Comprehensive revision of gross state product by industry, 1977-94.

Friedenberg, Howard L. ; Beemiller, Richard M.

In this article, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) presents new estimates of gross state product (GSP) for 1993 and 1994 and revised estimates for 1977-92.(1) The new and revised GSP estimates are consistent with the improved estimates of gross product originating (GPO) by industry for the Nation that were published in the August 1996 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS. The estimates incorporate the results of the most recent comprehensive revisions of the national income and product accounts (NIPA'S) and of the State personal income accounts.(2)

The following major improvements have been incorporated into these new and revised GSP estimates:

* Chain-type measures of real GSP, which reduce the substitution bias that is inherent in the previously used fixed-weighted measures;

* A new treatment of government investment, which provides a more complete picture of investment through the consistent treatment of investment in both the public and private sectors;

* Additional State source data on sales, on sales taxes, and on gross receipts taxes, which result in better allocations of national commodity taxes by industry; and

* State data on receipts and payrolls for industries newly covered in the 199z economic censuses.

These improvements are another step in BEA'S continuing effort to update and better integrate the GSP estimates by industry with the national estimates of GPO by industry and the national input-output accounts.(3)

GSP for a State is derived as the sum of the gross state product originating in all industries in the State. In concept, an industry's GSP, or its "value added," is equivalent to its gross output (sales or receipts and other operating income, commodity taxes, and inventory change) minus its intermediate inputs (consumption of goods and services purchased from other U.S. industries or imported). Thus, GSP is the State counterpart of the Nation's gross domestic product (GDP). In practice, GSP and GPO estimates are measured as the sum of the distributions by industry of the components of gross domestic income--that is, the sum of the costs incurred (such as compensation of employees, net interest, and indirect business taxes) and the profits earned in production.(4)

BEA prepares GSP estimates for 63 industries (see appendix A). For each industry, GSP is presented in three components: Compensation of employees, indirect business tax and nontax liability, and "other GSP."(5) The relationship between these components and the components of GPO and GDP is shown in appendix B.

BEA prepares estimates of GSP in current dollars (see table 9, which follows the text) and of real GSP (see table 10). As discussed in the section "Methodology," the methodology used to estimate current-dollar GSP for each industry depends on the source data that are available. State estimates of GSP for all industries and components are "controlled" to national totals of GPO for all industries and components.(6) The estimates of real GSP are derived by applying national chain-type implicit price deflators by detailed industry to the current-dollar GSP estimates by detailed industry and then using the same chain-type Fisher index used in the national accounts to calculate the estimates of total real GSP and real GSP by major industry.

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Real GSP is an inflation-adjusted measure of each State's output that is based on national prices for the goods and services produced within that State. It is not a measure of the cost of goods and services consumed in each State and may include a substantial volume of output shipped to other States or countries. To the extent that a State's output is produced and sold in national markets at relatively uniform prices (or sold locally at national prices), GSP does a reasonable job of measuring real output by capturing differences across States that reflect relative differences in the mix of goods and services that the States produce. However, real GSP does not capture geographic differences in the prices of goods and services produced for local markets.

The first part of this article discusses the relative performance of various States in terms of growth rates, shares of the Nation, and industry shares of State totals. The second part discusses the revisions to the GSP estimates, and the third part describes the methodology used to prepare the GSP estimates. A technical note at the end of the article describes the calculation and the properties of the new chain-type measures of real GSP.

Growth Rates and Shares

Comparisons of GSP growth rates and shares of GSP across industries or States provide indications of the relative performance of industries or States. For example, a comparison of the growth rate of real GSP for an industry with the growth rate of total real GSP indicates whether that industry is raising (or is lowering) the State's growth rate. A comparison of the share of total GSP in current dollars that is accounted for by the GSP of an industry over time indicates whether that industry's claim on the State's resources is increasing (or decreasing).

Real growth rates

Table 1 presents average annual rates of change in real GSP for 1977-94 and for 1987-94. Real GSP for the Nation increased at average annual rates of 2.6 percent in 1977-94 and 2.3 percent in 1987-94. In 1977-94, the GSP of all States increased, and in 1987-94, the GSP of all States except Alaska increased. The remainder of this discussion focuses on growth in GSP by industry for the most recent period, 1987-94.

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From 1987 to 1994, the six fastest growing States were Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Washington. In each of these States, the increases in GSP in construction and in wholesale trade exceeded the increase in total GSP for that State. In most of these States, the increases in GSP were also above average in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, in manufacturing, in mining, and in retail trade. In addition, the increase in GSP was above average in finance, insurance, and real estate in Nevada, in transportation and public utilities in Idaho, in services in Utah, and in transportation and public utilities, in finance, insurance, and real estate, and in services in Washington.

From 1987 to 1994, the five slowest growing States were Alaska, Rhode Island, Maine, Louisiana, and Massachusetts. In most of these States, GSP declined in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, in manufacturing, in construction, and in mining, and GSP increased at a below-average rate in government. In addition, GSP declined in finance, insurance, and real estate in Louisiana and in retail trade in Massachusetts, and GSP increased at a below-average rate in retail trade in Rhode Island.

Shares of current-dollar GSP

Industry shares.--In 1977-94, the share of U.S. current-dollar GSP accounted for by private services-producing industries of increased 9.8 percentage points, from 53.0 percent to 62.8 percent (table 2).(7) The share accounted for by private goods-producing industries declined 9.0 percentage points, from 33.5 percent to 24.5 percent.(8) The share accounted for by government declined 0.7 percentage point, from 13.4 percent to 12.7 percent.

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By State, the increase in the share of the private services-producing industries ranged from 20.5 percentage points in Delaware to 3.2 percentage points in Nevada. In five States, the increases were more than 12.0 percentage points. In four of these States--Delaware, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire--the largest increase was in finance, insurance, and real estate; in the other State New Jersey--the largest increase was in services.

The increases in the share of the private services-producing industries were largely paralleled by declines in the share of the private goods-producing industries: The declines ranged from 16.5 percentage points in Delaware to 0.1 percentage point in Nevada; Delaware, Connecticut, and Rhode Island were among the States with the largest declines in share. The other States with the largest declines in share were West Virginia and Louisiana. In Delaware, the largest decline was in nondurable goods manufacturing; in Connecticut and Rhode Island, in durable goods manufacturing; and in West Virginia and Louisiana, in mining.

For government, the change in the share ranged from an increase of 2.8 percentage points in West Virginia to a decline of 6.5 percentage points in Hawaii. The increase in West Virginia was mainly in State and local government, and the decline in Hawaii was in Federal Government.

State shares.--In general, the States that accounted for the largest and the smallest shares of current-dollar GSP in 1994 were the same as those in 1977 (chart 1). The largest changes in shares from 1977 to 1994 were mainly in the States with the largest shares: The shares of Florida, California, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, and Texas increased 0.4 percentage point or more, and the shares of Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York declined 0.5 percentage point or more.

[CHART 1 OMITTED]

Revisions to the GSP Estimates

This section discusses the impact of the revisions to the GSP estimates, the major sources of the revisions, and the changes in the presentation of the GSP estimates.

Impact of the revisions

Current-dollar estimates.--Table 3 shows the revisions to the GSP estimates for the benchmark years 1977, 1982, 1987, and 1992, when the estimates are mainly based on State source data from economic censuses rather than on extrapolation or interpolation. For the Nation, the revisions to GSP range from $25.9 billion in 1977, or 1.3 percent of the previously published estimate, to $141.0 billion in 1992, or 2.4 percent of the previously published estimate. For most States, the revisions to GSP as a percentage of the previously published estimates are small; in general, the revisions are largest in the Mideast and Far West States and smallest in the Great Lakes and Southwest States.

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Table 4 highlights the 10 States with the largest average percentage revisions (upward or downward) for the 4 benchmark years. The revisions to GSP exceed 5.0 percent only in Hawaii in all benchmark years, in New York in 1987 and 1992, in Virginia in 1982 and 1987, in Florida in 1982, and in Louisiana and Alaska in 1992. For the 10 States, the revisions mainly reflect the statistical changes incorporated into the current-dollar estimates of GSP for a few industries: "Other real estate" and State and local government in most of these States; Federal Government in Hawaii, Virginia, Maryland, and Alaska; nonfarm housing services in Hawaii, Maryland, Mississippi, Montana, and Idaho; "pipelines, except natural gas" in Alaska; oil and gas extraction in Alaska and Louisiana; communications in Mississippi and Idaho; and wholesale trade in New York. The revisions to other real estate, oil and gas extraction, and communications mainly reflect the incorporation of data from the 1992 economic censuses. The revisions to government mainly reflect the new treatment of government investment.(9) The revisions to nonfarm housing services and to pipelines, except natural gas mainly reflect the incorporation of the August 1996 revisions to national GPO estimates for these industries.(10) The revisions to wholesale trade mainly reflect the shift of the Federal excise tax on gasoline and gasohol from petroleum and coal products in manufacturing to wholesale trade.(11)

Table 4.--Revisions to Gross State Product for Selected States, Benchmark Years

 In millions of current dollars

 1977 1982 1987

States with largest upward
 percentage revisions:

 Hawaii 616 1,383 1,976
 New York 8,025 13,179 22,199
 Virginia 1,812 3,671 6,952
 Florida 2,846 7,050 8,340
 Maryland 1,522 2,498 2,852

United States 25,912 55,906 103,656

States with largest downward
 percentage revisions:

 Louisiana -709 428 1,338
 Idaho -129 -85 -148
 Montana -73 -352 -215
 Mississippi -386 -774 -638
 Alaska 49 -752 142

 In millions of current dollars

 1992 Average of
 4 years

States with largest upward
 percentage revisions:

 Hawaii 1,784 1,440
 New York 28,000 17,851
 Virginia 6,750 4,796
 Florida 11,172 7,352
 Maryland 2,939 2,453

United States 140,965 81,625

States with largest downward
 percentage revisions:

 Louisiana -5,457 -1,100
 Idaho -744 -276
 Montana -151 -198
 Mississippi -980 -694
 Alaska -3,715 -1,069

 As a percentage of previously
 published

 1977 1982 1987 1992

States with largest upward
 percentage revisions:

 Hawaii 7.0 9.8 9.3 5.4
 New York 4.8 5.0 5.6 5.6
 Virginia 4.3 5.3 6.1 4.4
 Florida 4.5 6.0 4.2 4.2
 Maryland 4.5 4.7 3.2 2.5

United States 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.4

States with largest downward
 percentage revisions:

 Louisiana -1.8 .5 1.8 -5.7
 Idaho -1.8 -.8 -1.1 -3.6
 Montana -1.1 -3.3 -1.8 -1.0
 Mississippi -2.4 -3.1 -1.9 -2.2
 Alaska .7 -3.2 .7 -14.3

 As a percentage of previously
 published

 Average of
 4 years

States with largest upward
 percentage revisions:

 Hawaii 7.9
 New York 5.2
 Virginia 5.0
 Florida 4.7
 Maryland 3.7

United States 1.9

States with largest downward
 percentage revisions:

 Louisiana -1.3
 Idaho -1.8
 Montana -1.8
 Mississippi -2.4
 Alaska -4.0

Real growth rates.--Most States have revisions (upward or downward) of 0.5 percentage point or less to the growth rates in real GSP for 1987-92 (table 5). Only nine States had revisions of more than 0.5 percentage point: Wyoming, Arizona, Texas, New Jersey, Georgia, Alaska, Louisiana, Delaware, and North Dakota. For all nine States, the revisions mainly reflect the incorporation of statistical changes into the current-dollar estimates; the incorporation of the chain-type measure of real GSP accounts for a small part of the revisions, as would be expected for the years close to the base period of 1992.

Table 5.--Revisions to Average Annual Rates of Change in Real Gross State Product, 1987-92

 Previously published Revised

 Recalibrated
 Based on data based on Based on
 using fixed chain-type chain-type
 weights quantity quantity
 (1987=100) indexes indexes
 (1992=100) (1992=100)

 (1) (2) (3)

United States 1.9 2.0 2.0

New England .7 .8 .5
 Connecticut .8 .9 1.2
 Maine 1.2 1.2 .7
 Massachusetts .4 .6 0
 New Hampshire .8 .9 .7
 Rhode Island .4 .6 .9
 Vermont 1.8 1.8 2.2

Mideast 1.2 1.5 1.4
 Delaware 4.5 4.9 3.5
 District of Columbia 1.7 1.8 2.2
 Maryland 1.4 1.7 1.5
 New Jersey 1.4 1.6 2.0
 New York .8 1.0 .8
 Pennsylvania 1.6 1.7 1.9

Great Lakes 1.6 1.6 1.6
 Illinois 1.7 1.9 1.8
 Indiana 2.2 2.1 2.2
 Michigan .6 .6 .5
 Ohio 1.4 1.5 1.4
 Wisconsin 2.6 2.7 2.7

Plains 2.1 2.3 2.1
 Iowa 2.7 2.9 2.6
 Kansas 1.5 1.6 1.4
 Minnesota 2.7 2.9 2.4
 Missouri 1.1 1.1 1.3
 Nebraska 3.6 3.9 3.5
 North Dakota 2.0 2.3 1.3
 South Dakota 3.4 3.6 3.1

Southeast 2.3 2.4 2.2
 Alabama 2.1 2.1 2.2
 Arkansas 3.1 3.1 3.1
 Florida 2.5 2.6 2.6
 Georgia 2.2 2.4 2.8
 Kentucky 2.8 2.8 2.5
 Louisiana 1.2 1.5 -.1
 Mississippi 2.0 2.1 2.1
 North Carolina 2.9 2.8 2.4
 South Carolina 3.0 3.1 2.5
 Tennessee 2.5 2.5 2.4
 Virginia 1.9 2.0 1.7
 West Virginia 2.2 2.2 1.9

Southwest 2.5 2.6 3.2
 Arizona 1.5 1.6 2.4
 New Mexico 4.1 4.0 3.6
 Oklahoma 1.1 1.4 1.6
 Texas 2.8 2.9 3.6

Rocky Mountain 3.1 3.3 3.2
 Colorado 2.8 3.0 2.8
 Idaho 4.9 5.2 4.6
 Montana 1.9 2.2 2.4
 Utah 3.9 3.9 3.5
 Wyoming 1.8 1.9 3.3

Far West 2.4 2.5 2.6
 Alaska 1.7 1.9 -1.4
 California 1.7 1.9 2.2
 Hawaii 4.9 5.2 4.4
 Nevada 7.3 7.4 6.8
 Oregon 3.1 3.2 3.4
 Washington 4.4 4.4 4.4

 Difference

 Due to Due to
 incorporation of incorporation
 Total statistical of chain-type
 (3)-(1) changes measure
 (3)-(2) (4)-(5)

 (4) (5) (6)

United States 0.1 0 0.1

New England -.2 -.3 .1
 Connecticut .4 .3 .1
 Maine -.5 -.5 0
 Massachusetts -.4 -.6 .2
 New Hampshire -.1 -.2 .1
 Rhode Island .5 .3 .2
 Vermont .4 .4 0

Mideast .2 -.1 .3
 Delaware -1.0 -1.4 .4
 District of Columbia .5 .4 .1
 Maryland .1 -.2 .3
 New Jersey .6 .4 .2
 New York 0 -.2 .2
 Pennsylvania .3 .2 .1

Great Lakes 0 0 0
 Illinois .1 -.1 .2
 Indiana 0 .1 -.1
 Michigan -.1 -.1 0
 Ohio 0 -.1 .1
 Wisconsin .1 0 .1

Plains 0 -.2 .2
 Iowa -.1 -.3 .2
 Kansas -.1 -.2 .1
 Minnesota -.3 -.5 .2
 Missouri .2 .2 0
 Nebraska -.1 -.4 .3
 North Dakota -.7 -1.0 .3
 South Dakota -.3 -.5 .2

Southeast -.1 -.2 .1
 Alabama .1 .1 0
 Arkansas 0 0 0
 Florida .1 0 .1
 Georgia .6 .4 .2
 Kentucky -.3 -.3 0
 Louisiana -1.3 -1.6 .3
 Mississippi .1 0 .1
 North Carolina -.5 -.4 -.1
 South Carolina -.5 -.6 .1
 Tennessee -.1 -.1 0
 Virginia -.2 -.3 .1
 West Virginia -.3 -.3 0

Southwest .7 .6 .1
 Arizona .9 .8 .1
 New Mexico -.5 -.4 -.1
 Oklahoma .5 .2 .3
 Texas .8 .7 .1

Rocky Mountain .1 -.1 .2
 Colorado 0 -.2 .2
 Idaho -.3 -.6 .3
 Montana .5 .2 .3
 Utah -.4 -.4 0
 Wyoming 1.5 1.4 .1

Far West .2 .1 .1
 Alaska -3.1 -3.3 .2
 California .5 .3 .2
 Hawaii -.5 -.8 .3
 Nevada -.5 -.6 .1
 Oregon .3 .2 .1
 Washington 0 0 0

Major sources of the revisions

The GSP estimates for all industries and years are now controlled to the national estimates of GPO by industry that were published in August 1996.(12) This section focuses on the new or improved State data sources that were incorporated into the estimates for particular industries and years.

Private goods-producing industries.--The estimates of GSP for mining for most nonbenchmark years are derived by using data on value of production to interpolate or extrapolate the benchmark-year estimates of GSP. For metal mining and for "nonmetallic minerals, except fuels," the value of production is based on data from the Department of the Interior (DOI). For coal mining and for oil and gas extraction, the value of production is calculated from Department of Energy (DOE) data by multiplying the quantity produced by the average price. Previously, unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State were used to interpolate or extrapolate the benchmark-year estimates of GSP for mining; wage and salary accruals continue to be used for nonbenchmark years for which the data on value of production are not available.(13)

The estimates of GSP for manufacturing are based on data on value-added-in-production from the Census Bureau.(14) When the Census Bureau suppresses these data in order to protect the confidentiality of the data for a firm, BEA must estimate the suppressed data. These estimates of value-added-in-production are now prepared in three steps. First, Census Bureau data on payrolls are interpolated or extrapolated by using unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State.(15) Second, Census Bureau data on the ratio of value-added-in-production to payrolls are interpolated or extrapolated with a "straight-line" method. Third, the payrolls are multiplied by the ratios of value added to payrolls to yield the estimates of value added. Previously, when the data were suppressed, value-added-in-production was estimated on the basis of employment data from the Census Bureau's County Business Patterns.

Private services-producing industries.--For railroad transportation, transportation by air, and electric utilities, the estimates of other GSP excluding proprietors' income--referred to as "other capital charges"--for 1992-94 are now based on tabulations of company net income and expenses from DOI and from the Department of Transportation.(16) Previously, the estimates for 1992 were based on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State.

For local and interurban passenger transit, telephone and telegraph communications, radio and television, and sanitary services, the estimates of other capital charges for 1992 are now based on newly available data on revenues and payrolls from the census of transportation, communications, and utilities.(17) Previously, the estimates for 1992 were based on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State.

For nondepository institutions, security and commodity brokers, holding and other investment offices, insurance carriers, and insurance agents, brokers, and service, the estimates of other capital charges for 1992 are now based on newly available data on revenues and payrolls from the census of financial, insurance, and real estate industries. Previously, the estimates for 1992 were based on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State.

For the real estate industry, direct estimates of other capital charges are now made for "other real estate."(18) For 1992, these estimates are based on newly available data on revenues and payrolls from the census of financial, insurance, and real estate industries; for other years, they are based on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State.

For nonfarm housing services, the estimates of other capital charges for nonbenchmark years are derived by using BEA estimates of nonfarm personal income to interpolate or extrapolate benchmark-year estimates of other capital charges; previously, BEA estimates of personal income were used.

For the motion picture industry, health services, social services, and other services, the estimates of other capital charges for 1992 are now based on data on revenues and payrolls from the census of service industries. Previously, the estimates for 1992 were based on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State because the data on revenues and payrolls were incomplete.

Government.--Estimates of the consumption of fixed capital are now incorporated into the estimates of GSP. For all years, the GSP estimates are based on BEA employment estimates for the Federal Government and for State and local general government and on data on revenues and expenses from the census of governments for State and local government enterprises.(19)

All industries.--Estimates of the sales and gross receipts tax component of indirect business tax and nontax liability are now based on special tabulations that BEA prepared from State tax collection reports for 1977-93 for 44 States. Previously, the special tabulations were prepared from tax collection reports for 1977-87 and covered only 30 States.

Presentational changes

The estimates of real GSP by industry are now presented in chained (1992) dollars (table 10); the line "not allocated by industry" reflects the nonadditivity characteristic of the chained-dollar estimates (see the "note" to the table). In addition, the chain-type measures of real GSP by industry are also available as quantity indexes; for example, see table 6. (For a discussion of the new chain-type measures, see the technical note at the end of this article.) The tables presenting fixed-weighted measures of real GSP have been dropped.(20)

Table 6.--Quantity Indexes for Gross State Product by Industry for California, Selected Years [1992=100]

 1977 1982 1987 1988

Total gross state product 59.5 68.8 89.8 95.2

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 42.7 60.2 81.3 76.5
Mining 119.5 118.6 107.6 122.3
Construction 91.2 75.1 121.9 127.5
Manufacturing 60.4 75.1 98.3 106.1
Transportation and public utilities 60.5 70.6 88.8 90.3
Wholesale trade 43.9 53.7 78.0 83.9
Retail trade 61.3 69.1 91.3 97.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate 53.7 62.6 85.3 92.6
Services 53.5 66.2 86.6 91.6
Government 80.2 81.9 91.6 94.0

 1989 1990 1991 1992

Total gross state product 99.7 102.4 100.6 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 78.2 92.7 88.3 100.0
Mining 109.9 118.4 108.2 100.0
Construction 132.6 128.1 110.5 100.0
Manufacturing 107.4 106.4 103.6 100.0
Transportation and public utilities 96.6 101.7 99.4 100.0
Wholesale trade 90.8 91.0 94.4 100.0
Retail trade 102.2 103.0 100.3 100.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate 98.4 102.4 101.6 100.0
Services 97.0 101.3 99.7 100.0
Government 97.1 99.7 100.4 100.0

 1993 1994

Total gross state product 99.1 100.9

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 99.2 104.4
Mining 86.3 103.2
Construction 94.4 98.7
Manufacturing 100.7 103.7
Transportation and public utilities 103.6 107.1
Wholesale trade 99.6 106.4
Retail trade 100.6 103.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate 97.1 97.6
Services 99.6 99.8
Government 98.3 97.7

Methodology

This section discusses the methodology--that is, the source data and estimating procedures--used to prepare the GSP estimates. The following methodology was used to prepare both the GSP estimates that were published in August 1994 and May 1995 and the revised estimates:

* State estimates by industry and by component are controlled to national totals of GPO by industry and by component.

* State source data are used in estimating compensation of employees, indirect business tax and nontax liability, and proprietors' income for all years and industries; other capital charges for benchmark years for most industries; and other capital charges for all years for farms and government and for all years except 1979-81 for manufacturing.(21)

* Interpolation or extrapolation is used in estimating other capital charges for most nonbenchmark years for mining, construction, and private services-producing industries and for 1979-81 for manufacturing.

For the revised GSP estimates, the following major new source data are incorporated: Additional State data on sales, on sales taxes, and on gross receipts taxes to estimate indirect business tax and nontax liability; additional State data on income and expenses by company to estimate other capital charges for the transportation and public utilities industry; State data on receipts and payrolls to estimate other capital charges for the private services-producing industries that were covered by economic censuses for the first time in 1992; and State data on Federal Government and State and local government employment to estimate the consumption of fixed capital by government.(22)

Next, the source data and estimating procedures are discussed by component for the revised set of GSP estimates.

Compensation of employees

The annual estimates by State and industry of two components of compensation of employees--wage and salary accruals and other labor income are based on BEA'S State personal income series.(23) Wage and salary accruals are then used to allocate to States employer contributions for social insurance--the component of compensation of employees not measured in the personal income series.(24)

Indirect business tax and nontax liability

Indirect business tax and nontax liability consists of a State and local government component and a Federal Government component. The State and local government component mainly consists of nonpersonal property taxes, licenses, nontax liabilities, and sales and gross receipts taxes. For taxes on nonpersonal property other than farm and residential, for licenses, and for nontax liabilities, annual State estimates by industry are based on Census Bureau data on taxes collected by type and State, which are controlled to BEA national totals of taxes collected by type and industry. For taxes on farm property, annual estimates by State are based on data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and for taxes on residential property, the estimates are based on Census Bureau data on the assessed value of residential property by State. For sales and gross receipts taxes, annual estimates by State are based on Census Bureau data on taxes collected by State, which are controlled to national totals by industry and to special tabulations by State and industry that are prepared from State tax collection reports.

The Federal Government component consists of nontax liabilities and excise taxes on goods and services. The data used to estimate excise taxes and selected nontax liabilities are shown in table 7. Other nontax liabilities are estimated using BEA estimates of compensation of employees.

[TABULAR DATA 7 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

Other GSP

Other GSP consists of proprietors' income and other capital charges. Proprietors' income is based on BEA'S State personal income series.

For other capital charges, the source data and estimating procedures vary. For about one-half of the 63 industries for which GSP estimates are prepared, the source data and procedures used for estimating other capital charges for benchmark years are also used for some or all nonbench-mark years' for the nonbenchmark years for which the benchmark-year procedures cannot be used, the estimates are interpolated or extrapolated from the benchmark-year estimates (for the source data used, see table 8). For the benchmark years, the procedures used to estimate other capital charges for an industry largely depend on the source data available for that industry.

[TABULAR DATA 8 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

Private goods-producing industries.--For the farms, mining, construction, and manufacturing industries, the estimates of other capital charges are derived as a residual. First, total GSP is estimated, and then compensation of employees, indirect business tax and nontax liability, and proprietors' income are subtracted to derive other capital charges.

For farms, the GSP estimates are based on data on farm income and expenses from USDA.

For mining, construction, and manufacturing, the GSP estimates are based on Census Bureau data on value-added-in-production. These data are then adjusted so that they conform to BEA,S definition of value added.(25) Three adjustments are made to the data for mining and manufacturing by detailed industry and for construction. First, the data for central administrative offices of multiestablishment firms are reassigned from the States where the operating establishments that are administered by the central offices are located to the States where the offices are located. Second, the cost of purchased services is subtracted from the data. Third, the data are adjusted to conform with the establishment-industry distribution in BEA'S estimates of wage and salary disbursements.(26)

In addition, for construction, another adjustment is made. Rental payments for machinery and equipment are subtracted, and the adjusted value added is reassigned from the State of the construction establishment to the State where the construction is performed.(27)

Private services-producing industries.--The estimates of other capital charges for the following industries are based on data on revenues (sales) and payrolls from economic censuses or on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State: The trade and services industries; most finance, insurance, and real estate industries; and six transportation and public utilities industries--local and interurban passenger transit, trucking and warehousing, water transportation, transportation services, radio and television, and sanitary services.

The estimates of other capital charges for the following industries are based on data on income and expenses from financial reports that firms file with Federal agencies or on unpublished BEA estimates of wage and salary accruals by State: Depository institutions and the other six transportation and public utilities industries--railroad transportation, transportation by air, pipelines except natural gas, telephone and telegraph communications, electric utilities, and gas utilities.

For nonfarm housing services, the estimates of other capital charges are based on data on the number and value of dwellings from the census of housing.

Government.--For government, other capital charges consist of subsidies less current surplus of government enterprises and the consumption of fixed capital. The estimates of subsidies less current surplus are based on data on revenues and expenses and on related statistics.(28)

The estimates of the consumption of fixed capital for Federal civilian government, for State and local general government, and for Federal military domestic structures and office equipment are based on BEA employment estimates. The estimates of the consumption of fixed capital for State and local government enterprises are based on data on revenues and expenses.

Technical Note: Chain-Type Measures of Real GSP

As part of this comprehensive revision of GSP by industry, BEA introduces chain-type measures of real GSP. This note describes the calculation of these measures and discusses some of their advantages and limitations.

The estimation of GSP by State and industry consists of two broad computational stages: (1) The estimation of current-dollar values, and (2) the separation of the current-dollar values into a price-change element and a quantity-change element. The quantity-change element has been referred to as the change in "constant-dollar" GSP or sometimes as the change in "real" GSP. However, real GSP cannot be observed or collected directly from source data as current-dollar GSP can; real GSP is an analytical concept--an index that measures aggregate quantities of disparate commodities.

In the past, the measures of change in real GSP were calculated by fixing the valuations of GSP in a period (base year) and holding those valuations fixed over all the years for which GSP estimates are produced. However, these "fixed-weighted" measures of real GSP tend to misstate growth as one moves further from the base period--usually understating growth before the base year and overstating it after the base year. This tendency, often referred to as the "substitution bias," reflects the fact that the commodities for which output grows rapidly tend to be those for which prices increase less than average or decline. To correct for this bias, BEA introduced chain-type measures of real GDP in 1992. In 1996, BEA extended the use of chain-type measures to the national estimates of gross product originating by industry. Now, the use of chain-type measures has been extended to the GSP estimates by State and industry.

Beginning with this comprehensive revision of GSP, annual chain-type quantity indexes are the measures of real GSP. Each link in the chain-type quantity index is a Fisher quantity index for 2 adjacent years. Each annual Fisher quantity index, in turn, is the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche quantity indexes for the adjacent years. The Laspeyres quantity index uses the prices of the first year to weight the quantities in the 2 adjacent years. The Paasche quantity index uses the prices of the second year to weight the quantities. In the following formulas, L refers to the Laspeyres quantity index, P refers to the Paasche quantity index, F refers to the Fisher quantity index, C refers to the Fisher chain-type quantity index, i refers to the number of detailed industries for which GSP is estimated, and p and q refer to detailed prices and quantities, respectively.

The Laspeyres quantity index for GSP is defined as

[L.sub.1,2] = [summation over i] ([p.sub.i,1] [q.sub.i,2])/[summation over 1] ([p.sub.i,1] [q.sub.i,1].

The Paasche quantity index for GSP is defined as

[P.sub.1,2] = [summation over 1] ([p.sub.i,2] [q.sub.i,2]/[summation over i] ([p.sub.i,2] [q.sub.i,1].

The Fisher quantity index is defined as the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche quantity indexes as follows:

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

However, because the variables that represent the composites of prices in 1 year and quantities in an adjacent year (for example, [p.sub.i,2] [q.sub.i,2]) are not directly observable, the Fisher quantity indexes were actually calculated using an algebraically equivalent formula that consists of combinations of prices and quantities for the same year and indexes of relative prices for the adjacent years:

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

These Fisher quantity indexes are then chained--annual indexes are multiplied by the previous year's index, with the base year (1992) set equal to 100--to derive the percent growth in real GSP relative to the base year, allowing for the effects of changes in relative prices and in the composition of output over time:

[C.sub.2] = [C.sub.1] x [F.sub.1,2].

Real chained-dollar GSP estimates are then calculated as the product of the Fisher chain-type quantity index for each year (divided by 100) and of the current-dollar value for 1990 (the base year).

Using the Fisher chain-type quantity indexes reduces the substitution bias in real GSP growth, but there are some limitations. Although the annual weights provide more accurate estimates, the chained (1992) dollars are not strictly additive, especially for periods far away from the base period. Many users of the previously published GSP estimates had found the additive property of real, or constant, dollars based on fixed-weighted indexes useful for analyses of long-term regional growth and for forecasting short- and long-term trends in their State's economy.

The GSP estimates in chained (1992) dollars are nearly additive for years close to the base period. The nonadditivity of the chained (1992) dollars is reflected in the residual "not allocated by industry," which is calculated as the difference between the sum of the industry detail of real GSP and total real GSP (see table 10). For years close to the 1992 base year, this residual is small (less than an average of 0.1 percent of total GSP for the Nation for 1987-94), and the contributions to growth computed from the chained (1992) dollars are reasonable approximations of those computed from the chain indexes. However, for years far from the 1992 base year, the residual tends to become large, and the contributions to growth computed from the chained (1992) dollars can differ significantly from those computed from the chain indexes.

As discussed in the article "BEA'S Chain Indexes, Time Series, and Measures of Long-Term Economic Growth" in the May 1997 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS, BEA recommends using estimates of real economic growth that are based on chain-type quantity indexes and on percent changes in the indexes for long-term periods (1929 to the present for GDP and 1977 to the present for GSP). The estimates in chained (1992) dollars should only be used for periods dose to the base year (1982 to the present for GDP and GSP). For users who rely on real estimates that are denominated in dollars, the May article demonstrates how to prepare dose approximations of contributions to growth or relative changes for any period.

Tables 9 and 10 and appendixes A and B follow.

[TABULAR DATA 9 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

Appendix A. Industries for Which Gross State Product Estimates Are Available

 1987
 SIC
 code

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing A
 Farms 01-02
 Agricultural services, forestry, and fishing 07-09
Mining B
 Metal mining 10
 Coal mining 12
 Oil and gas extraction 13
 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 14
Construction C
Manufacturing D
 Durable goods
 Lumbar and wood products 24
 Furniture and fixtures 25
 Stone, clay, and mass products 32
 Primary metal industries 33
 Fabricated metal products 34
 Industrial machinery and equipment 35
 Electronic and other electric equipment(1) 36
 Motor vehicles and equipment 371
 Other transportation equipment 372-79
 Instruments and related products(1) 38
 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 39
Nondurable goods
 Food and kindred products 20
 Tobacco products 21
 Textile mill products 22
 Apparel and other textile products 23
 Paper and allied products 26
 Printing and publishing 27
 Chemicals and allied products 28
 Petroleum and coal products 29
 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 30
 Leather and leather products 31
Transportation and public utilities E
 Transportation
 Rallroad transportation 40
 Local and interurban passenger transit 41
 Trucking and warehousing 42
 Water transportation 44
 Transportation by air 45
 Pipelines, except natural gas 46
 Transportation services 47
 Communications 48
 Electric, gas, and sanitary services 49
Wholesale trade F
Retail trade G
Finance, insurance, and real estate H
 Depository institutions (2) 60
 Nondepository institutions (2) 61
 Security and commodity brokers 62
 Insurance carriers 63
 Insurance agents, brokers, and service 64
 Real estate 65
 Holding and other investment offices 67
Services(3) I
 Hotels and other lodging places 70
 Personal services 72
 Business services(3) 73
 Auto repair, services, and parking 75
 Miscellaneous repair services 76
 Motion pictures 78
 Amusement and recreation services 79
 Health services 80
 Legal services 81
 Educational services 82
 Social services 83
 Membership organizations 86
 Other services(3) 84,87,89
 Private households 88
Government J
 Federal civilian 91-96
 Federal military 97
 State and local 91-96

(1.) Estimates for 1977-66 are for the 1972 SIC industries electric and electronic equipment and instruments end related products.

(2.) Estimates for 1977-66 are for the 1972 SIC industries banking end credit agencies other

(3) Estimates for 1977-66 are for the 1972 SIC industries business services and miscellaneous professional services.

SIC Standard Industrial Classification. See Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual a987 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967).

Appendix B.-Relation of Gross State Product to Gross Product Originating and Gross Domestic Products, 1994 [Billions of dollars]

 GPO(1)

Compensation of employees:
 Wage and salary accruals 3,256.1
 Supplements to wages and salaries:
 Employer contributions for social insurance 350.2
 Other labor income 402.2

Indirect business tax and nontax liability 572.5
Other gross product originating:
 Proprietors' income with IVA:
 Farm 42.5
 Nonfarm 410.4
 Rental income of persons 159.4
 Corporate profits with IVA 453.6
 Net interest 462.9
 Business transfer payments 29.9
 Less: Subsidies less current surplus of government
 enterprises 25.1
 Private capital consumption allowances(6) 645.4
 Government consumption of fixed capital:(7)
 Federal 70.6
 State and local 69.4
Equals: Gross domestic Income 6,900.0
Plus: Statistical discrepancy 31.3
Equals: Gross domestic product 6,931.3

 GSP

 Compensation
 of
 employees
Compensation of employees:
 Wage and salary accruals (2)3,247.0
 Supplements to wages and salaries:
 Employer contributions for social insurance (3)345.6
 Other labor income (4)402.0

Indirect business tax and nontax liability
Other gross product originating:
 Proprietors' income with IVA:
 Farm
 Nonfarm
 Rental income of persons
 Corporate profits with IVA
 Net interest
 Business transfer payments
 Less: Subsidies less current surplus of government
 enterprises
 Private capital consumption allowances(6)
 Government consumption of fixed capital:(7)
 Federal
 State and local
Equals: Gross domestic Income 3,994.6
Plus: Statistical discrepancy
Equals: Gross domestic product 3,994.6

 IBT and
 nontax
 liability
Compensation of employees:
 Wage and salary accruals
 Supplements to wages and salaries:
 Employer contributions for social insurance
 Other labor income

Indirect business tax and nontax liability 572.5
Other gross product originating:
 Proprietors' income with IVA:
 Farm
 Nonfarm
 Rental income of persons
 Corporate profits with IVA
 Net interest
 Business transfer payments
 Less: Subsidies less current surplus of government
 enterprises
 Private capital consumption allowances(6)
 Government consumption of fixed capital:(7)
 Federal
 State and local
Equals: Gross domestic Income 572.5
Plus: Statistical discrepancy
Equals: Gross domestic product 572.5

 Other GSP
Compensation of employees:
 Wage and salary accruals
 Supplements to wages and salaries:
 Employer contributions for social insurance
 Other labor income

Indirect business tax and nontax liability
Other gross product originating:
 Proprietors' income with IVA:
 Farm (5)42.5
 Nonfarm 410.4
 Rental income of persons 159.4
 Corporate profits with IVA 453.6
 Net interest 462.9
 Business transfer payments 29.9
 Less: Subsidies less current surplus of government
 enterprises 25.1
 Private capital consumption allowances(6) 645.4
 Government consumption of fixed capital:(7)
 Federal (8)20.0
 State and local 69.4
Equals: Gross domestic Income 2,268.5
Plus: Statistical discrepancy
Equals: Gross domestic product 2,268.5

 Total
Compensation of employees:
 Wage and salary accruals 3,247.0
 Supplements to wages and salaries:
 Employer contributions for social insurance 345.6
 Other labor income 402.0

Indirect business tax and nontax liability 572.5
Other gross product originating:
 Proprietors' income with IVA:
 Farm 42.5
 Nonfarm 410.4
 Rental income of persons 159.4
 Corporate profits with IVA 453.6
 Net interest 462.9
 Business transfer payments 29.9
 Less: Subsidies less current surplus of government
 enterprises 25.1
 Private capital consumption allowances(6) 645.4
 Government consumption of fixed capital:(7)
 Federal 20.0
 State and local 69.4
Equals: Gross domestic Income 6,835.6
Plus: Statistical discrepancy
Equals: Gross domestic product 6,835.6

 Difference
 between
 GPO and GSP
Compensation of employees:
 Wage and salary accruals 9.1
 Supplements to wages and salaries:
 Employer contributions for social insurance 4.6
 Other labor income .2

Indirect business tax and nontax liability
Other gross product originating:
 Proprietors' income with IVA:
 Farm
 Nonfarm
 Rental income of persons
 Corporate profits with IVA
 Net interest
 Business transfer payments
 Less: Subsidies less current surplus of government
 enterprises
 Private capital consumption allowances(6)
 Government consumption of fixed capital:(7)
 Federal 50.6
 State and local
Equals: Gross domestic Income 64.5
Plus: Statistical discrepancy (9)31.3
Equals: Gross domestic product 95.7

(1) For definitions of the Line items shown in this table, see U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income And Product Accounts of the United States, Volume 2: 1959-88 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), and "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts: Recognition of Government Investment and Incorporation of a New Methodology for Calculating Depreciation," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 75 (September 1995): 33-41.

(2) Differs from the gross product originating (GPO) entry because it excludes the wages and salaries of Federal civilian and military personnel stationed abroad.

The wage and salary accruals component of gross state product (GSP) differs from the wage and salary disbursements component of State earnings by place of work in State personal income (not shown) by $13.8 billion. The GSP component excludes wages and salaries paid to U.S. residents employed by international organizations and by foreign embassies and consulates in the United States ($0.6 billion), excludes other statistical revisions not yet incorporated in GPO ($1.1 billion), and includes wage accruals less disbursements ($15.5 billion). Wage accruals less disbursements is the difference between wages and salaries on a "when-earned" (accrual) basis, the proper timing for inclusion in GSP, and wages and salaries on a "when-paid" (disbursement) basis, the proper timing for inclusion in State earnings by place of work. For the data on State wage and salary disbursements, see "Comprehensive Revision of State Personal Income: 1969-95," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 76 (October 1996): 48-93.

(3.) Differs from the GPO entry because it excludes employer contributions for social insurance of Federal civilian and military personnel stationed abroad.

(4.) Differs from the GPO entry because it excludes other labor income of Federal civilian personnel stationed abroad.

(5.) Differs from the corresponding component in State earnings by place of work (not shown) because different data are used for allocating U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates of net income by legal form of organization.

(6.) The estimate of private capital consumption allowances reflects depreciation and accidental damage valued at historical cost; the estimate is consistent with the valuation of depreciation and accidental damage in the estimates of proprietors' income, rental income of persons, and corporate profits.

(7.) Represents depreciation valued at current replacement cost, which is the valuation appropriate for gross domestic product.

(8.) Differs from the GPO entry because it excludes military structures located abroad and because the lack of adequate source data prevents the allocation of military equipment, except office equipment, to States.

(9.) Insufficient information is available for allocating the statistical discrepancy either among the components of GPO or by State.

GPO Gross product originating

GSP Gross state product

IBT Indirect business tax

IVA Inventory valuation adjustment

(1.) The previously published estimates of GSP for 1977-90 appeared in the August 1994 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS, and the estimates for 1991-92, in the May 1995 SURVEY.

(2.) See "Improved Estimates of the National Income and Product Accounts for 1959-95: Results of the Comprehensive Revision," SURVEY 76 (January/February 1996): 1-31; and "Comprehensive Revision of State Personal Income, 1969-95," SURVEY 76 (October 1996): 48-93.

(3.) See "BEA'S Mid-Decade Strategic Plan: A Progress Report," SURVEY 76 (June 1996): 52-55.

(4.) The difference between GDP and gross domestic income is the statistical discrepancy. In the GSP estimates, insufficient information is available for allocating the statistical discrepancy to States. In the national estimates of GPO by industry, the statistical discrepancy is not allocated by industry.

(5.) Other GSP now includes proprietors' income because at the national level, proprietors' income h included in other GPO. Previously, proprietors' income was presented as a separate component of GSP.

(6.) When the State estimates are summed across all States, the initial sum-of-State total may differ from the national total for each industry; in such cases, the difference between the national total and the sum-of-State total is allocated to the States.

(7.) Private services-producing industries are defined to consist of transportation and public utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and "services."

(8.) Private goods-producing industries are defined to consist of agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; construction; and manufacturing.

(9.) Recognition of government expenditures for structures and equipment as fixed investment results in the inclusion of the services of government fixed assets--measured as depreciation, or consumption of fixed capital--in general government GSP. In the previously published estimates, general government GSP was defined to consist only of compensator of employees.

(10.) The large upward revisions to GPO of nonfarm housing services resulted from the incorporation of the newly available data from the 1991 Residential Finance Survey on rental payments and on the value of tenant-and owner-occupied units.

(11.) This shift was instituted in the August 1996 revisions to the national estimates of GPO.

(12.) See "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry, 1959-94," SURVEY 76 (August 1996): 133-155.

(13.) In general, the State estimates of wage and salary accruals were made by adjusting BEA State estimates of wage and salary disbursements for the difference between accruals and disbursements and then controlling the results to the national estimates of wage and salary accruals. For some States, data on value of production are not available for some years in 1978-81, 1983-86, 1988-91, and 1993-94.

(14.) The Census Bureau data are the only source of value-added-in-production by State. BEA's definition of value added differs from that of the Census Bureau because BEA's definition excludes the cost of purchased services, includes sales, excise, and other indirect business taxes, and reflects inventory change valued at replacement cost.

(15.) The Census Bureau collects data on payrolls directly from employers; wage and salary accruals are estimated from BEA wage and salary disbursements, which are based on Bureau of Labor Statistics tabulation of wage and salary disbursements for employees covered by unemployment insurance.

(16). In the electric, gas, and sanitary services industry, other capital charges are estimated for each of the three components--electric utilities, gas utilities, and sanitary services.

(17.) In the communications industry, other capital charges are estimated for each of the two components--telephone and telegraph and radio and television.

(18.) Previously, other capital charges for "other real estate" were estimated by subtracting compensation of employees, indirect business tax and nontax liability, and proprietors' income from total GSP for other real estate.

(19.) The GSF estimates for the Federal military do not include estimates of the consumption of fixed capital for military structures abroad and for military equipment, except office equipment, because the tack of adequate source data prevents the allocation of these estimates to particular States. Consumption of fixed capital for military equipment is included in both GDP and Federal Government GPO.

(20.) Tables presenting the chain-type and the fixed-weighted measures of real GSP are available on diskettes; see the box "Data Availability."

(21.) The Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures--the source data for manufacturing--was not tabulated for States for 1979-81 because of budget constraints.

(22.) See footnote 9.

(23.) See footnote 13.

(24.) For a description of the methodology used to prepare the estimates of State personal income, see U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, State Personal Income, 1929-93 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995).

(25.) See footnote 14.

(26.) For more information about these adjustments, see U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Experimental Estimates of Gross State Product by Industry (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985): 24-26.

(27.) For more information, see Experimental Estimates, 26.

(28.) See table 8

Acknowledgments

This comprehensive revision of gross state product was prepared by staff in the Regional Economic Analysis Division (READ) under the direction of John R. Kort, Chief, and George K. Downey, Chief of the Gross State Product by Industry Branch. Hugh W. Knox, Associate Director for Regional Economics, provided general guidance.

Contributing staff members were Richard M. Beemiller, Gerard P. Aman, Michael T. Wells, Clifford H. Woodruff III, Lance M. Daugherty, and Tasie Anton. John R. Kort prepared the note on chain-type measures of real GSP. Wendy D. Graves provided support services.

RELATED ARTICLE: Release Schedule for the GSP Estimates

This release of the comprehensive revision of GSP is another step in updating and extending the regional accounts, as outlined in BEA'S strategic plan for improving the accuracy, reliability, and relevance of the national, regional, and international accounts. Later this year, as part of the continuing effort to integrate the national accounts and the regional accounts, BEA will release revised estimates of national gross product originating (GPO) by industry and of GSP for 1993 and 1994, preliminary estimates of GPO for 1995 and 1996, and preliminary estimates of GSP for 1995.

In mid-1998, BEA will release revised estimates of GSP for 1995 and preliminary estimates for 1996. Releasing the 1996 estimates in mid-1998 will accomplish BEA'S long-term goal of making the GSP estimates available at the earliest possible release date, given the schedule for the receipt of State source data. Future improvements will focus on increasing the consistency among the GPO estimates, the GSP estimates, and the benchmark national input-output accounts and on incorporating more State data into the GSP estimates.

RELATED ARTICLE: Data Availability

Detailed estimates of GSP in current dollars for 1977-94 and of real GSP in chained (1992) dollars for 1982-94 for 63 industries for States, BEA regions, and the United States are available online from the Commerce Department's STAT-USA on the Economic Bulletin Board (EBB) and the Internet. For subscription information, call (202) 482-1986, or see http://www.statusa.gov.

In addition, the following detailed estimates are available from BEA on diskette: Current-dollar estimates of GSP and its three components for 1977-94, and real GSP estimates in fixed-weighted (1992) dollars and as chain-type quantity indexes for 1977-94 and in chained (1992) dollars for 1982-94.(1) The diskettes include a Windows program so that selected records from the data files can be imported into computer spreadsheets. Orders should specify BEA accession no. 61-97-40-424 (two diskettes, $40). Send your orders, along with a check or money order payable to "Bureau of Economic Analysis," to Public Information Office, Order Desk, BE-53, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC 20230. To order using Visa or MasterCard, call (202) 606-3700. For further information, e-mail gspread@bea.doc.gov, or call (202) 606-5340.

(1.) The GSP estimates will also be available on the Regional Economic Information System (REIS) CD-ROM that is scheduled to be released in August 1997.