Skills mismatch and wage inequality: evidence for different countries in Europe.
Santos, Marcelo ; Sequeira, Tiago Neves
Table 1.A (10): OLS Regressions with mis1 (under-skilling) and mis3 (over-skilling) Austria(l) tenure 0.0407742 *** (0.0142332) exper 0.2055871 *** (0.0358284) exper2 -0.0033547 *** (0.0007534) gender -2.02435 *** (0.2136721) firmsize 0.0980019 * (0.0569972) misl 0.2393971 (0.2475181) mis3 -0.2060769 (0.2598744) firmsector -0.2225813 * (0.1328325) age -0.0405302 ** (0.0191091) marital-status 0.0237928 (0.2118011) edu0 -4.183703 ** (1.750623) edul -3.666239 *** (1.379154) edu2 -2.829617 *** (1.043354) edu3 -1.850781 * (1.029013) edu4 -1.0923 (1.044444) edu5 -0.0444426 (1.100846) edu6 (omitted) cons 10.31985 *** (1.264055) R-squared 0.3131 Belgium(2) tenure 0.0740866 *** (0.012806) exper 0.1356238 *** (0.0355927) exper2 -0.0025039 *** (0.0006558) gender -1.853953 *** (0.2039079) firmsize 0.1619284 *** (0.0536065) misl 0.3965106 (0.3127568) mis3 -0.1308987 (0.2268433) firmsector -0.1579474 (0.1300911) age -0.0633351 *** (0.0228774) marital-status -0.0017657 (0.2200209) edu0 -1.220555 (1.679259) edul -2.84374 *** (0.9872464) edu2 -2.915728 *** (0.8643763) edu3 -2.383576 *** (0.7983467) edu4 (omitted) edu5 -0.4579708 (0.7907333) edu6 (omitted) cons 11.76248 *** (1.128841) R-squared 0.2872 Cyprus(3) tenure 0.0869161 *** (0.0101861) exper 0.1347066 *** (0.026657) exper2 -0.0027805 *** (0.0004252) gender -1.801182 *** (0.1845718) firmsize 0.2565628 *** (0.0548507) misl 0.0321018 (0.3446031) mis3 0.2056955 (0.1759045) firmsector 0.1645197 (0.1082324) age -0.0090701 (0.0151277) marital-status 0.1195747 (0.2150315) edu0 (omitted) edul 0.8443858 (1.16628) edu2 0.7961316 (1.184713) edu3 1.628626 (1.173922) edu4 2.537462 ** (1.185729) edu5 4.147516 *** (1.196943) edu6 5.866545 *** (1.458528) cons 2.133607 * (1.274986) R-squared 0.4955 Czech Rep0.(4) tenure 0.0758728 *** (0.0132302) exper 0.0825219 ** (0.0376777) exper2 -0.0024489 *** (0.0006398) gender -2.312629 *** (0.184416) firmsize 0.0424298 (0.0494696) misl 0.1170683 (0.2849978) mis3 -0.2823023 (0.2146553) firmsector -0.024457 (0.1087388) age -0.0079502 (0.0247999) marital-status 0.3561764 * (0.1973211) edu0 (omitted) edul -0.1725928 (2.078331) edu2 -0.0737871 (1.362212) edu3 1.092841 (1.313729) edu4 (omitted) edu5 3.532925 *** (1.327609) edu6 5.904491 *** (1.534256) cons 6.111236 *** (1.492468) R-squared 0.4016 Germany(5) tenure 0.0645817 *** (0.0114254) exper 0.2340904 *** (0.0313593) exper2 -0.0040881 ** (0.0005821) gender -2.174834 *** (0.1640957) firmsize 0.1112098 ** (0.0468358) misl 0.8985007 *** (0.2103877) mis3 -0.1943033 (0.1921041) firmsector -0.1749759 * (0.0992772) age -0.0365863 ** (0.017722) marital-status 0.016749 (0.1682964) edu0 (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.7819934 (0.5609022) edu3 0.9882459 * (0.5491425) edu4 2.447842 *** (0.5949508) edu5 3.454273 *** (0.5753064) edu6 5.469333 *** (1.425697) cons 5.90615 *** (0.7669891) R-squared 0.4394 Denmark(6) tenure 0.020629 * (0.0105873) exper 0.1750671 *** (0.0243055) exper2 -0.0027616 *** (0.000317) gender -10.587887 *** (0.1539625) firmsize 0.1591656 *** (0.0392886) misl 0.1295436 (0.2247413) mis3 -0.4284097 ** (0.164984) firmsector -0.2013412 (0.1313464) age -0.0282334 ** (0.012992) marital-status 0.4119155 ** (0.169214) edu0 -0.3940556 (2.467326) edul (omitted) edu2 -0.9820535 (1.037547) edu3 -0.273684 (1.033233) edu4 0.7915181 (1.048153) edu5 1.733229 * (1.042392) edu6 3.084526 ** (1.313919) cons 6.504753 *** (1.093957) R-squared 0.4306 Estonia(7) tenure 0.0209003 (0.0128352) exper 0.0944018 ** (0.0396053) exper2 -0.0011899 ** (0.0005726) gender -1.51437 *** (0.2048393) firmsize 0.329202 *** (0.0558531) misl 0.0153108 (0.2601366) mis3 -0.3808324 * (0.2157052) firmsector -0.056973 (0.1272781) age -0.0928246 ** '(0.0313896) marital-status 0.2473723 (0.1990438) edu0 (omitted) edul -5.977022 *** (2.002184) edu2 -4.424557 *** (1.448279) edu3 -4.037783 *** (1.430929) edu4 -3.494984 ** (1.428338) edu5 -1.923664 (1.4226) edu6 (omitted) cons 12.73044 *** (1.734011) R-squared 0.3227 Spain(8) tenure 0.0398556 *** (0.0114444) exper 0.1556479 *** (0.0283664) exper2 -0.0023005 *** (0.0005302) gender -1.544744 *** (0.1810947) firmsize 0.1465986 *** (0.0462154) misl 0.776352 ** (0.3747522) mis3 -0.1778883 (0.1899816) firmsector 0.076648 (0.1741316) age -0.0221174 (0.0145287) marital-status 0.2318316 (0.1974416) edu0 (omitted) edul 0.9727625 * (0.5386342) edu2 1.554949 *** (0.5429892) edu3 1.1672 ** (0.5723808) edu4 2.332837 *** (0.5626576) edu5 3.641691 *** (0.5476689) edu6 4.442135 *** (0.7636185) cons 4.330269 *** (0.7065788) R-squared 0.3815 Finland(9) tenure 0.0093645 (0.008428) exper 0.075067 *** (0.0235404) exper2 -0.0013507 *** (0.0004668) gender -1.14272 *** (0.1373761) firmsize 0.2581043 *** (0.0382263) misl 0.0839285 (0.1964484) mis3 -0.1379535 (0.1672786) firmsector -0.1504583 * (0.0877371) age -0.0075105 (0.0130436) marital-status 0.4988099 *** (0.1410245) edu0 -3.516634 *** (1.162608) edul -2.445456 *** (0.9086873) edu2 -2.974395 *** (0.7520994) edu3 -2.273528 *** (0.7321822) edu4 -1.773897 ** (0.766011) edu5 -1.002699 (0.7256901) edu6 (omitted) cons 9.271367 *** (0.8755245) R-squared 0.2436 France(l0) tenure 0.0490623 *** (0.0111104) exper 0.1189392 *** (0.0285997) exper2 -0.002407 *** (0.0005747) gender -1.361757 *** (0.1505066) firmsize 0.1689153 *** (0.0362754) misl -0.3194402 (0.2546012) mis3 0.0689884 (0.1560917) firmsector -0.1626079 (0.1132862) age -0.0138441 (0.0164214) marital-status 0.3720816 ** (0.1536396) edu0 (omitted) edul -2.075765 * (1.158892) edu2 -0.8932831 (1.126958) edu3 -0.8366443 (1.113937) edu4 (omitted) edu5 0.2764978 (1.119536) edu6 1.335918 (1.160211) cons 6.650468 *** (1.205261) R-squared 0.3170 Greece(11) tenure 0.0318391 *** (0.0105124) exper 0.1602122 *** (0.0260906) exper2 -0.0032903 *** (0.0004388) gender -1.577281 *** (0.1742244) firmsize 0.235684 *** (0.0467118) misl -0.3543813 (0.2649292) mis3 0.0624991 (0.1770167) firmsector 0.2162335 (0.1402201) age -0.0127457 (0.0157301) marital-status 0.4478142 ** (0.1864191) eduO (omitted) edul 0.2829575 (0.6688954) edu2 0.5161508 (0.7144029) edu3 1.745404 ** (0.6946383) edu4 1.572228 ** (0.7386758) edu5 2.915703 *** (0.7125257) edu6 3.940402 *** (1.124759) cons 4.585001 *** (0.817165) R-squared 0.3453 Hungary(12) tenure 0.0280627 *** (0.0084158) exper 0.0705877 *** (0.0239777) exper2 -0.0010088 ** (0.0004441) gender -0.9951568 *** (0.1368443) firmsize 0.129594 *** (0.0343954) misl 0.5533276 ** (0.2195118) mis3 0.2815017 ** (0.139591) firmsector -0.1454831 * (0.0762497) age -0.0290215 * (0.015039) marital-status 0.2845616 ** (0.140172) eduO (omitted) edul -2.931471 *** (0.6516167) edu2 -2.374441 *** (0.6395793) edu3 -1.601296 ** (0.6392637) edu4 0.3597882 (0.9477519) edu5 0.4368544 (0.6451823) edu6 (omitted) cons 6.864243 *** (0.8242365) R-squared 0.3194 Ireland(13) tenure 0.0479074 *** (0.011409) exper 0.2187035 *** (0.0283854) exper2 -0.0030963 *** (0.0005157) gender -1.857394 *** (0.2030793) firmsize 0.204903 *** (0.0478855) misl -0.6124587 * (0.3203238) mis3 -0.0493213 (0.1965598) firmsector -0.1416994 (0.1583555) age -0.0710311 *** (0.0167224) marital-status 0.3292457 (0.2089437) eduO -5.9056 *** (0.8189768) edul -4.811065 *** (0.4519953) edu2 -4.149219 *** (0.3465158) edu3 -3.459366 *** (0.3263429) edu4 -2.440676 *** (0.3365535) edu5 -1.292787 *** (0.3615131) edu6 (omitted) cons 10.28101 *** (0.6492009) R-squared 0.3872 Italy(14) tenure 0.0449817 *** (0.0134362) exper 0.2196173 *** (0.0330193) exper2 -0.0031717 *** (0.0005906) gender -1.642811 *** (0.1969951) firmsize 0.1621936 *** (0.0508542) misl -0.0495456 (0.2822358) mis3 0.2390679 (0.2133956) firmsector -0.1644585 (0.1459069) age -0.0256607 (0.0160613) marital-status 0.5049879 ** (0.2210329) eduO (omitted) edul -3.440275 ** (1.745536) edu2 -2.40431 (1.709128) edu3 -1.630715 (1.70176) edu4 -0.9119806 (1.780178) edu5 -0.1676265 (1.714155) edu6 (omitted) cons 7.250642 *** (1.78657) R-squared 0.3858 Lithuania(15) tenure 0.032871 *** (0.0101904) exper 0.0998084 *** (0.0311585) exper2 -0.0016615 *** (0.0005578) gender -2.184383 *** (0.1715689) firmsize 0.1725796 *** (0.0516896) misl 0.3173821 (0.2034893) mis3 0.5830011 *** (0.1950527) firmsector -0.3537647 *** (0.1090747) age -0.0592432 *** (0.0199852) marital-status -0.1855924 (0.1687453) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 -0.2956715 (1.400429) edu3 0.5110808 (1.353901) edu4 1.457533 (1.359967) edu5 3.903928 *** (1.360377) edu6 5.121823 *** (1.551286) cons 8.159128 *** (1.470348) R-squared 0.4228 Luxembourg(16) tenure 0.0776159 *** (0.0141974) exper 0.1053212 ** (0.0424013) exper2 -0.0020713 ** (0.0008514) gender -2.150323 *** (0.2177069) firmsize 0.2501773 *** (0.0517466) misl 0.133796 (0.3175315) mis3 -0.0298444 (0.2228435) firmsector 0.1423464 (0.1339049) age 0.0236553 (0.0237939) marital-status -0.0998148 (0.2371536) eduO (omitted) edul -2.987041 *** (0.7879837) edu2 -2.167605 *** (0.7811383) edu3 -1.209537 (0.7604347) edu4 (omitted) edu5 1.074787 (0.7727472) edu6 -0.4919331 (1.178586) cons 6.222975 *** (1.049328) R-squared 0.5366 Latvia(17) tenure 0.0352099 *** (0.0110851) exper 0.1690028 *** (0.0321891) exper2 -0.0021324 *** (0.000485) gender -1.591283 *** (0.1713375) firmsize 0.2382085 *** (0.0558975) misl -0.5019378 ** (0.2381946) mis3 -0.4630654 ** (0.178266) firmsector -0.5358371 *** (0.1313095) age -0.1132539 *** (0.0235687) marital-status 0.1157863 (0.1686568) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.4703007 (2.298843) edu3 0.9618855 (2.300859) edu4 1.4752 (2.29894) edu5 3.064807 (2.306036) edu6 5.692674 ** (2.370845) cons 7.65965 *** (2.341962) R-squared 0.3017 Netherlands(l8) tenure 0.0560938 *** (0.0100378) exper 0.0695359 ** (0.0293434) exper2 -0.0014899 ** (0.0005971) gender -2.797448 *** (0.1768967) firmsize 0.1551092 *** (0.0466323) misl -0.4843803 (0.2963016) mis3 -0.3106994 * (0.1877774) firmsector -0.3667475 *** (0.0763125) age 0.0181818 (0.0137461) marital-status 0.351207 * (0.1894281) eduO (omitted) edul -0.3198592 (2.499906) edu2 0.3264086 (2.399693) edu3 1.529222 (2.427349) edu4 1.733648 (2.400236) edu5 3.358126 (2.399128) edu6 4.82593 ** (2.437456) cons 5.442014 ** (2.460872) R-squared 0.4579 Malta(19) tenure 0.0301202 *** (0.0101682) exper 0.1196911 *** (0.0323563) exper2 -0.0019729 ** (0.0005447) gender -1.197307 *** (0.1683497) firmsize 0.0995955 ** (0.0475756) misl -0.1858338 (0.2575346) mis3 -0.479739 *** (0.1674271) firmsector 0.1371665 (0.1259654) age -0.0181622 (0.0171168) marital-status 0.3944927 ** (0.1898389) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.4577819 (0.4423022) edu3 0.9191899 ** (0.3975607) edu4 2.032535 *** (0.4119527) edu5 3.56546 *** (0.4292522) edu6 4.50074 *** (0.9246038) cons 2.546334 *** (0.5884954) R-squared 0.4510 Poland(20) tenure 0.0194479 * (0.0107572) exper 0.1117986 *** (0.0324185) exper2 -0.0018105 ** (0.000743) gender -1.659967 *** (0.1830301) firmsize 0.1128297 ** (0.0446562) misl -0.0106122 (0.2606035) mis3 -0.146146 (0.2001785) firmsector -0.2132694 (0.1347177) age -0.0269423 (0.0165397) marital-status 0.4941398 ** (0.211102) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.457136 (1.67736) edu3 1.702536 (1.655045) edu4 2.716896 (1.694954) edu5 4.50177 *** (1.665132) edu6 4.372543 ** (1.845319) cons 3.410331 ** (1.732469) R-squared 0.3043 Portugal(2l) tenure 0.0345949 *** (0.0092571) exper 0.122559 *** (0.0212242) exper2 -0.0023179 ** (0.0003696) gender -1.139169 *** (0.1309734) firmsize 0.1264423 *** (0.0359885) misl 0.0280618 (0.2095712) mis3 -0.3356097 ** (0.155466) firmsector 0.1379039 (0.1315118) age -0.0100588 (0.0109235) marital-status 0.3129911 ** (0.1465047) eduO -2.196177 *** (0.5821215) edul -1.509387 *** (0.4795328) edu2 -0.2315203 (0.4835589) edu3 0.2981553 (0.4831578) edu4 (omitted) edu5 2.734717 *** (0.49785) edu6 2.617299 *** (0.7194381) cons 5.93318 *** (0.5990399) R-squared 0.4621 Sweden(22) tenure -0.0040144 (0.0092854) exper 0.1916626 *** (0.0249938) exper2 -0.0032889 *** (0.0004968) gender -1.636887 *** (0.1609801) firmsize 0.3485594 *** (0.0429298) misl -0.1582762 (0.3361502) mis3 -0.1631616 (0.1615172) firmsector -0.4211242 *** (0.1133673) age -0.0163427 (0.0141491) marital-status 0.0111296 (0.1767918) eduO -4.576446 *** (10.35434) edul -4.164051 *** (0.7572123) edu2 -4.251203 *** (0.6641689) edu3 -3.743084 *** (0.6081404) edu4 -3.26139 *** (0.607212) edu5 -1.488934 ** (0.5917455) edu6 (omitted) cons 8.525792 *** (0.8758486) R-squared 0.3378 Slovenia(23) tenure -0.0024828 (0.015075) exper 0.0188534 (0.0408241) exper2 -0.0005349 (0.000805) gender -0.6896549 *** (0.221325) firmsize 0.0493843 (0.0557178) misl 1.10753 *** (0.3684704) mis3 0.3517938 (0.2388465) firmsector 0.7064884 *** (0.1911262) age 0.0259395 (0.029437) marital-status -0.0460182 (0.240852) eduO (omitted) edul -6.145342 ** (2.73495) edu2 -6.372395 *** (2.384975) edu3 -4.179161 * (2.363371) edu4 (omitted) edu5 -1.766606 (2.368275) edu6 (omitted) cons 8.253089 *** (2.572182) R-squared 0.3488 Slovakia(24) tenure 0.0273234 *** (0.0104201) exper 0.1766073 *** (0.0391238) exper2 -0.0027578 *** (0.0006553) gender -1.847901 *** (0.1638547) firmsize 0.1490685 *** (0.042818) misl 0.2616149 (0.2582809) mis3 -0.5279798 *** (0.1711334) firmsector -0.3308217 *** (0.0961763) age -0.0645361 ** (0.0281255) marital-status 0.34787 * (0.1780268) eduO (omitted) edul -4.678704 ** (2.306444) edu2 -5.694941 *** (0.6784345) edu3 -3.871376 *** (0.5631709) edu4 -3.236676 *** (0.6583985) edu5 -0.7214133 (0.5732844) edu6 (omitted) cons 11.79956 *** (0.969311) R-squared 0.3760 UK(25) tenure 0.0493858 *** (0.0140831) exper 0.1448456 *** (0.0321296) exper2 -0.0022158 *** (0.0005426) gender -1.888634 *** (0.2119632) firmsize 0.104671 ** (0.0492434) misl -0.6182267 (0.4120883) mis3 -0.0802663 (0.2122646) firmsector -0.2163133 * (0.1218497) age -0.0458855 ** (0.0190193) marital-status 0.3090876 (0.219808) eduO -5.708084 ** (2.628613) edul (omitted) edu2 -4.852251 * (2.558811) edu3 -4.290575 * (2.529466) edu4 (omitted) edu5 -2.247558 (2.533438) edu6 -0.7085922 (2.73573) cons 10.76149 *** (2 .635318) R-squared 0.3143 Norway(26) tenure 0.0288338 *** (0.0109298) exper 0.2027689 *** (0.0289598) exper2 -0.0034072 *** (0.0005598) gender -2.064756 *** (0.1788813) firmsize 0.3559237 *** (0.0589986) misl 0.2793244 (0.2422381) mis3 -0.0924567 (0.1903923) firmsector -0.7448157 *** (0.1459691) age -0.038783 ** (0.0153694) marital-status 0.4717332 ** (0.1858545) eduO (omitted) edul -0.3142612 (1.755529) edu2 -0.3318867 (1.707908) edu3 0.1866099 (1.695048) edu4 1.51191 (1.704157) edu5 2.933982 * (1.69143) edu6 5.539016 *** (1.884675) cons 5.441048 *** (1.777866) R-squared 0.4480 Switzerland(27) tenure 0.0339025 *** (0.0087137) exper 0.1600841 *** (0.0240901) exper2 -0.0026573 ** *(0.0004087) gender -2.703626 *** (0.1466797) firmsize 0.265978 *** (0.0350658) misl -0.1229529 (0.1799372) mis3 -0.0468881 (0.1551446) firmsector 0.1903826 * (0.1022792) age -0.022529 (0.0142463) marital-status -0.0941789 (0.1475756) eduO 0.3799412 (1.204766) edul (omitted) edu2 0.4047559 (0.4470324) edu3 1.76631 *** (0.3409845) edu4 2.100297 *** (0.452794) edu5 2.837729 *** (0.3745196) edu6 4.220123 *** (0.3718001) cons 4.818372 *** (0.5497397) R-squared 0.5408 Bulgaria(28) tenure 0.0473053 *** (0.0105731) exper 0.0866739 *** (0.0313013) exper2 -0.001625 *** (0.0005743) gender -1.505933 *** (0.1603242) firmsize 0.2331524 *** (0.0440272) misl 0.5659111 (0.3479395) mis3 0.1562391 (0.1711005) firmsector -0.4692748 *** (0.1166941) age -0.0471297 *** (0.0175065) marital-status 0.092044 (0.1777479) eduO -3.084005 ** (1.535639) edul -3.893709 *** (1.449537) edu2 -3.651226 *** (1.369156) edu3 -1.255531 (1.351424) edu4 -0.0389476 (1.383154) edu5 0.8245142 (1.35285) edu6 (omitted) cons 10.51106 *** (10.502894) R-squared 0.3813 Croatia(29) tenure 0.0029229 (0.0113052) exper 0.0769497 ** (0.0362616) exper2 -0.0013811 * (0.0007285) gender -0.9143293 *** (0.1505794) firmsize 0.0284612 (0.0447127) misl 0.2290062 (0.2336668) mis3 -0.124433 (0.1587327) firmsector 0.1938258 (0.122799) age 0.0019069 (0.0212191) marital-status 0.2389547 (0.1698142) eduO (omitted) edul -7.888564 *** (1.230363) edu2 -6.384179 *** (0.7060937) edu3 -4.538556 *** (0.6042459) edu4 -3.350265 *** (0.629437) edu5 -2.467501 *** (0.6196584) edu6 (omitted) cons 9.571709 *** (0.8811822) R-squared 0.3235 Romania(30) tenure 0.0190775 * (0.011521) exper 0.0152082 (0.0239511) exper2 -0.0006455 (0.0005602) gender -0.7200673 *** (0.1904825) firmsize 0.2932644 *** (0.0607048) misl 0.3621349 (0.293687) mis3 0.0368925 (0.2062739) firmsector 0.0276731 (0.1296361) age 0.0202197 (0.0146606) marital-status 0.2688109 (0.2307539) eduO (omitted) edul 1.605635 (2.568672) edu2 2.38478 (2.525778) edu3 3.187957 (2.513728) edu4 5.042799 ** (2.527193) edu5 6.403716 ** (2.524078) edu6 7.585222 *** (2.650349) cons -0.290493 (2.561285) R-squared 0.3184 Turkey(31) tenure -0.0085225 (0.0091763) exper 0.0953078 *** (0.0206283) exper2 -0.0012977 *** (0.0003424) gender -0.6431233 *** (0.2048627) firmsize 0.2190351 *** (0.0420909) misl -0.3649438 * (0.2126197) mis3 -0.3133888 ** (0.1519625) firmsector 0.3076789 * (0.1728066) age -0.0229561 * (0.0124081) marital-status 0.4172211 ** (0.1804856) eduO -5.809482 *** (0.8889097) edul -5.453665 *** (0.8499961) edu2 -4.603712 *** (0.856031) edu3 -4.173676 *** (0.8508664) edu4 (omitted) edu5 -2.731078 *** (0.8626043) edu6 (omitted) cons 8.297601 *** (0.9621573) R-squared 0.2540 * means significant at 10% level, ** means significant at 5% level, and *** means significant at 1% level. Values within parentheses are standard errors.
Table 2.A (11): Quantile regression at the median (0.5) with mis1 (under-skilling) and mis3 (over-skilling) Austria(l) tenure 0.0539687 *** (0.0187744) exper 0.2056569 *** (0.0620994) exper2 -0.0037956 *** (0.0011223) gender -2.226712 *** (0.3294702) firmsize 0.0992651 (0.0794553) misl 0.5251116 (0.384507) mis3 -0.1836461 (0.3611569) firmsector -0.2679634 (0.2189292) age -0.0277955 (0.0241168) marital-status -0.1445614 (0.2894137) edu0 (omitted) (1.428599) edul 0.445995 (0.9100659) edu2 1.024428 (0.8198209) edu3 2.00776 ** (0.8524473) edu4 3.006672 *** (0.8927614) edu5 4.08988 *** (1.156227) edu6 3.860923 *** (1.226737) cons 6.405447 *** (1.264055) R-squared 0.2078 Belgium(2) tenure 0.0338778 ** (0.0167927) exper 0.1698102 *** (0.0591727) exper2 -0.0030057 *** (0.0010273) gender -0.9734399 *** (0.2123067) firmsize 0.1305421 ** (0.0536469) misl 0.3118616 (0.2725748) mis3 0.0571642 (0.2146986) firmsector 0.0214669 (0.1420523) age -0.0429662 (0.0483628) marital-status 0.1566012 (0.2732262) edu0 (omitted) edul -1.477358 (1.382178) edu2 -1.411898 * (0.8192474) edu3 -0.6419368 (0.7479455) edu4 (omitted) edu5 0.8336179 (0.7059331) edu6 1.641682 * (0.9574936) cons 8.660008 *** (1.429975) R-squared 0.1309 Cyprus(3) tenure 0.1090327 *** (0.0139964) exper 0.0942445 *** (0.0315284) exper2 -0.0019848 *** (0.0006492) gender -1.791343 *** (0.2290467) firmsize 0.2134916 *** (0.0802494) misl 0.0092574 (0.3843618) mis3 0.1509659 (0.2345615) firmsector 0.3372964 ** (0.1652078) age -0.0108356 (0.0161034) marital-status 0.2037397 (0.2568443) edu0 (omitted) edul 1.0364 (1.625089) edu2 0.7789317 (1.73327) edu3 1.850701 (1.729769) edu4 2.59707 (1.737779) edu5 4.445715 ** (1.727833) edu6 6.742248 *** (1.928866) cons 1.827352 (1.83021) R-squared 0.3379 Czech Rep0.(4) tenure 0.0949076 *** (0.0179238) exper 0.0919687 * (0.0482994) exper2 -0.0027442 *** (0.0006756) gender -2.928667 *** (0.2808714) firmsize -0.0124791 (0.0760474) misl 0.3527376 (0.4447362) mis3 -0.2670092 (0.2543936) firmsector -0.0302898 (0.1750434) age 0.0017138 (0.0356426) marital-status -0.1914276 (0.2792264) edu0 0.163524 (1.62364) edul (omitted) edu2 0.7007914 (1.316735) edu3 1.593905 (1.304196) edu4 (omitted) edu5 4.678606 *** (1.421338) edu6 6.028963 *** (1.913749) cons 6.374614 *** (1.406184) R-squared 0.2896 Germany(5) tenure 0.0527406 *** (0.0156316) exper 0.2206366 *** (0.0470562) exper2 -0.0034962 *** (0.0008598) gender -2.285574 *** (0.3140841) firmsize 0.1754256 ** (0.0684346) misl 0.8808928 *** (0.2790234) mis3 -0.2902471 (0.3001625) firmsector -0.3071335 ** (0.1544448) age -0.0338051 (0.0285961) marital-status -0.0724127 (0.2128329) edu0 (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 1.268082 * (0.6548636) edu3 1.575263 ** (0.6491901) edu4 3.327752 *** (0.6602673) edu5 4.145509 *** (0.7371539) edu6 7.280073 *** (2.444286) cons 5.533071 *** (1.062433) R-squared 0.2948 Denmark(6) tenure 0.0058004 (0.0152714) exper 0.1928615 *** (0.0359423) exper2 -0.0029674 *** (0.0004757) gender -1.648006 *** (0.1902787) firmsize 0.1494243 ** (0.0581556) misl -0.0473451 (0.2063606) mis3 -0.3928175 (0.2427634) firmsector -0.2601023 (0.1708433) age -0.0219318 (0.0216191) marital-status 0.3786007 (0.2330418) edu0 (omitted) edul -0.191649 (1.378937) edu2 -0.8319478 (1.339822) edu3 -0.0614469 (1.325242) edu4 0.8741735 (1.333985) edu5 2.44262 * (1.327369) edu6 3.175069 ** (1.380173) cons 6.15965 *** (1.415654) R-squared 0.2879 Estonia(7) tenure 0.0450942 ** (0.0190467) exper 0.1000567 (0.0606662) exper2 -0.0019041 ** (0.0008758) gender -1.696678 *** (0.2506606) firmsize 0.3382797 *** (0.0822133) misl -0.0315937 (0.3320394) mis3 -0.5397832 * (0.2765748) firmsector 0.0074926 (0.2220332) age -0.0857399 * (0.0444417) marital-status 0.1263908 (0.2728108) edu0 (omitted) edul -7.472367 ** (3.014828) edu2 -4.277175 ** (1.966815) edu3 -3.821137 ** (1.934589) edu4 -3.081607 (1.907046) edu5 -1.758106 (1.840802) edu6 (omitted) cons 12.77132 *** (2.552603) R-squared 0.1988 Spain(8) tenure 0.0282076 ** (0.0137513) exper 0.1849927 *** (0.0369097) exper2 -0.0025765 *** (0.0005226) gender -1.727206 *** (0.2085576) firmsize 0.0851637 * (0.049303) misl 0.4054133 (0.3460177) mis3 -0.2579797 (0.2482552) firmsector -0.0575511 (0.2314163) age -0.028857 (0.0227601) marital-status 0.3188441 (0.2558996) edu0 -50.420253 *** (0.8091807) edul -40.287358 *** (0.7291536) edu2 -30.113613 *** (0.5887258) edu3 -30.980739 *** (0.6292295) edu4 -20.407983 *** (0.616047) edu5 -0.8949189 (0.5620036) edu6 (omitted) cons 9.846447 *** (0.8705787) R-squared 0.2643 Finland(9) tenure 0.0117139 (0.0081573) exper 0.0685604 *** (0.0251312) exper2 -0.001544 *** (0.0004838) gender -1.519394 *** (0.1301929) firmsize 0.1286469 *** (0.0398037) misl 0.126161 (0.2272401) mis3 0.1052984 (0.1412005) firmsector -0.0129004 (0.1022582) age 0.0041966 (0.0120041) marital-status 0.3267688 ** (0.1506159) edu0 (omitted) edul 3.089664 ** (1.489816) edu2 2.078878 (1.429551) edu3 2.661064 * (1.364967) edu4 3.044506 ** (1.467337) edu5 3.999726 *** (1.395558) edu6 4.507691 *** (1.637801) cons 5.329358 *** (1.421396) R-squared 0.1480 France(l0) tenure 0.0402807 *** (0.0133005) exper 0.1455734 *** (0.0444507) exper2 -0.0028421 *** (0.000785) gender -1.390888 *** (0.2055654) firmsize 0.1293712 *** (0.0429762) misl -0.4828322 (0.3665846) mis3 0.0314483 (0.1758326) firmsector -0.1070933 (0.1388598) age -0.0166021 (0.0291686) marital-status 0.4562779 ** (0.230659) edu0 (omitted) edul -1.710499 * (1.020679) edu2 -0.844469 (0.8299786) edu3 -0.720622 (0.7486567) edu4 (omitted) edu5 0.7062042 (0.7879315) edu6 1.709049 ** (0.8085891) cons 6.558202 *** (1.01783) R-squared 0.1828 Greece(11) tenure 0.0234879 (0.0168371) exper 0.1732191 *** (0.0429241) exper2 -0.0032799 *** (0.0007834) gender -1.536597 *** (0.2533195) firmsize 0.1949889 *** (0.0564866) misl -0.1508126 (0.2846826) mis3 -0.1470967 (0.2213305) firmsector 0.2799262 (0.177501) age -0.01514 (0.0249566) marital-status 0.5741332 * (0.293685) eduO -4.011876 ** (1.756301) edul -3.269977 ** (1.345443) edu2 -2.937571 ** (1.316316) edu3 -1.647309 (1.203476) edu4 -1.730432 (1.372878) edu5 -0.2941244 (1.242145) edu6 (omitted) cons 8.121238 *** (1.619928) R-squared 0.2310 Hungary(12) tenure 0.0228811 ** (0.0092247) exper 0.0553597 * (0.0320679) exper2 -0.0009317 (0.0005839) gender -1.28429 *** (0.1783941) firmsize 0.1439697 *** (0.0464344) misl 0.4857185 ** (0.2382865) mis3 0.1753025 (0.193403) firmsector -0.0705541 (0.1105973) age -0.0112532 (0.0175816) marital-status 0.1829224 (0.1644467) eduO (omitted) edul -30.063219 *** (0.8269839) edu2 -20.519429 *** (0.8048222) edu3 -1.632838 ** (0.8118099) edu4 (omitted) edu5 0.5334087 (0.7749238) edu6 -0.1639932 (1.75395) cons 6.729638 *** (1.063026) R-squared 0.2147 Ireland(13) tenure 0.0599744 *** (0.0192476) exper 0.2674068 *** (0.0453528) exper2 -0.0033334 *** (0.0008248) gender -1.752153 *** (0.3211118) firmsize 0.1687463 ** (0.0697708) misl -0.7346749 (0.4888041) mis3 -0.014827 (0.3463907) firmsector -0.1504088 (0.2350122) age -0.1130525 *** (0.0210124) marital-status 0.4137105 (0.3719418) eduO (omitted) edul 2.400865 ** (1.036379) edu2 3.209871 *** (1.070172) edu3 3.669044 *** (1.11396) edu4 5.192641 *** (1.059721) edu5 6.733146 *** (1.046581) edu6 7.188931 *** (1.054953) cons 3.794008 *** (1.35503) R-squared 0.2683 Italy(14) tenure 0.0387207 ** (0.0180875) exper 0.2716473 *** (0.0439539) exper2 -0.0043083 *** (0.0008696) gender -2.059543 *** (0.286939) firmsize 0.220103 *** (0.059258) misl 0.1575485 (0.4310313) mis3 0.243159 (0.2345129) firmsector -0.078471 (0.1617774) age -0.0167719 (0.0178) marital-status 0.5906303 * (0.3074665) eduO (omitted) edul -4.935316 *** (1.788145) edu2 -3.549453 ** (1.769052) edu3 -2.573827 (1.754177) edu4 -2.117482 (1.729236) edu5 -1.310104 (1.765331) edu6 (omitted) cons 7.867486 *** (1.785286) R-squared 0.2715 Lithuania(15) tenure 0.0300397 ** (0.0139898) exper 0.104564 ** (0.0407472) exper2 -0.0016046 ** (0.0007517) gender -2.63712 *** (0.2600758) firmsize 0.2210786 *** (0.0642515) misl -0.0589639 (0.2427641) mis3 0.2826325 (0.2540744) firmsector -0.3432978 *** (0.1226165) age -0.0599766 ** (0.0240706) marital-status -0.2448486 (0.18272) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.2390086 (1.199431) edu3 0.4692605 (1.195626) edu4 1.584947 (1.177042) edu5 4.668191 *** (1.224211) edu6 5.385778 *** (1.281727) cons 8.475982 *** (1378565) R-squared 00.3128 Luxembourg(16) tenure 0.0897675 *** (0.0199077) exper 0.1152866 * (0.0590429) exper2 -0.0019285 * (0.0011449) gender -2.488571 *** (0.3839898) firmsize 0.2572816 *** (0.0680632) misl -0.0172084 (0.4580557) mis3 -0.1335098 (0.2745099) firmsector 0.3440189 (0.2140493) age 0.017401 (0.035233) marital-status -0.1530404 (0.3812666) eduO (omitted) edul -3.261845 *** (0.6987462) edu2 -2.347301 *** (0.8233044) edu3 -1.039225 (0.7728539) edu4 (omitted) edu5 1.346243 (0.8165125) edu6 -0.7671016 (1.035636) cons 6.316785 *** (1.317176) R-squared 0.3946 Latvia(17) tenure 0.0266582 * (0.0142023) exper 0.1952185 *** (0.0543448) exper2 -0.0025947 *** (0.0007958) gender -1.81597 *** (0.2536958) firmsize 0.4056799 *** (0.0716928) misl -0.5219685 (0.3651496) mis3 -0.6938466 *** (0.2207841) firmsector -0.4513618 ** (0.212292) age -0.1160687 *** (0.0331456) marital-status -0.1922914 (0.2104848) eduO (omitted) edul -4.792892 * (2.614234) edu2 -5.039592 *** (1.127029) edu3 -4.727368 *** (1.16507) edu4 -4.01786 *** (1.133536) edu5 -2.456025 ** (1.140271) edu6 (omitted) cons 12.92535 *** (1.432292) R-squared 0.1958 Netherlands(l8) tenure 0.0458744 *** (0.0139702) exper 0.0685768 (0.0424709) exper2 -0.0008954 (0.0009103) gender -3.098607 *** (0.3371297) firmsize 0.1768241 *** (0.0582138) misl -0.7685533 * (0.4190198) mis3 -0.530487 * (0.2917393) firmsector -0.3795174 *** (0.1120002) age 0.0024295 (0.0219431) marital-status 0.3605672 (0.3016701) eduO (omitted) edul -0.6519403 (1.794256) edu2 0.3088451 (1.760964) edu3 1.869051 (1.88202) edu4 2.004438 (1.738086) edu5 4.003998 ** (1.747263) edu6 5.716266 *** (1.843042) cons 6.059744 *** (1.890081) R-squared 0.3138 Malta(19) tenure 0.0301664 ** (0.0128236) exper 0.0968998 *** (0.0350154) exper2 -0.0014374 ** (0.0006579) gender -1.154735 *** (0.2308942) firmsize 0.091633 (0.0649727) misl -0.4261086 (0.3306943) mis3 -0.5345248 *** (0.198155) firmsector 0.1535414 (0.143304) age -0.0223618 (0.0160705) marital-status 0.5863834 *** (0.2193243) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.5016286 (0.4950766) edu3 0.7365882 (0.5082205) edu4 1.96568 *** (0.4751233) edu5 3.453249 *** (0.503476) edu6 5.021788 *** (1.375827) cons 2.593863 *** (0.6698614) R-squared 0.2845 Poland(20) tenure 0.0129035 (0.0140706) exper 0.0913325 *** (0.0335919) exper2 -0.0014061 (0.0009862) gender -1.618741 *** (0.3161582) firmsize 0.1536921 *** (0.0546901) misl -0.265508 (0.2676979) mis3 -0.1263249 (0.198749) firmsector -0.1705097 (0.185844) age -0.0085621 (0.0132862) marital-status 0.2408563 (0.2395825) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 0.3976812 (1.321804) edu3 1.579167 (1.386814) edu4 2.503843 (1.524986) edu5 5.151343 *** (1.430828) edu6 5.413065 ** (2.33854) cons 2.416002 (1.501696) R-squared 0.2218 Portugal(2l) tenure 0.0328827 *** (0.010987) exper 0.1023173 *** (0.0246787) exper2 -0.0018985 *** (0.0005422) gender -1.052919 *** (0.1473714) firmsize 0.11236 *** (0.0370496) misl 0.2659048 (0.2914907) mis3 -0.244912 (0.1632012) firmsector 0.0787841 (0.1518355) age -0.0125852 (0.0118439) marital-status 0.3261695 ** (0.1492449) eduO -1.824209 (1.275184) edul -1.439764 (1.153095) edu2 -0.1849208 (1.145944) edu3 0.4429623 (1.173337) edu4 (omitted) edu5 3.302922 *** (1.169094) edu6 2.985151 ** (1.187282) cons 5.889662 *** (1.23326) R-squared 0.3164 Sweden(22) tenure -0.0080753 (0.0126383) exper 0.1930583 *** (0.0300145) exper2 -0.0034707 *** (0.0006012) gender -1.732785 *** (0.2479877) firmsize 0.4567021 *** (0.0596293) misl -0.2887042 (0.3335651) mis3 -0.3873334 * (0.2076454) firmsector -0.5728936 *** (0.1758864) age 0.0047653 (0.0159283) marital-status 0.1148783 (0.2061394) eduO (omitted) edul -0.7522183 (1.83598) edu2 -1.266977 (1.77461) edu3 -0.2140943 (1.758244) edu4 0.2828409 (1.752476) edu5 2.472128 (1.747258) edu6 4.013744 ** (1.852061) cons 3.908102 ** (1.77272) R-squared 0.2629 Slovenia(23) tenure -0.0224187 (0.0211829) exper 0.0309932 (0.0790302) exper2 -0.0005359 (0.0009989) gender -0.5696677 * (0.3048562) firmsize 0.0183101 (0.0809595) misl 1.187567 ** (0.4731896) mis3 0.3567346 (0.3463224) firmsector 0.7587531 ** (0.2937444) age 0.0381386 (0.0614702) marital-status 0.2901929 (0.3739112) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 -0.2822436 (2.213959) edu3 2.444891 (2.210476) edu4 (omitted) edu5 5.192658 ** (2.254658) edu6 6.806627 ** (3.333537) cons 0.562433 (2.576516) R-squared 0.2472 Slovakia(24) tenure 0.0319516 ** (0.0129241) exper 0.2130076 *** (0.0500343) exper2 -0.0030097 *** (0.0009099) gender -2.19713 *** (0.2391986) firmsize 0.143664 *** (0.0519329) misl 0.503329 * (0.2917378) mis3 -0.5336514 ** (0.2550511) firmsector -0.283015 ** (0.1106548) age -0.0965334 ** (0.0470482) marital-status 0.3918851 * (0.2282612) eduO (omitted) edul -5.384384 ** (2.492754) edu2 -6.797666 *** (0.6705098) edu3 -4.794581 *** (0.6565793) edu4 -3.684379 *** (0.809121) edu5 -1.363594 ** (0.6013303) edu6 (omitted) cons 13.60481 *** (1.543263) R-squared 0.2635 UK(25) tenure 0.0364804 (0.0265208) exper 0.136537 *** (0.051236) exper2 -0.0019984 ** (0.0007931) gender -2.4336 *** (0.3541779) firmsize 0.2186549 *** (0.0799062) misl -0.9533209 * (0.5201806) mis3 -0.2487901 (0.3176185) firmsector -0.231275 (0.1597904) age -0.042419 (0.0259374) marital-status 0.4756477 (0.3484744) eduO -5.333051 *** (1.874295) edul -0.266203 (1.262823) edu2 -5.160924 *** (1.584544) edu3 -4.707637 *** (1.549965) edu4 (omitted) edu5 -1.699049 (1.545966) edu6 (omitted) cons 11.05574 *** (1.878657) R-squared 0.2341 Norway(26) tenure 0.0355986 ** (0.0165379) exper 0.1959598 *** (0.0316292) exper2 -0.0032682 *** (0.0005888) gender -2.420923 *** (0.2963506) firmsize 0.4525219 *** (0.0892976) misl 0.2529839 (0.2910491) mis3 -0.0935232 (0.2702916) firmsector -0.7767646 *** (0.2076314) age -0.0412304 ** (0.0163502) marital-status 0.2545389 (0.2380196) eduO -5.285303 ** (2.203235) edul -6.17998 *** (0.9143491) edu2 -6.319616 *** (0.866647) edu3 -5.727446 *** (0.8014509) edu4 -3.950201 *** (0.8432889) edu5 -2.310198 *** (0.8281242) edu6 (omitted) cons 11.5908 *** (1.026854) R-squared 0.3249 Switzerland(27) tenure 0.0335287 *** (0.0110283) exper 0.1017948 *** (0.0330164) exper2 -0.0014828 *** (0.0005437) gender -3.13735 *** (0.2096401) firmsize 0.2458058 *** (0.0428931) misl -0.0228234 (0.2315123) mis3 -0.0282542 (0.1886693) firmsector 0.2787188 ** (0.1264462) age -0.0161525 (0.0207778) marital-status 0.0289719 (0.198872) eduO -0.1604288 (0.686875) edul (omitted) edu2 -0.2116618 (0.5561199) edu3 1.273895 *** (0.4481883) edu4 1.888502 *** (0.5296689) edu5 2.526793 *** (0.5268745) edu6 3.896788 *** (0.4850996) cons 5.951956 *** (0.9483251) R-squared 0.3900 Bulgaria(28) tenure 0.0309883 ** (0.0128007) exper 0.1490775 *** (0.0503626) exper2 -0.0024924 *** (0.0007469) gender -1.668995 *** (0.1962363) firmsize 0.2697202 *** (0.0617927) misl 0.5158532 * (0.2952897) mis3 0.228976 (0.2004711) firmsector -0.5433853 *** (0.1315316) age -0.0666929 ** (0.0293312) marital-status -0.1131597 (0.1833967) eduO (omitted) edul -0.7921758 (1.775433) edu2 -0.9530086 (1.615623) edu3 1.965122 (1.641384) edu4 3.138205 * (1.634863) edu5 3.975964 ** (1.633962) edu6 3.356852 * (1.767675) cons 8.196686 *** (2.018068) R-squared 0.2531 Croatia(29) tenure 0.0073978 (0.0172149) exper 0.0434777 (0.0466983) exper2 -0.0010052 (0.0009493) gender -0.7052196 *** (0.2179917) firmsize 0.0334819 (0.0547597) misl 0.2493751 (0.2980846) mis3 -0.1096098 (0.205541) firmsector 0.2558989 (0.1706862) age 0.0282995 (0.0326203) marital-status 0.1588439 (0.237967) eduO (omitted) edul (omitted) edu2 1.430602 (1.656813) edu3 3.227114 * (1.676687) edu4 4.521857 *** (1.677677) edu5 5.076087 *** (1.668328) edu6 7.726407 *** (1.715152) cons 0.6423004 (1.777338) R-squared 0.2158 Romania(30) tenure 0.0344749 * (0.0198296) exper 0.0166701 (0.0359634) exper2 -0.0006299 (0.0007679) gender -0.7254056 ** (0.3089031) firmsize 0.3787343 *** (0.0869828) misl 0.6214338 (0.4706024) mis3 0.2510927 (0.3005089) firmsector -0.0143085 (0.1849782) age 0.0191408 (0.0278945) marital-status 0.4281462 (0.3670974) eduO -6.677469 * (3.832203) edul -5.905068 *** (1.132752) edu2 -5.104209 *** (1.135793) edu3 -3.871841 *** (1.104902) edu4 -1.545347 (1.099537) edu5 0.1975386 (1.058609) edu6 (omitted) cons 5.84607 *** (1.475063) R-squared 0.3184 Turkey(31) tenure 0.0014099 (0.011174) exper 0.0922151 *** (0.0199252) exper2 -0.0013889 *** (0.0002584) gender -0.8143776 *** (0.2265982) firmsize 0.2541893 *** (0.0473878) misl -0.2446248 (0.2727729) mis3 -0.3314428 ** (0.1669712) firmsector 0.5328681 ** (0.2235103) age -0.0226408 * (0.013084) marital-status 0.3184334 (0.2182078) eduO -6.409361 *** (0.9576642) edul -6.100617 *** (1.006047) edu2 -5.193098 *** (1.028758) edu3 -4.748328 *** (1.03296) edu4 (omitted) edu5 -3.141161 *** (1.072744) edu6 (omitted) cons 8.446258 *** (1.154706) R-squared 0.1903 * means significant at 10% level, ** means significant at 5% level, and *** means significant at 1% level. Values within parentheses are standard errors.
Table 1. Variables and measurement Variables Variables at the regression Definition Wages Wages Monthly income measured by deciles (divided by 10 parts, each part corresponds to a group of income of each country) Education edu0 (dummy for ISCED0); International Standard edu1 (dummy for ISCED1); Classification of edu2 (dummy for ISCED2); Education (ISCED) edu3 (dummy for ISCED3); edu4 (dummy for ISCED4); edu5 (dummy for ISCED5); edu6 (dummy for ISCED6). Experience exper; exper2 Number of years that (experience squared) respondent stopped full-time education and started a paid employment Tenure Tenure Number of years that respondent is working at the company Age Age Age of respondent Marital Status Marital Status Relationship of (dummy for married) respondent to other members of his/her household Gender Gender Gender of Respondent Firm Size FirmSize Company size, which is measured by number of employees that respondent's workplace has Firm Sector FirmSector Sector that respondent works in Under-skilling mis1 Respondent answers if (dummy for underskilling) his/her skills correspond to his/her work duty Over-skilling mis3 Respondent answers if (dummy for overskilling) his/her skills correspond to his/her work duty Variables Measure Wages "01" A; "02" B; "03" C; "04" D; "05" E; "06" F; "07" G; "08" H; "09" I; "10" J. Education "0" ISCED0; "1" ISCED1; "2" ISCED2, "3" ISCED3, "4" ISCED4, "5" ISCED5, "6" ISCED6. Experience Number of years. Tenure "00" if less than 1 year; Number of years otherwise. Age Number of years. Marital Status "01" spouse/partner; "00" other. Gender "1" for male; "2" for female Firm Size "01" for 1 (interviewee works alone); "02" for 2-4; "03" for 5-9; "04" for 10- 49; "05" for 50-99; "06" 100-249; "07" for 250-499; "08" for 500 and over. Firm Sector "1" private sector; "2" public sector; "3" joint private-public organization or company; "4" non-for-profit sector, NGO; "5" other. Under-skilling "1" I need further training to cope well with my duties; "0" Other answers. Over-skilling "1" I have the skills to cope with more demanding duties; "0" Other answers. Note: Non-responses, refusals, and non-opinion were deleted from the analysis Table 2. Number of observations and average for overskilling and underskilling for each country Country Austria (1) Belgium (2) Cyprus (3) obs 610 687 551 Misl average 0.2655738 0.1201158 0.0671506 Mis3 average 0.2114754 0.2836469 0.4065336 Country Finland (9) France (10) Greece (11) obs 955 703 801 Misl average 0.1385417 0.1026352 0.1223471 Mis3 average 0.2072917 0.4757282 0.4007491 Country Latvia (17) Netherlands(18) Malta (19) obs 796 823 488 Misl average 0.144802 0.0933333 0.0997963 Mis3 average 0.3279703 0.3042424 03095723 Country UK (25) Norway (26) Switzerland (27) obs 626 848 889 Misl average 0.0702875 0.1450472 0.1979753 Mis3 average 0.4376997 0.2735849 0.3104612 Country Czech Rep. (4) Germany (5) Denmark (6) obs 659 839 924 Misl average 0.1198786 0.2133492 0.1374459 Mis3 average 0.23217 0.250298 0.3203463 Country Hungary (12) Ireland (13) Italy (14) obs 846 797 658 Misl average 0.1134752 0.0991217 0.1458967 Mis3 average 0.3817967 0.3801757 0.2948328 Country Poland (20) Portugal (21) Sweden (22) obs 706 747 994 Misl average 0.1600567 0.1137885 0.0611222 Mis3 average 0.3116147 0.2396252 0.4138277 Country Bulgaria (28) Croatia (29) Romania (30) obs 877 639 702 Misl average 0.0558723 0.1341654 0.1434659 Mis3 average 0.3295325 0.4477379 0.4346591 Country Estonia (7) Spain (8) obs 446 695 Misl average 0.190583 0.0604317 Mis3 average 0.3251121 0.3482014 Country Lithuania (15) Luxembourg(16) obs 801 468 Misl average 0.2197253 0.1374207 Mis3 average 0.2284644 0.3784355 Country Slovenia (23) Slovakia (24) obs 469 814 Misl average 0.119403 0.1191646 Mis3 average 0.3518124 0.3452088 Country Turkey (31) obs 890 Misl average 0.1324355 Mis3 average 0.3445567 Table 3. Sign and statistical significance of typical determinants of wages (OLS, quantile--median regression) Var Tenure Experience Experience (2) Expected Sign (+) (-) Austria (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Belgium (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Cyprus (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Czech Rep. (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Germany (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Denmark (+), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (-) Estonia (ns), (+) (+), (ns) (-), (-) Spain (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Finland (ns), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (-) France (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Greece (+), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (-) Hungary (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (ns) Ireland (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Italy (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Lithuania (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Luxembourg (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Latvia (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Netherlands (+), (+) (+), (ns) (-), (ns) Malta (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Poland (+), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (ns) Portugal (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Sweden (ns), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (-) Slovenia (ns), (ns) (ns) , (ns) (ns), (ns) Slovakia (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) UK (+), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (-) Norway (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-), (-) Switzerland (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (-) Bulgaria (+), (+) (+), (+) (-), (ns) Croatia (ns), (ns) (+), (ns) (-), (ns) Romania (+), (+) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Turkey (ns), (ns) (+), (+) (-), (-) Var Dummies * Gender Firm Size Expected Sign (+) (-) (+) Austria (-), (+) (-), (-) (+), (ns) Belgium (-), (ns) (-), (-) (+), (+) Cyprus (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Czech Rep. (+), (+) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Germany (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Denmark (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Estonia (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Spain (+), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Finland (-), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) France (-), (ns) (-), (-) (+), (+) Greece (+), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Hungary (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Ireland (-), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Italy (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Lithuania (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Luxembourg (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Latvia (+), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Netherlands (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Malta (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (ns) Poland (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Portugal (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Sweden (-), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Slovenia (-), (+) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Slovakia (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) UK (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Norway (+), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Switzerland (+), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Bulgaria (-), (+) (-), (-) (+), (+) Croatia (-), (+) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Romania (+), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Turkey (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (+) Var Age Firm Sector Status Expected Sign (-) Undefined Undefined Austria (-), (ns) (-), (ns) (ns), (ns) Belgium (-), (ns) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Cyprus (ns), (ns) (ns), (+) (ns), (ns) Czech Rep. (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (ns) Germany (-), (ns) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Denmark (-), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (ns) Estonia (-), (-) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Spain (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Finland (ns), (ns) (-), (ns) (+), (+) France (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (+) Greece (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (+) Hungary (-), (ns) (-),(ns) (+), (ns) Ireland (-), (-) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Italy (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (+) Lithuania (-), (-) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Luxembourg (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Latvia (-), (-) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Netherlands (ns), (ns) (-), (-) (+), (ns) Malta (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (+) Poland (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (ns) Portugal (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (+), (+) Sweden (ns), (ns) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Slovenia (ns), (ns) (+), (-) (ns), (ns) Slovakia (-), (-) (-), (ns) (+), (+) UK (-), (ns) (-), (ns) (ns), (ns) Norway (-), (-) (-), (-) (+), (ns) Switzerland (ns), (ns) (+), (+) (ns), (ns) Bulgaria (-), (-) (-), (-) (ns), (ns) Croatia (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Romania (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) (ns), (ns) Turkey (-), (-) (+), (+) (+), (ns) Note: in the first brackets are OLS results, second brackets are quantiles results, (+) indicates positive and significant results, (-) to negative significant results and (ns) to non-significant results. * (+) refers to a majority of dummies with positive and significant sign, (-) to a majority of dummies with negative and significant sign. Table 4. OLS and quantile regressions OLS tenure exper exper2 gender 0.0383306 *** 0.1265561 *** -0.0022081 *** -1.701237 *** (0.0019479) (0.0050703) (0.0000811) (0.0318051) age firm sector firm size edu0 -0.0269419 *** -0.1793566 *** 0.1874068 *** 0 (0.002762) (0.0216065) (0.0084649) (omitted) edul edu2 edu3 edu4 0.3355767 * 0.8848721 *** 1.634418 *** 2.368382 *** (0.1783907) (0.1766723) (0.1747487) (0.1797852) edu5 edu6 misl mis3 3.816538 *** 4.835674 *** 0.1415186 *** -0.0826352 ** (0.1760404) (0.2001004) (0.0479923) (0.0341031) marital status cons [R.sup.2] N 0.2784892 *** 5.297743 *** 0.3897 22748 (0.0339256) (0.2243216) Quantile Q10 tenure exper exper2 gender 0.0321716 *** 0.100341 *** -0.0017752 *** -1.209208 *** (0.0029858) (0.0060906) (0.0000936) (0.050102) age firm sector firm size edu0 -0.0250825 *** -0.1064166 *** 0.2364778 *** 0 (0.003909) (0.0243009) (0.0127709) (omitted) edul edu2 edu3 edu4 -0.1856663 0.1094527 0.6177948 ** 1.057156 *** (0.2278249) (0.2334774) (0.246764) (0.2467355) edu5 edu6 misl mis3 2.396798 *** 3.715638 *** 0.1477148 ** -0.1396655 *** (0.2552858) (0.3208794) (0.0676806) (0.0468143) marital status cons [R.sup.2] N 0.1830903 *** 2.356181 *** 0.1423 22748 (0.040315) (0.2882447) Q25 tenure exper exper2 gender 0.0413111 *** 0.1261627 *** -0.0022112 *** -1.664919 *** (0.0028079) (0.0076901) (0.0001337) (0.0452171) age firm sector firm size edu0 -0.0296445 *** -0.1133247 *** 0.2495299 *** 0 (0.0041729) (0.0298882) (0.0113195) (omitted) edul edu2 edu3 edu4 0.0653056 0.5430536 *** 1.222429 *** 1.93137 *** (.1442172) (.1459802) (.1468477) (.163691) edu5 edu6 misl mis3 3.795588 *** 5.010843 *** 0.1384613 ** -0.0631337 (.1587857) (.1894876) (0.0644439) (0.0471543) marital status cons [R.sup.2] N 0.236402 *** 3.354734 *** 0.2438 22748 (0.040569) (0.2265432) Q50 tenure exper exper2 gender 0.0407096 *** 0.1300071 *** -0.0022457 *** -1.839469 *** (0.0025111) (0.0065625) (0.0000941) (0.0460521) age firm sector firm size edu0 -0.0267553 *** -0.1478047 *** 0.2064136 *** 0 (0.0037737) (0.0321244) (0.0112034) (omitted) edul edu2 edu3 edu4 0.3268053 ** 0.999363 *** 1.810998 *** 2.691691 *** (0.1562686) (0.1519459) (0.1437213) (0.1455681) edu5 edu6 misl mis3 4.295865 *** 5.224763 *** 0.1188001 ** -0.1188404 *** (0.1491036) (0.2037522) (0.0602979) (0.0438662) marital status cons [R.sup.2] N 0.2618782 *** 5.07478 *** 0.2755 22748 (0.0390751) (0.2320751) Q75 tenure exper exper2 gender 0.0309616 *** 0.1223467 *** -0.002213 *** -1.707621 *** (0.0029751) (0.0074343) (0.0001069) (0.0472397) age firm sector firm size edu0 -0.0149946 *** -.1916709 *** 0.1238794 *** 0 (0.0044888) (0.0297357) (0.0111866) (omitted) edul edu2 edu3 edu4 0.5235366 ** 1.230001 *** 2.034593 *** 2.764888 *** (0.2305701) (0.230956) (0.2293899) (0.2233697) edu5 edu6 misl mis3 4.009525 *** 4.850638 *** 0.1152762 ** -0.1093143 ** (0.2259386) (0.254467) (0.0565842) (0.043422) marital status cons [R.sup.2] N 0.2727937 *** 6.939095 *** 0.2322 22748 (0.0405922) (0.34563) Q90 tenure exper exper2 gender 0.023178 *** 0.0855561 *** -0.0015764 *** -1.228933 *** (0.0028014) (0.0087128) (0.0001381) (0.0463183) age firm sector firm size edu0 -0.009448 ** -0.1963498 *** 0.0409481 *** 0 (0.0047169) (0.0302482) (0.0124981) (omitted) edul edu2 edu3 edu4 0.6926056 ** 1.433658 *** 1.968435 *** 2.407889 *** (.3365277) (0.3275334) (0.3221446) (0.3216224) edu5 edu6 misl mis3 3.35263 *** 3.991848 *** 0.1671546 ** 0.0570462 (0.3083418) (0.3445096) (0.070113) (0.040461) marital status cons [R.sup.2] N 0.2460854 *** 8.187674 *** 0.1518 22748 (0.0446226) (0.3447342)