Philosophy: Vol. 83, No. 2.

How We Trust One Another, OSWALD HANFLING

How is the possibility of promising to be explained without circularity? Appeal is made to the role of natural inclinations in linguistic behavior, which presupposes truth telling and promise keeping, and also to the social functions of human language which go beyond signaling and transmitting information and which are prior to any explicit conventions. Although promises are broken and lies told, we all have the right to feel resentment when these things happen.

Knowledge of Necessity: Logical Positivism and Kripkean Essentialism, STEPHEN K. McLEOD

By the lights of a central logical positivist thesis in modal epistemology, for every necessary truth that we know, we know it a priori and for every contingent truth that we know, we know it a posteriori. Kripke attacks on both flanks, arguing that we know necessary a posteriori truths and that we probably know contingent a priori truths. In a reflection of Kripke's confidence in his own arguments, the first of these Kripkean claims is far more widely accepted than the second. Contrary to received opinion, the paper argues, the considerations Kripke adduces concerning truths purported to be necessary a posteriori do not disprove the logical positivist thesis that necessary truth and a priori truth are co-extensive.

Studying Perception, OLLI LAGERSPETZ

Empirical studies of perception must use the logic of everyday non-technical conceptions of perception as their unquestioned background. This is because the phenomena to be studied are defined and individuated on the basis of such basic understanding. Thus the methods of neurobiology exclude reductionist accounts from the outset, implicitly if not explicitly. It is further argued that the concepts of neural and mental representation, while not confused per se, presuppose a general picture where perception as a whole is viewed in the light of teleology. References are made to discussions by Bennett and Hacker, Paul Churchland, and Peter Winch.

False Emotions, TONY MILLIGAN

This article sets out an account of false emotions and focuses upon the example of false grief. Widespread but short-lived mourning for well known public figures involves false grief on the part of at least some mourners. What is false about such grief is not any straightforward pretence but rather the inappropriate antecedents of the state in question and/or the desires that the relevant state involves. False grief, for example, often involves a desire for the experience itself, and this can be satisfied. By contrast, real grief is utterly without hope. (We cannot have the deceased back again.) However, because false emotions involve some desire, they can be motivating and may lead us to engage in actions and efforts of discernment that can result in the emergence of the real emotion that they mimic. For this reason, they are not always unwelcome.

What's Wrong With Megalopsychia? ALEXANDER SARCH

This paper looks at two accounts of Aristotle's views on the virtue of megalopsychia. The first, defended by Christopher Cordner, commits Aristotle to two claims about the virtuous person that might seem unpalatable to modern readers. The second account, defended by Roger Crisp, does not commit Aristotle to these claims. Some might count this as an advantage of Crisp's account. However, Sarch argues that Cordner's account, not Crisp's, is actually the better interpretation of Aristotle. Nonetheless, this does not ultimately spell trouble for Aristotle, since, as Sarch argues, the claims that Cordner's account commits Aristotle to are, on closer inspection, not really problematic.

The Complexity of Wittgenstein's Methods, ROM HARRE

In claiming to draw out an inconsistency between Wittgenstein's declarations on method and his actual practice, John Cook argues that Wittgenstein retained a radical distinction between material things (bricks) and immaterial things (spooks). Harre argues that on the contrary Wittgenstein showed in detail how this dichotomy is to be rejected in favour of a spectrum of more or less 'minded' beings, at one pole of which are persons as animated bodies. Discussing the grammar of 'know', Cook claims that Wittgenstein depended on philosophers' distinctions rather than a surview of vernacular uses. Harre argues that it was the expression/description distinction that Wittgenstein used to make sense of the grammar of 'know'.