The rationalization of the product life cycle with the analyze of each phase.
Krotak, Stanislav ; Simlova, Martina
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show a rationalization of the
product suggestion together with its life cycle of Engineering Design
Science knowledge and Project Management knowledge. It is possible to
predicate characteristics which can be used during the design of a
product thanks to the rationalization of the life cycle and the analysis
of its single phases. The rationalization is used during the design of
any product--the technical product. Making provision for the life cycle
phases during the design phase enables an increase in product quality
and a well arranged archiving of the documentation too
Key word: life cycle, product, construction, EDS, requirements
1. INTRODUCTION
Current society aims to produce many products on which many
requirements are placed. It is necessary to ensure production, use and
liquidation of products in the concept phase and product design phase.
That is why the rationalization of the product design in terms of its
whole life cycle from Engineering Design Science (EDS) knowledge (Eder
& Hosnedl, 2010) with use of Project
Management knowledge (Nemec, 2002) is suggested in this paper. For
the rationalization of the suggestion it is very important to determine
suboptimal correct requirements for each phase of the life cycle. The
continuous classification of their predicated fulfilment is the basic
feedback impedance manager instrument during the product design.
2. THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ACCORDING TO EDS
The product life cycle as a technical system can be divided and
defined according to various aspects. The segmentation according to
transformation processes in the basic phase of the technical system life
cycle appears for EDS needs and construction as optimal. Transformation
systems that agree with transformation processes enable many important
aspects to be implicated (e. g. transformation systems requirements for
technological systems characteristics) in the specification of TS
requirements, in TS classification and so on.
In all life cycle phases it is necessary to observe and to make
provision for basic sectional requirements connected with operators that
are not alluded to by each phase for simplification, like for example
security, hygiene, ergonomics, ecology, economics, compliance with
regulations and laws, patents, licences etc. A different expected
quality of individual operators (especially human and technical means)
can be implicated in each LC phase (e. g. in production or in operating
phase etc.) (Eder & Hosnedl, 2010). It is advantageous to design the
product with the help of systematic specification of requirements on TS
characteristics (Hosnedl, 2011).
3. THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
Each LC phase of the product (TS) (Fig. 1) that is necessary for a
rational design is briefly described in this section. Processes,
existence and effects of operators (Fig. 1) that are a resource of
required effects must be respected in each LC phase. It is advantageous
that always only 5 similar operators; human, technical system (technical
means), active and reactive surroundings, informational and manager
system are in compliance with EDS knowledge in each phase of LC TS.
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
3.1 Planning the beginning of TS
During the planning comes to an exact hesitate of time needs,
resources assignment (human, technological, material etc.) to particular
processes and their operations (Rosenou, 2007). It is necessary to
specify continuous costs and cash flow and to consider how the quality
classification of a final TS will run. The planning process is shown in
Fig. 2, in which 6 basic questions that are necessary to specify are
listed (Nemec, 2002).
Part of the planning should be predicting eventual risks which may
arise during the project realisation. These risks will demand a suitable
intervention (matching solution) that will demand specific time. That is
why it is important to predicate risks in a project plan and to create
time and cost (budget) reserves for their solution.
[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]
3.2 Design engineering of TS
The second phase of the product LC in Fig. 1 can be demonstrated as
a problem to solve together with EDS knowledge. It concerns a common
action (Problem Solving) of the constructional process (Hosnedl, 2011)
which is theoretically supported by the use of EDS knowledge, especially
from the Theory of Technical Systems.
The aim of this is (Hosnedl, 2011) the rationalization of the TS
suggestion with a goalseeking sequence pursuant to the methodology
(technology) according to the EDS "map of knowledge". It is
based on connections of particular transformations (operations) that
lead to a demanded change of an operand input status on a required
output status and pursuant to a system of theoretical and practical,
however according to the theory of organized knowledge that are the
background of this methodology.
3.3 Technological and organizational preparation of the production
and other phases of the TS life cycle
The third phase of the product LC (Fig. 1) includes a set of
technical (specific constructional, technological, organizational and
economical) works and activities for a rational assuring of production
and other processes in the LC of the suggested TS (size,
characteristics, demanded material etc.) including technological
processes and their accessories (machines, facilities, tools,
instruments etc.) and a suitable filling of information systems
(labour-consumption, costs etc.) (Krikac, 2004).
3.4 The TS production including assembly, testing etc.
The next phase of the product LC (Fig. 1) and its production can be
shaped like a process of changing (transformation) the status of input
operand to the output status (product) with the aim of implementing the
required characteristics into a transformed semi-product. It can be a
production of a single TS or of technical and technological means for
production, distribution, service etc. of a TS.
3.5 TS distribution including packaging, storage, installation,
etc.
Distribution as an important phase of the LC (Fig. 1Fehler!
Verweisqnelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.) must not be forgotten. It
is necessary to include distribution during the design of the TS and
during the planning of a project too. We must not produce a product
which will be impossible to freight (for example we forget to make an
eye for a crane), to guarantee against wear or mechanical damage by
distribution or it will not be possible to import it to the place of
operation.
3.6 The TS operation including service, repairs etc.
In this phase (Fig. 1) the required aims of the project are
realised with the help of the TS operation, This phase is the most
important from the view of the customer because the customer is mostly
interested only in function and effectiveness of the product. Important
processes which are necessary to connect to the process of planning and
TS design are service, repairs etc.
3.7 The TS liquidation including disassembly, separation, recycling
etc.
In this phase of the LC (Fig. 1) deals with not only the
liquidation of the final product (output) but also with all tools used
and means that do not have other uses. It also deals with shredding and
liquidation of unnecessary documentation either directly after the
accomplishment or after the predetermined time of storage.
4. CONCLUSION
Expectations for increasing the quality of a designed TS and at the
same time for time and cost reduction for its realization and increasing
its constructional competitiveness are created during planning and
design of products (TS) with use of the transparent concept of their
life cycle (LC). This is achieved relatively simply to predict all
important situations during its LC. Thanks that it is possible to form
competent requirements which must be respected during planning and
construction TS. It is advantageous to use a systematic specification of
requirements on TS characteristics including a classification their
fulfilment because of well-arranged and compact documentation of these
requirements. The systematic specification of requirements is necessary
not only for suboptimalization of the construction process but also for
suboptimalization of each characteristic TS including reducing the total
time and cost demands etc.
The author is currently completing the realization of a prototype
product designed with the use of the life cycle model. Existing
classifications agree with the results that are formed in this
conclusion.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper includes results from Project SGS-2010-049 Complex
support of design engineering of tcchnical products to improve their
properties and competitiveness subsidised by the Czech Ministry of
Education. We also want to thank to Prof. Ing. Stanislav Hosnedl, CSc.
for his highly-valued advises.
6. REFERENCES
Eder, W. E.; Hosnedl, S. (2010). Introduction to Design
Engineering: Systematic Creativity and Management. CRC Press/Balkema,
Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden, ISBN: 978-0-415-55557-9, The
Netherlands
Hosnedl, S. (2011). Systemove navrhovani technickych produktu.
Predmet KKS/ZKM. Podklady k prednagkam. ZCU, FST, KKS, Plzen
Krikac, K. (2004). Organizace a rizeni vyroby, Metodicka a studijni
pomucka. ISBN 80-7043-346, Plzen
Nemec, V. (2002). Projektovy management. Grada Publishing, Praha
Rosenou, M. D. (2007). Rizeni projektu. Brno: Computer Press