Government--All government expenditures.

Other vehicles Resident--CEX for rental of campers and
 other vehicles on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.

Arrangement of passen- Resident--All PCE for tours.
ger transportation Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Government--All government expenditures.

Recreation and Resident--PCE gambling times estimated
entertainment tourism ratio less nonresident
 expenditures. All other recreation was
 the CEX adjusted to PCE levels (nonprofit
 institutions tourism estimates are
 admissions paid rather than expenses).
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--BEA estimates based on
 business, travel, and entertainment
 estimates reported in the 1992 Census of
 Services.

Participant sports Resident--PCE less nonresident
 expenditures times CEX weight of
 expenditures on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.

Movie, theater, ballet, Resident--PCE less nonresident
and musical events expenditures times CEX weight of
 expenditures on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.

Sports events Resident--PCE less nonresident
 expenditures times CEX weight of
 expenditures on trips.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.

Travel by U.S. Resident--International transactions
residents abroad accounts and estimated PCE share.
 Business--International transactions
 accounts and estimated business share.

PCE nondurable Resident--Estimated as 25 percent of
commodities resident tourism demand for lodging,
 eating and drinking, recreation, and
 tours.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey.

Selected services Resident--Tolls and parking PCE less
 nonresident expenditures times CEX weight
 of expenditures on trips. Automotive
 repair estimated by applying the ratio of
 PCE automotive repair to PCE gasoline
 times resident tourism gasoline.
 Nonresident--Total expenditures in the
 United States by nonresidents times BEA
 estimate of weight from the In-Flight
 Survey and resident tourism.
 Business--Tolls and parking estimated as
 intermediate expenditures times the ratio
 of resident tourism tolls and parking to
 PCE tolls and parking. No estimates are
 made for automotive service.
 Government--Tolls and parking estimated
 as government expenditures times the
 ratio of resident tourism tolls and
 parking to PCE tolls and parking. No
 estimates are made for automotive
 service.

Note: (1) The 1992 CEX weights were applied to 1996 and 1997.

(2) The 1992 CEX levels were extrapolated by PCE.

(3) The 1992 In-Flight Survey weights were applied to 1996 and 1997.

CEX Consumer expenditure survey

PCE Personal consumption expenditures

Estimating tourism employment and compensation of employees

The TTSA estimates of tourism employment and compensation were developed from BLS estimates of average monthly employment by industry at the four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level and from BEA estimates at the two-digit SIC level. Employment and compensation were estimated at the four-digit SIC level by applying employment and compensation weights from the BLS estimates to the BEA estimates.(17) Employment and compensation by SIC industry were assigned to the TTSA industries. Tourism employment and compensation of tourism employees were estimated by multiplying employment and industry compensation, respectively, by the tourism-industry ratio for each of the three methods.

Acknowledgments

The U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1996 and 1997 were prepared by the staff of the Bureau of Economic Analysis under the direction of Sumiye Okubo, Associate Director for Industry Accounts.

David I. Kass developed the time-series methodology and estimates for the accounts. Mark A. Planting assisted in the development of the methodology and provided insights, suggestions, and comments as well as the source data from the 1996 annual I-O accounts. Greg Thomas and Mahnaz Fahim-Nader provided technical support. Ann M. Lawson and Karen J. Horowitz provided a critical review of the early estimates. Clint McCully supplied the personal consumption expenditure data.

(1.) For an overview of the 1992 TTSA's, see Sumiye Okubo and Mark A. Planting, "U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 78 (July 1998): 8-22.

The TTSA's were developed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis with the support of the Tourism Industries Office of the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

(2.) The term "visitor" is used because it is more descriptive of the travel activities included in the TTSA's than the term "tourist," which connotes a person who travels for leisure only.

(3.) "Tourism final demand" now excludes business tourism demand; as a result, the shares of GDP that are presented in this article are lower than the shares that were estimated in the earlier TTSA article (see Okubo and Planting, "U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992," 8; table 1).

(4.) See Sherlene K. S.Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-98," SURVEY 80 (June 2000): Table 1,41.

(5.) These expenditures were deducted from total tourism demand so that domestic tourism final demand would be comparable with GDP. (Business expenditures are treated as intermediate expenditures in the NIPA's.) Including business tourism demand results in total domestic tourism demand of $295 billion in 1992, $385 billion in 1996, and $408 billion in 1997 (see chart 1).

Tourism final demand includes all tourism expenditures for tourism commodities as well as nontourism commodities. It differs from tourism industry value added, which includes only the value added that is generated by tourism industries and excludes value added from nontourism industries (for example, industries that produce personal consumption expenditures nondurable commodities).

These results are similar to the corresponding 5-year average annual growth rates in tourism expenditures derived from the surveys by D.K. Shiftier and Associates (6.9 percent) and by the Travel Industry Association of America (5.9 percent).

(6.) Total tourism demand less travel expenditures by U.S. residents abroad.

(7.) The tourism trade surplus is calculated by subtracting imports (travel by U.S. residents abroad plus international air fares plus "passenger water") from exports (nonresident tourism demand) (see tables 11 and 12). These estimates of the tourism trade surplus differ from those calculated from the U.S. international transactions accounts (ITA's) tables (see Douglas B. Weinberg, "U.S. International Transactions, First Quarter 1999," SURVEY 79 (July 1999): 75-119). In the I-O accounts and the NIPA's, U.S. territories and Puerto Rico are included in the rest of the world; in the ITA's, they are treated as part of the United States.

(8.) See table 3 and Lum, Moyer, and Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-98," 41, table 1.

(9.) For example, see Rodney E. Falvey and Norman Gemmell, "Are Services Income-Elastic? Some New Evidence," The Review of Income and Wealth 42 (September 1996): 257-269; and Thomas C. Jensen, "Income and Price Elasticities by Nationality for Tourists in Denmark," Tourism Economics 4(2) (June 1998): 101-130. See also Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus, Economics, 15th edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995): 79-82.

(10.) The estimates of tourism employment do not include self employment because this information is only available at the two-digit Standard Industrial Classification level. Total tourism employment is, therefore, higher than the levels shown in the TTSA's (table 4, table 14).

(11.) The multipliers for 1997 were not estimated, because input-output accounts for 1997 are not yet available.

(12.) For multipliers for each travel and tourism commodity, see Table 5.--Industry-by-Commodity Total Requirements, 1996, SURVEY 80 (January 2000): 84-86.

(13.) Supply is defined as the total amount of the commodity available to be purchased by business, households, and government and for export. It is the sum of domestic production, imports, government sales, inventory changes, wholesale and retail margins, and transportation costs.

The consumption side of this table shows the intermediate (business) and final purchases (personal consumption expenditures, investment, exports, and government expenditures excluding sales) of these commodities in purchasers' prices.

(14.) For a further discussion of the limitations of using the CEX to estimate the TTSA's, see Okubo and Planting, "U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992," 18-19.

(15.) This factor was calculated for 1992 by (1) computing the average ratio of the CEX estimate to the PCE estimate for all corresponding expenditure categories; (2) identifying the matched expenditure categories with a CEX-to-PCE ratio that was less than the average ratio; (3) computing the average CEX-to-PCE ratio for the expenditure categories identified in step (2); and (4) dividing the average CEX-to-PCE ratio from (1) by the average CEX-to-PCE ratio from (3).

(16.) The 1992 In-Flight Survey ratios were applied to 1996 and 1997 because of the large unexplained variation in these ratios between 1996 and 1997.

(17.) BEA adjusts the BLS data for industries that are not covered or that are partially covered, such as railroads, agriculture, and membership organizations. Other adjustments include additions for employees of nonprofit institutions and for misreporting on employment tax returns. (See State Personal Income, 1969-98 [CD-ROM] (Washington, DC: Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2000.)