Scientometric study of periodical literature with journals "language sciences" and "linguistics and education".

Mohanty, Barada Kanta ; Maharana, Bulu ; Sethi, Bipin Bihari 等

1. Background Study

The examination of the research publication productivity and its contributions is a buzzing area of research in the field of library and information science. Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, Citation Study, and Content analysis are the concepts supplementary and complementary to each other in their respective applications in the domain of research which are most popular tools extremely and extensively used in the field. This technique has been applied in the present study to evaluate research productivity at a global context for obtaining necessary inferences.

To avoid confusion it would be worthwhile to point out here that, though the data undertaken from papers indexed in Science Direct Bibliographic Database top 25 hottest papers of the journal "Language Sciences", and "Linguistics and Education", covering time period 2005-2014, but the actual year of publication of these papers in the source journals as shows in table no. 2 indicates the period 1988-2014 (1st journal), and 19952014 (2nd journal).This is because, the papers are appeared in the top 25 hottest papers site under the period 2005-2014 which were actually published in the 1st journal (LSs) during 1988-2014, while in case of 2nd journal (L&E) the papers are appeared in the top 25 hottest papers site under the period 2005-2014 which were actually published within the period 1995-2014 in the source journal also.

2. Introduction:

Over the years, the Scientometric techniques have become tools to evaluate the productivity of research institutes, individual researchers and to map the growth of the respective subject. Publication and citation counts are being extensively used for evaluation purpose as expressed and discussed by several earlier studies (Koganuramath et. al., 2002; Davarpanah, 2009; Bechhofer et. al., 2001; and Thanuskodi, 2010). The studies undertaken by the above researchers comprehensively focus on the assessment of strengths and weaknesses in the Social Sciences research performance in an international context and discussed the identification of patterns of scientific development particularly the mapping of research activities of varied organizations, institutions, scholars/researchers, etc. (Quoted by Sethi & Panda, 2014).

Scientometrics is a technique of measuring, evaluating, and analyzing science, technology and innovation. Key research issues include the measurement of impact, reference sets of articles to evaluate the impact of journals and institutes, understanding of scientific citations, mapping scientific fields and the production of indicators for use in policy and management contexts. In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific assessment methods such as: bibliometrics, informatrics, and information science etc. (Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics)

Scientometrics is one of the vital measures for the estimation of scientific productions. Macias-Chapula asserts that "scientometrics indicators become essential to the scientific community to profess the state-of-the-art of a given topic" (quoted In Lolis et. al. 2009). Scientometrics is concomitant to and has overlapping interests with the idioms Bibliometrics and Informetrics. The terms Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, and Informetrics refer to component fields associated with the study of the dynamics of disciplines as reflected in the production of their literature (Hood & Wilson, 2001).

"Scientometrics" is the English translation of the word of Nalimov's classic monograph Naukometriy in 1969, which was relatively unfamiliar to western scholars even after it translated into English. Prior to internet to be so pervasive it was rarely used and cited. However, the term became widely accepted when the journal Scientometrics once appeared in 1978 (Garfield, 2007).

There are many definitions have been put forward for the term "Scientometrics" in the literature. However, Scientometrics is the quantitative evaluation of disciplines of science based on the scholarly communication of published literature. This could involve identifying emerging areas of scientific research, examining the development of research over time, or geographic and organizational distributions of research (Glossary of Thompson ..., 2008).

Tague-Sutcliffe (1992) explicates Scientometrics as "the study of the quantitative aspects of science as a discipline or economic activity. It is an integral part of the sociology of science and has applications in science policy-making. It involves quantitative studies of scientific activities, including, among others, publication, and so overlaps bibliometrics to some extent".

3. Scope & Objective of the Study:

The scope of the study encompasses two international journals viz., "Language Sciences (LSs)", and "Linguistics & Education (L&E)" research outcomes indexed at Science Direct Database under the heading Top 25 Hottest Articles during the period 2005-2014 in the field of Arts and Humanities a comparative examination. The study accounts a total 1800 papers adding 900 (Nine hundred) from each journal. The key objective of the present study holds to determine the following issues are:

i. Nature of Authorship pattern of publication;

ii. Single Vs Multiple authored papers;

iii. Trace the Geographical Distribution/scattering of research publication;

iv. Chronological Growth pattern of literature;

v. Most productive authors of top countries;

vi. Degree of collaboration of authors;

vii. Degree of citation of articles;

viii. Study of length of the papers and

ix. Understanding the trends in scholarly research output

4. Methodology adopted

Specifically, the study concentrated on the Scientometric analysis is one of the most widely used methods in Library and information science research. It is an examination of the frequency, patterns, and citations in research works. This study is aimed to discuss about the analysis of the research output of two international journals indexed under Science Direct on-line Database. The relevant sources and data are collected from top 25 hottest Articles site. Based on the available sources the following discussions were made.

Data on papers published in the two international journals such as: 1st "Language Sciences (LSs) and 2nd "Linguistics & Education (L&E) were collected from each downloaded articles from Science Direct on-line Bibliographic Database, and each data were examined identically to find out the result. All papers included in the analyses are indexed under the site top twenty five hottest articles for the period 2005-2014 accounting 900 papers each. Further, each items of information processed by developing a database of 1800 down loaded records adding essential categorical variables viz. journal title, article title, 1st author, number of authors, affiliation with institutions, country of origin (considering 1st author), year of publication in source journal, number of citations, length of papers and ranking pattern, etc. using the MS-Excel spread sheet. Further, the categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage. Moreover, the Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test is applied over the data in table 2, 3, 8 and 9 in order to understand the degree of significance in variation in enlistment of research papers, variation in mean estimation of research papers, variation in citation pattern as well as variation in pagination pattern of papers of both journals. Since, reference counts are not freely available with the abstract site the investigator did not able to analyze the reference pattern of the papers. Finally, all relevant data are then sorted, tabulated, and assimilated in a logical order, tried at their level best to draw inferences for the present research.

5. Review of Literature

Meadow and Zaborowsk (1979) conducted some statistical analyses on the citation patterns of the 1978 edition of JASIS and found that most of JASIS authors (43 out of 54) came from the USA.

Dutt, Garg & Bali (2003) analyzed 1317 papers published in the first fifty volumes of the international journal of Scientometrics during 1978 to 2001. They found that the U.S.A share of papers is constantly declining while that of the Netherlands, India, France and Japan is on the rise. The research output is highly scattered as indicated by the average number of papers per institution.

Moin, Mahmoudi & Rezaei (2005) evaluated the scientific production of Iran during 1967 to 2003 and compared it with 15 selected countries. They found that Iran has had an increasing growth after the Iraq-Iran war.

Mukherjee (2008) analyzed the authorship pattern of scientific productions of the four most productive Indian academic institutions for the eight-year -period from 2000 to 2007. The results show that among four universities, the authors of Delhi University contributed the highest number of articles, followed by Banaras Hindu University. There is also an increasing tendency toward collaborative research among Indian authors as well as more frequent collaboration with international authors. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are two of the most prolific research areas in these four Indian universities. The average rate of references per item is 28 and the citations received per item are 3.56.

6. Analysis and Interpretation

The examination of the publications through scientometric analysis method and its contributions is a buzzing area of research in the arena of library and information science in order to get appropriate findings. The present study was intended to portrait the comprehensible picture of the trend of research output of two international journals namely "Language Sciences (LSs)", and "Linguistics & Education (L&E)" respectively. For this purpose the relevant data were collected from Science Direct Database, top 25 hottest papers link are analyzed as follows:

7. State of the Art of Study

The present study is an assimilation of papers indexed under Science Direct Database top 25 hottest articles link during the period 2005-2014 (8 years) of two international journals namely 'Language Sciences (LS)' and 'Linguistic & Education (L&E)' collectively accounts a total 1800 papers (900 each) as an assessment with an objective to measure and find a nuanced approach to the strength and weakness of scholarly work at the arena of cross national research.

Table 7.1 indicates the year wise distribution of papers published in the two international journals specifically considering the publication of papers in source journal, which were later indexed under Science Direct Database with online link top 25 hottest papers during the year 2005-2014. As per the data available in the above table it is determined that 2005 is the most remarkable year during which both the journals produced the overwhelming & so valuable papers which accounts 139 (15.44%) and 163 (18.11%) a largest volume those took place in the top 25 hottest papers database. In the journal 'Language Sciences' papers published from 1988 to 2014 variably got response to take place in top 25 hottest papers site under the period 2005-2014, whereas in journal 'Linguistics and Education' papers published from 1995 to 2014 placed in the top 25 hottest papers database during the year 2005-2014. Moreover, during the year 2009 1st journal contributed 102 (11.33%) papers and 2nd journal added 99 (11%) papers in the year 2008 to the domain of top 25 hottest papers, got the years 2nd rank in both journals as the study noticed so far. Further, the study finds out that, in one side the 1st journal trend indicates that the later part published papers are versatile enough from the grave concern of research than the papers published earlier, while 2nd journal trend denotes middle period published papers are all-round multifaceted rather than earlier and later period, because major number of papers of both the journals of the stated period (later part of 1st journal & middle part of 2nd journal) took place in the top 25 hottest papers database. For more clarity one may refer and concentrate over 3rd table to notice the extent of papers participation from both the journals to the top 25 hottest papers database. Hence, it would be worthwhile to point out here that, the chronological analysis of papers disclosed that the scientific and research value of papers in both the journals shows variability on the basis of their original year of publication in source journal & out of those quantity of placement over top 25 hottest papers site.

In this work the researchers have devoted considerable attention to the time distribution of citations. In this evaluation process, it is acknowledged that although all the papers are indexed under science direct database during the year 2005-2014, but original year of publication in source journal is different on the basis of which the citations are classified and grouped in table number 7.2. The above table as evidence establishes that a majority 464 (51.61%) of papers of the period 2005-2009 of journal LSs took place in top 25 hottest papers database, while 2nd and 3rd largest period is 2010-2014 and 2000-2004 from which 269 (29.88%) and 152 (16.90%) citations placed in top 25 hottest papers database of journal LSs. In case of journal L&E it is found that 2005-2009 is the most prolific period, followed by 2nd and 3rd is the 2000-2004, 2010-2014 from which period the number of citations such as: 475 (52.77%), 222 (24.66%) and 195 (21.66%) considerably took place in top 25 hottest papers database as the study discloses. A statistical method Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) Test is applied over the table 7.2 and results as follows:

Application of Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) Test over table number 7.2

"O"      "E"     [x.sup.2]    Hy:H1: There is no variation in
Table   Table    Calculated   enlistment of research papers
                 Value (CV)   of both the journals.

14      10.99       0.82      Chi-Square ([x.sup.2])
152     186.89      6.51      Formula: [x.sup.2] = [(o-e).sup.2]/e
464     469.23      0.05      Degree of Freedom (V) = 3;
269     231.87      5.94      Calculated Value (CV) = 26.61;
08      11.00       0.81      Tabulated Value (TV) at 0.050 or 95 %
222     187.10      6.50      level of significance is = 7.81
475     469.76      0.05      Chi-Square test applied over the data
195     232.12      5.93      in the t&le no.7.2 with heading
                 [x.sup.2]    "The extent of enlistment of
                 (CV)=26.61   Papers in top 25 hottest papers list
                              (considering year of publication in
                              source journal)". Since, [x.sup.2]
                              calculated value is 26.61 which is
                              greater than [x.sup.2] tabulated
                              value 7.81 the null hypothesis is
                              false or rejected. Hence, it is
                              concluded that, the growth pattern of
                              papers of both the journals are
                              significantly varied from each other.

Considering the above detailed data characteristics a comparative estimation of both the journals is viewed applying a statistical method Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) Test.

The table number 7.4 considers authorship pattern and degree of collaboration of papers of two international journals such as: 'Language Sciences', and 'Linguistics and Education'. As far as the both journals outcomes are concerned an overwhelming majority of papers 77.78% and 75.56% were single authored, and less than one fourth papers are produced by collaborated authors'. Since, the degree of authors' collaboration of both journal papers is 0.22 and 0.24 denotes unilateral authorship is significantly dominating over collaborated authorship.

Scientists, researchers and scholars produce information, a significant part of which is often published in refereed sources such as: journals/periodicals, research reports, conference proceedings, seminar volumes etc. Publications are information products, whose essence is to inform and educate the existing and forth coming members on pioneering, scientific and research interests. Universities and research centers use publication and citation counts to monitor the performance of their researchers and give raises and promotions. The number of publications by a scholar or institution/country is an indicator of their strength or weakness in research or level of production of new knowledge. In ranking authors/scholars aggregate number of publications adds to their credit is one of the most important measures is discussed in the above table.

The table no. 7.5 (A) connotes that, Yuh-Fang Chang affiliated to National Chung Hsing University got rank one with highest number of papers 47 (5.22%), followed by Cliff Goddard, and Lyle Campbell affiliated to University of New England, and University of Canterbury adds 42 (4.67%) and 41 (4.56%) papers which cause to rank 2nd and 3rd among top 15 authors of journal "Language Sciences". Furthermore, remaining 13 authors contributed 33-14 number of papers in a descending order and got their respective ranks 4th to 12th. In an average estimation it is found that, mean papers per author is 4.20 and mean of papers per institution is 5.88.

Table 7.5 (B) demonstrates the top 15 authors with institutional affiliation participated in publication with journal 'Linguistics and Education'. Among top 15 authors 'Angela Creese' affiliated to University of Birmingham achieved rank one with 27 (3%) papers, followed by 'Vera F utierrez-Clellen' of San Diego State University; 'Constant Leung' of King's College London; 'J.R. Martin' of University of Sydney; and 'Richard Barwell' of University of Bristol produced 25 (2.78%), 24 (2.67%), 22 (2.44%), and 21 (2.33%) papers and got rank 2nd to 5th considerably on the basis of their frequency of publication of research papers. Moreover, remaining 10 scholars contributed the number of papers 20 to 12 to their credit in descending order of cited frequency of papers, and placed at rank 6th to 11th in ascending order of cited frequency of rank respectively. Hence, the resultant data of table 5 (B) illustrates that there is no much variability in production of papers among top 15 authors.

This above cited table examines the feasibility of establishing a common approach to evaluating the outputs and outcomes of research papers of two journals including the possibility of defining robust benchmarks for cross-national comparison. The cross-national approach to research publication allows comparing performance and tendencies among the researchers of different geographical areas of the global village a powerful motivator for growth and development research activities that highlights the strength and weakness among nations is the fundamental and universal research practices in the area of library and information science study. However, the table number 6 witnessing the geographical analysis of papers published in two international journals such as: 'Language Sciences', 'Linguistics and

Education' and ascertains that, USA is the leading country in both the journals which alone shares 139 (15.44%), 220 (24.44%) papers in 1st and 2nd journal and stands with rank one, followed by Australia 2nd rank as well as UK 3rd rank with 111 (12.33%) and 83 (9.22%) papers in 1st journal, while in 2nd journal UK and US achieves 2nd and 3rd rank accounting 164 (18.22%) and 134 (14.89%) papers to their credit respectively. Moreover, it is most needed to notice here that instead of first three ranking countries out of top 18 in both the journals all remaining countries addressing disparities in publication with their corresponding figures is even found expressive and interesting.

The present table no. 7.7 is evident to highlight and to understand the aspects which are related to institutional contributors', and to trace these trends top 20 prolific institutions are ranked on the basis of their frequency of research productivity in two international journals. It is found that, 'National Chung Hsing University' of Taiwan, and 'University of California' of Canada are most prolific institutions having been contributed 47 (5.40%) and 62 (6.89%) papers is highest among top 20 institutional contributors' of both journals. Besides, 'University of New England' of Australia; 'University of Canterbury' of New Zealand became 2nd and 3rd ranking country with papers 42 (4.83%) and 41 (4.71%) in 1st journal, while 'University of British Columbia' of US and 'University of Technology' of China got 2nd rank with 36 (4%) papers each in 2nd journal respectively. Furthermore, from the above table it is ascertained that all top 20 productive institutions belongs to 13 countries such as: Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Belgium, South Africa, France, The Netherlands, Hong Kong, UK, Russia, Spain, Singapore of 1st journal, whereas in 2nd journal top 20 productive institutions are belongs to only 7 countries such as: Canada, US, China, Spain, Australia, USA, UK, as the study explores.

By and large, analyzing the citation pattern of research papers is a vital part of quantitative study is comprehensively discussed here as per the data tabulated in table number 7.8. The citation pattern of papers professes the degree of use/download of papers by the scholars or researchers for their research work. The papers receive higher or more citations are accepted a good research work. In this context the table no. 8 connotes that majority number of papers i. e. in 1st journal 94.78% and 2nd journal 81.56% have received citations up to 25 is found benchmarking, while remaining a meager number of papers of both the journals received citations from 26-75 as the study unearths. A statistical method Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test is applied over the data and a comparative vision of citation pattern of papers of both the journals are portrayed as follows:

Application of Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test over table number 7.8

"O"      "E"     [x.sup.2]    Hy: H3: There is no variation among
Table   Table   Calculated    the journals in citation pattern
                Value (CV)    of their papers.

853     793.5      4.46       Degree of Freedom (V)=3; [x.sup.2]
                              Calculated Value (CV)=104.66;
37       47        2.12       Tabulated Value (TV) at 0.050 or 95 %
                              level of significance is 7.81
10       16        2.25
                              Applying Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test
0       43.5       43.5       using Formula [x.sup.2]
                              [(o-e).sup.2]/e it is ascertained
734     793.5      4.46       that:

57       47        2.12       At (0.050) 95% level of significance
                              [x.sup.2] tabulated value is 7.81,
22       16        2.25       while calculated value is 104.66.
                              As calculated value of [x.sup.2]
87      43.5       43.5       104.66 is greater than tabulated
                 [x.sup.2]    value 7.81 for which the hypothesis
                (CV)=104.66   stands false or rejected which means
                              the citation patterns of papers of
                              both journals are significantly
                              varied from each other.

Examining the pagination pattern of research papers is an inseparable part of scientometrics/bibliometrics study is most prolific in library and information science research. The table number 7.9 moots and explore that, the highest number of papers carries most commonly used pagination pattern 11-15 in both the journals which accounts papers 242 (26.89%) in 1st journal, and 297 (33%) in 2nd journal respectively, followed by the pagination pattern 16-20, carries 186 (20.66%), and 273 (30.33%) papers which ranked 2nd in both journals LSs and L&E respectively. Moreover, accounting papers 169 (18.78%) and 140 (15.56%) having pagination pattern '31 and above'; '21-25' ranked with 3rd and 4th in journal LSs, whereas in regard to 2nd journal the pagination pattern '21-25'; '31 and above' got rank 3rd and 4th with papers 150 (16.67%); 81 (3.44%) shows as reverse as 1st journal. For more clarity the researchers have applied a statistical method Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test over the table 10 for mapping a comparison in pagination pattern of papers of both the journals 'LSs' and 'L&E' as stated below:

Application of Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test over table number 7.9

"O"      "E"    [x.sup.2]    Hy: H4: Pagination pattern of papers
Table   Table   Calculated   of both journals are not significantly
                Value (CV)   different.

20       19        0.05      Degree of Freedom (V)=6 ; [x.sup.2]
60      37.5       13.5      Calculated Value (CV)=82.4; Tabulated
242     269.5      2.80      Value (TV) at 0.050 or 95 % level of
186     229.5      8.24      significance is 12.59
140      145       0.17
83      74.5       0.96      Applying Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test
169      125      15.48      using Formula [x.sup.2] [(o-e).sup.2]/
18       19        0.05      e it is ascertained that:
15      37.5       13.5
297     269.5      2.80      At (0.050) 95% level of significance
273     229.5      8.24      [x.sup.2] tabulated value is 12.59,
150     145        0.17      while calculated value is 82.4.
66      74.5       0.96      As calculated value of [x.sup.2] 82.4
81      125        15.48     is greater than tabulated value 12.59
               [x.sup.2]     for which the hypothesis stands false
               (CV)= 82.4    or rejected which means the pagination
                             pattern of papers of both journals
                             are significantly varied from each
                             other.

07. Major Findings

07. i When approaching the task of Chronological Analysis of Papers on the basis of the Year of Publication in Source Journal the study explores that, the mean of papers per year is 47.36 and 50 in journals 'Language Sciences', and 'Linguistics and Education' respectively.

07. ii With respect to the authorship pattern of papers the present work illustrates that, 'solo authorship' is the principal pattern which dominates over 'collaborative authorship' in both the journals.

07. iii Authors' ranking is one of the striking part in a bibliometric study which is unavoidable and worth publishing. As the study proves that, 'Yuh-Fang Chang', and 'Angela Creese' author posed first rank accounting highest number of papers to their credit such as: 47 and 27 in first and second journal respectively. 07. iv Nail hypothesis stands true or accepted and it is concluded that, there is no significant variation in the mean estimation of research papers of both journals with the application of Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test.

07. v It is also interesting to focus over the geographical contributors as addressed in the present study discloses that, USA is one of the pride regions of the globe to have largest number of papers i. e. 139 and 220 contribution to both journals categorically is quite significant.

07. vi It is a scholarship of excellence to highlight the institutional contributors as the resultant data discovers in the present study, 'National Chung Hsing University' of Taiwan, and 'University of California' of Canada are top ranking players in terms of their research productivity such as: 47 and 62 number of papers contributed to two different journals.

07. Vii In light of the citation pattern of papers the outcomes indicates the credibility of degree of usage of papers by different scholars, researchers, investigators and academics. In this context the present study connotes that, 853, and 734, a wide number of papers under two different journals receive 1-25 citations, which accounts approximately 95, and 82 percent of total citations.

07. Viii Applying Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test using Formula [x.sup.2] [(o-e).sup.2]/e the citation patterns of papers of both journals are significantly varied from each other and the hypothesis stands false or rejected.

07. ix In the investigation of pagination pattern of whole papers undertaken for the present study unfolds that 242, and 297, both journal papers page length is preferably 11-15 pages as shown in table 10, which denotes a sign of narrower opportunity to the authors/researchers for presenting their research literature with devoid of a wider page limits, although certain papers are found to have pages range from 31 and above in both journals.

07. x Applying Chi-Square ([x.sup.2]) test using Formula [x.sup.2] [(o-e).sup.2]/e it is ascertained that, the pagination pattern of papers of both journals are significantly varied from each other and the hypothesis stands false.

8. Conclusion

In conclusion, the finding of the present study corroborates and provides an attractive snapshot of research trend of leading researchers, scholars, authors, Geographical and institutional contributors at international arena. The study views that, the unilateral authorship pattern is significantly dominating over collaborated authorship found prominence in above two journals. By and large, the USA claims leadership in competitive positioning among other geographical contributors with increasing number of research output as seen in both the journals undertaken for the present work. As those institutions such as: National Chung Hsing University of Taiwan and

University of California of Canada that achieve top rank among the most prominent in terms of research productivity hosts 47 and 62 papers respectively in two different journals which might be expressed as a prolific nature of scholarship. Conclusively, the researchers are so far agree and hope the present work findings have important implications for library practitioners, and must enhance the scholarship of prominence in the area of research as an opportunity for the forth coming researchers, scholars and academics as a whole.

Reference

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Barada Kanta Mohanty

Librarian, KIIMS, Cuttack, Odisha, India

baradakantamohanty@gmail.com

Dr. Bulu Maharana

Sambalpur University, Odisha, India

bulumaharana@gmail.com

Bipin Bihari Sethi

Sambalpur University, Odisha, India

bbs21111967@gmail.com

* Corresponding Author. 917377136122 (M); E-mail address: bbs21111967@gmail.com (B. B.Sethi)

Table-7.1: Chronological Analysis of Papers
on the basis of Year of Publication in Source Journal

Language Sciences

Sl. No      Year     No. Of     %     C. F.
                     papers

1           1988       1      0.11      1

2           1995       8      0.88      9

3           1996       5      0.55     14

4           1998       1      0.11     15

5           2000       44     4.88     59

6           2001       3      0.33     62

7           2002       10     1.11     72

8           2003       49     5.44     121

9           2004       46     5.11     167

10          2005      139     15.44    306

11          2006       66     7.33     372

12          2007       99      11      471

13          2008       58     6.44     529

14          2009      102     11.33    631

15          2010       94     10.44    725

16          2011       82     9.11     807

17          2012       49     5.44     856

18          2013       38     4.22     894

19          2014       6      0.66     900

Total       Year      900      100     900
          coverage
            (19)

Language Sciences

Sl. No    C. P.   Mean of    Rank
                   papers
                  per Year

1         0.11     47.36      17

2           1                 13

3         1.55                15

4         1.66                17

5         6.55                10

6          688                16

7           8                 12

8         13.44               8

9         18.55               9

10         34                 1

11        41.33               6

12        52.33               3

13        58.77               7

14        70.11               2

15        80.55               4

16        89.66               5

17        95.11               8

18        99.33               11

19         100                14

Total      100                *

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No      Year     No. of           C. F.
                     papers

1           1995       1      0.11      1

2           1996       3      0.33      4

3           1998       4      0.44      8

4           2000       25     2.77     33

5           2001       27       3      60

6           2002      6 6     7.33     126

7           2003       30     3.33     156

8           2004       74     8.22     230

9           2005      163     18.11    393

10          2006       89     9.88     482

11          2007       36       4      518

12          2008       99      11      617

13          2009       88     9.77     705

14          2010       58     6.44     763

15          2011       64     7.11     827

16          2012       36       4      863

17          2013       36       4      899

18          2014       1      0.11     900

Total       Year      900      100     900
          coverage
            (18)

*            *         *        *       *

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No    C. P.   Mean of    Rank
                   papers
                  per Year

1         0.11       50       15

2         0.44                14

3         0.88                13

4         3.66                12

5         6.66                11

6          14                 6

7         17.33               10

8         25.55               5

9         43.66               1

10        53.55               3

11        57.55               9

12        68.55               2

13        78.33               4

14        84.77               8

15        91.88               7

16        95.88               9

17        99.88               9

18         100                15

Total      100                *

*           *                 *

Table-7.2: The extent of enlistment of Papers in top 25 hottest
papers list (considering year of publication in source journal)

                              Language Sciences

Sl.         Frequency       No. Of     %     Growth
No.     (Original Year of   Papers            Rate
         Publication in
         Source journal)

1           1995-1999         14     1.55     9.85

2           2000-2004        152     16.90    2.05

3           2005-2009        464     51.61   -0.42

4           2010-2014        269     29.88     *

Total                        899      100      *

        Linguistics and Education

Sl.     No. Of     %       Growth
No.     Papers              Rate

1         08      0.88     26.75

2        222     24.66      1.13

3        475     52.77     -0.58

4        195     21.66       *

Total    900      100        *

Table-7.3: Mean Estimation

Sl.                Factors                      Journal
No.
                                         Language    Linguistics
                                         Sciences   and Education

1        Mean of Citations per Paper        08          10.12

2         Mean of Papers per Unique        4.20         4.36
                   Author

3         Mean of Authors per Paper        1.34         1.36
                (All Authors)

4         Mean of Authors per Paper        0.22         0.22
               (Unique Author)

5       Mean of Page length per paper     23.70         19.35

6          Mean of Papers per Year        47.36          50
            (considering year of
            publication of papers
             in source journal)

7      Mean of Papers per Institution      5.88         5.92
                  (Unique)

8        Mean of Papers per Country       23.07         47.36
                  (Unique)

                     **                   113.77       138.69

Hy: H2: There is no variation in mean
estimation of research papers of both
the journals. Chi-Square ([x.sup.2])
Formula: [x.sup.2] = [(o-e).sup.2]/e
Degree of Freedom (V) = 7 ; Calculated
Value (CV) = 6.735 ; Tabulated Value
(TV) at 0.050 or 95 % level of
significance is = 14.1 Chi-Square test
applied over the data in the table
no.7.3 with heading "Mean Estimation".
Since, [x.sup.2] calculated value is
6.735 which is less than [x.sup.2]
tabulated value 14.1, so the null
hypothesis is true or accepted. Hence,
it is concluded that, there is no
significant variation in the mean
easimation of research papers
of both the journals.

                                          Application of Chi-Square
                                            ([x.sup.2]) Test over
Sl.                Factors                    table number 7.3
No.
                                           'O'     'E'    [x.sup.2]
                                          Table   Table   Calculated
                                                          Value (CV)

1        Mean of Citations per Paper       08     8.16      0.003

2         Mean of Papers per Unique       4.20    3.85      0.031
                   Author

3         Mean of Authors per Paper       1.34    1.21      0.013
                (All Authors)

4         Mean of Authors per Paper       0.22    0.19      0.004
               (Unique Author)

5       Mean of Page length per paper     23.70   19.4      0.953

6          Mean of Papers per Year        47.36   43.87     0.277
            (considering year of
            publication of papers
             in source journal)

7      Mean of Papers per Institution     5.88    5.31      0.061
                  (Unique)

8        Mean of Papers per Country       23.07   31.73     2.363
                  (Unique)

                     **                   10.12   9.95      0.002

Hy: H2: There is no variation in mean     4.36     4.7      0.024
estimation of research papers of both
the journals. Chi-Square ([x.sup.2])      1.36    1.48      0.009
Formula: [x.sup.2] = [(o-e).sup.2]/e
Degree of Freedom (V) = 7 ; Calculated    0.22    0.24      0.001
Value (CV) = 6.735 ; Tabulated Value
(TV) at 0.050 or 95 % level of            19.35   23.64     0.778
significance is = 14.1 Chi-Square test
applied over the data in the table         50     53.48     0.226
no.7.3 with heading "Mean Estimation".
Since, [x.sup.2] calculated value is      5.92    6.48      0.048
6.735 which is less than [x.sup.2]
tabulated value 14.1, so the null         47.36   38.69     1.942
hypothesis is true or accepted. Hence,
it is concluded that, there is no          **             [x.sup.2]
significant variation in the mean                         (CV)=6.735
easimation of research papers
of both the journals.

Table-7.4: Authorship pattern & Degree of Collaboration of papers

Language Sciences

S1       Author ship    Total No.    No. of
No.      pattern of     Of Authors   papers
           papers

1       Single author      700        700

2        Two authors       242        121

3       Three authors      189         63

4       Four authors        20         5

5       Five authors        25         5

6        Six author         38         6

          s & More

Grand                      1214       900
Total

Language Sciences

S1        Degree of       %     C. F.    C.P
No.     collaboration

1           0.22        77.78    700    77.78

2                       13.44    821    91.22

3                         7      884    98.22

4                       0.56     889    98.78

5                       0.56     894    99.33

6                       0.67     900     100

Grand                    100     900     100
Total

Linguistics and Education

S1       Author ship    Total No.    No. of
No.      pattern of     Of Authors   papers
           papers

1       Single author      680        680

2        Two author        272        136

3       Three author       207         69

4        Four author        36         9

5        Five author        25         5

6        Six author         9          1

          s & More

Grand                      1229       900
Total

Linguistics and Education

S1        Degree of       %     C. F.    C.P
No.     collaboration

1           0.24        75.56    680    75.56

2                       15.11    816    90.67

3                       7.67     885    98.33

4                         1      894    99.33

5                       0.56     899    99.89

6                       0.11     900     100

Grand                    100     900     100
Total

Table-7.5 (A): Top 15 Authors with Institutional
Affiliation of Journal "Language Sciences"

Sl. No      Name of Author          Affiliation to Institution

1           Yuh-Fang Chang       National Chung Hsing University

2            Cliff Goddard          University of New England

3            Lyle Campbell           University of Canterbury

4            Paul Matychu               Andrews University

5         Christophe Parisse               LEAPLE, UMR

6           Anna Wierzbicka       Australian National University

7             Ana Deumert               Monash University

8        Christopher S. Butler     University of Wales Swansea,

9          Talbot J. Taylor        College of William and Mary,

10           Naomi S Baron             American University,

11           Ewa Dabrowska           University of Sheffield,

12        Fieke Van der Gucht           Ghent University,

13        Miguel Casas Gomez          Universidad de Cadiz,

14            Nigel Love             University of Cape Town

15         Philip Seargeant            The Open University

Total         15 Authors            15 Affiliated Institutions

Others        197 Authors          136 Affiliated Institutions

Grand        212+Data not                 151+Data &out
Total          available                    Inst. not
                02=214                   available in 02
           *(Unique Authors)               papers = 153

Sl. No    No. of       %     C. F.
          papers

1           47       5.22     47

2           42       4.67     89

3           41       4.56     130

4           33       3.67     163

5           23       2.55     186

6           20       2.22     206

7           19       2.11     225

8           18       2.00     243

9           17       1.89     260

10          16       1.77     276

11          15       1.66     291

12          15       1.66     306

13          15       1.66     321

14          14       1.55     335

15          14       1.55     349

Total       349      38.77    349

Others      549       61      898

Grand    898+2=900    100     900
Total

Sl. No   Rank    Mean of       Mean of
                Papers per   Papers per
                  author     Institution

1         1        4.20         5.88

2         2

3         3

4         4

5         5

6         6

7         7

8         8

9         9

10        10

11        11

12        11

13        11

14        12

15        12

Total     *

Others    *

Grand     *
Total

Table-7.5 (B): Top 15 Authors with Institutional
Affiliation of Journal "Linguistics and Education"

Sl. No     Name of Author      Affiliation to Institution      No. of
                                                               papers

1          Angela Creese        University of Birmingham         27

2         Vera Futierrez-      San Diego State University        25
              Clellen

3          Constant Leung         King's College London          24

4           J.R. Martin           University of Sydney           22

5         Richard Barwell         University of Bristol          21

6              Mary J                 University of              20
           Schleppegrell               California

7           Ross Forman         University of Technology         20

8           Tina Sharpe          Sharpe Consulting (NSW)         19

9          James Paul Gee        University of Wisconsin         17
                                       at Madison

10          Tarja Nikula         University of Jyvaskyla         17

11           Susan Hood         University of Technology         16

12         Valerie Hobbs        University of Sheffield,         16

13        Patricia A Duff    University of British Columbia      13

14           Aria Razfa          University of Illinois          12

15         James Collins      State University of New York       12

Total        15 Authors        15 Affiliated Institutions       281

Others      191 Authors        137Affiliated Institutions       619

Grand      206 Authors *       152 Affiliated Institutions      900
Total     (Unique Authors)

Sl. No      %     C. F.   Rank    Average       Average
                                 Papers per   Papers per
                                   author     Institution

1           3      27      1        4.36         5.92

2         2.78     52      2

3         2.67     76      3

4         2.44     98      4

5         2.33     119     5

6         2.22     139     6

7         2.22     159     6

8         2.11     178     7

9         1.89     195     8

10        1.89     212     8

11        1.78     228     9

12        1.78     244     9

13        1.44     257     10

14        1.33     269     11

15        1.33     281     11

Total     31.22    281     *

Others    68.77    900     *

Grand      100     900     *
Total

Table-7.6: Geographical Analysis of Papers Published in Journal
"Language Sciences" & "Linguistics and Education"

Language Sciences

Sl. No.      Name of      No. of     %     C. F.    C.P    Rank
             Country      papers

1              USA         139     15.44    139    15.44    1

2           Australia      111     12.33    250    27.78    2

3              UK           83     9.22     333     37      3

4              USA          69     7.75     402    44.67    4

5            Taiwan         55     6.11     457    50.78    5

6            France         47     5.22     504     56      6

7            France         47     5.22     551    61.22    6

8         South Africa      41     4.55     592    65.78    7

9            Belgium        38     4.22     630     70      8

10            Spain         29     3.22     659    73.22    9

11          Hong Kong       24     2.66     683    75.89    10

12           Germany        18       2      701    77.89    11

13           Israel         18       2      719    79.89    11

14             The          16     1.78     735    81.67    12
           Netherlands

15          Singapore       16     1.78     751    82.43    12

16            Iran          12     1.33     763    84.78    13

17             The          12     1.33     775    86.11    13
           Netherlands

18           Canada         10     1.11     785    87.22    14

Other     19 Countries      88     9.77     873     97      *
          collectively
           contribute

Total        Data on        27       3      900     100     *
           country of
           origin not
            available

Grand           *          900      100     900     100     *
Total

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No.      Name of      No. of     %     C. F.    C.P    Rank
             Country      papers

1              USA         220     24.44    220    24.44    1

2              UK          164     18.22    384    42.67    2

3              USA         134     14.89    518    57.57    3

4           Australia      134     14.89    652    72.44    3

5            Canada         52     5.78     704    5.78     4

6             Spain         37     4.11     741    82.33    5

7             China         32     3.56     773    85.89    6

8           Singapore       26     2.89     799    88.78    7

9            Finland        18       2      817    90.79    8

10             The          14     1.56     831    92.33    9
           Netherlands

11         New Zealand      11     1.22     842    93.56    10

12           Hungary        11     1.22     853    94.78    10

13          Hong Kong       10     1.11     863    95.89    11

14           Belgium        8      0.89     871    96.78    12

15           Africa         1      0.11     872    96.89    13

16           England        1      0.11     873     97      13

17        south Africa      1      0.11     874    97.11    13

18           Sweden         1      0.11     875    97.22    13

other     Not Available     25     2.78     900     100     *

Grand                      900      100     900     100     *
Total

*                           *        *       *       *      *

Table-7.7: Top 20 Productive Institutions/Institutional Contributors'

Language Sciences

Sl. No.                      Name of                     Name of
                           Institution                   Country

1                National Chung Hsing University         Taiwan

2                   University of New England           Australia

3                   University of Canterbury           New Zealand

4                      Andrews University                  USA

5                       Ghent University                 Belgium

6                       Monash University               Australia

7                    University of Cape Town          South Africa

8                         Leaple, UMR.                   France

9                   Max Planck Institute for         The Netherlands
                        Psycholinguistics

10                 The University of Hong Kong          Hong Kong

11               Australian National University         Australia

12                 College of William and Mary             USA

13                 University of Wales Swansea             UK

14                     American University                 USA

15                       Baikal National                 Russia
                 University of Economics and Law

16                   University of Sheffield               UK

17                     The Open University                 UK

18                    Universidad de Cadiz                Spain

19                  University of California               USA

20              National University of Singapore        Singapore

Total
Publication
of 20
Institutions

Others                  130 Institutions              49 Countries

Total                                                   Data not
                                                        Available
                                                        on Inst.

Grand Total                                                 *

Language Sciences

Sl. No.        No. Of   %       C. F.
               Papers

1              47       5.40    47

2              42       4.83    89

3              41       4.71    130

4              32       3.68    162

5              28       3.22    190

6              27       3.10    217

7              25       2.87    242

8              23       2.64    265

9              22       2.53    287

10             20       2.30    307

11             19       5.14    326

12             18       3.22    344

13             18       3.22    362

14             16       1.84    378

15             16       1.84    394

16             16       1.84    410

17             14       1.61    424

18             14       1.61    438

19             14       1.61    452

20             13       1.49    4 65

Total          4 65     51.66   4 65
Publication
of 20
Institutions

Others         432      48      897

Total          03       0.33    900

Grand Total    900      100     900

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No.                      Name of                     Name of
                           Institution                   Country

1                   University of California             Canada

2                University of British Columbia            USA

3                   University of Technology              China

4                     King's College London              Canada

5                  San Diego State University             Spain

6                     University of Sydney                 USA

7                    University of Birmingha               USA

8                     University of Bristol                USA

9                     University of London              Australia

10                   University of Sheffield               USA

11                  Sharpe Consulting (NSW),               USA

12                   University of Jyvaskyla              Spain

13             University of Wisconsin at Madison          USA

14                  Arizona State University,              USA

15               National Institute of Education           USA

16                     University of Leeds                 UK

17                  University of New England              UK

18                     Columbia University               Canada

19                 Northern Arizona University             UK

20              Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona          USA

Total
Publication
of 20
Institutions

Others                  107 Institutions              41 Countries

Total                                                   Data not
                                                        Available
                                                        on Inst.

Grand Total                                                 *

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No.        No. Of   %       C. F.
               Papers

1              62       6.89    62

2              36       4       98

3              36       4       134

4              35       3.89    169

5              31       3.44    200

6              28       3.11    228

7              27       3       255

8              25       2.78    280

9              23       2.56    303

10             22       2.44    325

11             19       2.11    344

12             18       2       362

13             17       1.89    379

14             14       1.56    393

15             14       1.56    407

16             14       1.56    421

17             14       1.56    435

18             13       1.44    448

19             13       1.44    461

20             13       1.44    474

Total          474      52.66   474
Publication
of 20
Institutions

Others         401      44.55   875

Total          25       2.77    900

Grand Total    900      100     900

Table-7.8: Citation Pattern of Publication

Language Sciences

Sl. No.   Citation    No. of     %     C.F.    C.P
           Pattern    papers

1           1-25       853     94.78   853    94.78

2           26-50       37     4.11    890    98.89

3           51-75       10     1.11    900    0.01

Grand                  900      100    900     100
Total

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No.   Citation    No. of     %     C.F.   C.P.
           Pattern    papers

1           1-25       734     81.56   734    81.56

2           26-50       57     6.33    791    87.89

3           51-75       22     2.44    813    90.33

4         Citation      87     9.67    900     100
          Data not
          available

Grand                  900      100    900     100
Total

Table-7.9: Pagination Pattern of Papers

Language Sciences

Sl. No.    Pattern of    No. of     %      C.F    C.P    Rank
           Pagination    papers

1             1-5          20      2.22    20    2.22     7

2             6-10         60      6.7     80    8.89     6

3            11-15        242     26.89    322   35.78    1

4            16-20        186     20.66    508   56.11    2

5            21-25        140     15.56    648    72      4

6            26-30         83      9.22    731   81.22    5

7         31 and above    169     18.78    900    100     3

Grand                     900      100     900    100     *
Total

Linguistics and Education

Sl. No.    Pattern of    No. of     %      C.F    C.P    Rank
           Pagination    papers

1             1-5          18       2      18      2      6

2             6-10         15      1.67    33    3.67     7

3            11-15        297       33     330   36.67    1

4            16-20        273     30.33    603    67      2

5            21-25        150     16.67    753   83.67    3

6            26-30        6 6      7.33    819    91      5

7         31 and above     81      3.44    900    100     4

Grand                     900      100     900    100     *
Total