Research growth and development at Sambalpur University during 2008-2012: a bibliometric analysis.

Maharana, Rabindra K.

Introduction

Bibliometric methods have been used to measure scientific progress in many disciplines of science and engineering and are a common research instrument for systematic analysis (Van Raan, 2005). Since Narin et al. (1976) first proposed the concept of "evaluative bibliometrics", many scientists have tried to evaluate the research trend in the publication outputs of countries, research institutes, journals and subject category (Garcia-Rio et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2007), the citation analysis (Cole, 1989) and the peak year citation per publication (Chuang et al., 2007; Li and Ho, 2008). Bibliometrics refers to research methodology employed in library and information sciences, which utilizes quantitative analysis and statistics methods to describe distribution patterns of articles with a given topic (Almind and Ingwersen, 1997), field (Campanario et. al., 2006), institute (Moed et. al., 1985) or country (Schubert et al., 1989). These methods have been used to investigate research trends of specific fields recently (Vergidis et. al.,2005; Falagas et. al., 2006; Kumari, 2006).

Objectives

The followings are the key objectives of the present study.

* To measure the research output of the university;

* To identify the most prolific authors during the period;

* To identify the authorship pattern the papers published;

* To identify the journals which were most preferred by the researchers of the university;

* Measure the most cited journals during the period under study;

Literature review

Applying statistical methods over various aspects of LIS papers from Bangladesh Khan, Ahmed, Munshi, and Akhter (1998) found that there is slow growth in literature productivity during 1966-1997. Mittal, Sharma and Singh (2006) examine 536 papers published on LIS education from 1995 to 2004 and found that the growth of literature was negative. Patra, Bhattacharya, and Verma (2006) found that about 4000 authors published 3781 articles, about 0.94 articles per author. Bakri and Willett (2008) in their study to Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science during 2001-2006 found that a complete set of 161 articles attracted a total of 87 citation, 52 of which were self-citations. In a bibliometric analysis of Pakistan Journal of Library and Information Science Warraich and Ahmed (2011) studied a total of 111 papers which were published during 1995 to 2010, and found that maximum single authored papers were contributed and majority of authors geographically affiliated to Pakistan.

Verma and Tamrakar (2007) in their study of Analysis of Contributions to Defence Science Journal found that out of 524 papers 149 (28.43 per cent) were submitted by two authors and High Energy Materials Research Laboratory was the most prolific institution with having 8.96 per cent contributions. In a bibliometric analysis of DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology during 2001- 2010, Kumar and Moorthy (2011) found that out of 271 papers 167 papers were published in 6-10 page range and 40.31 per cent citations comprised journals, followed by books with 20.68 per cent. In a bibliometric analysis of diarrhoeal disease research from 1979 to 2009, Khatun and Ahmed found that a total of 1489 authors produced 711 papers with an average of 2.09 authors per paper. Maximum number of (149) papers were published during 2007-2009.

Methodology

The present study covers the research publication of various departments of Sambalpur University which were indexed in Scopus (officially known as Sciverse Scopus) during 2008 to 2012. For retrieval of information "Sambalpur University" and "India" were the keywords used as authors affiliation or address and "2008" to "2012" selected as the time span of study. Further, the result was refined to article only. Finally, 301 research papers in different disciplines of science and technology retrieved matched with Sambalpur University as author's affiliation or address. Aspect referring to year wise publication, authorship pattern, favoured journals, most prolific contributor, institution/ organization, geographical distribution etc. were analyzed with MS-Excel.

Analysis and discussion

Annual distribution of publication

Sambalpur University published a total of 301 papers during the period under study which are indexed in Scopus in different fields of science and technology as listed in Table-1, which shows that maximum number of papers published in 2012 i.e. 83 (27.58%) papers, followed by 2011 (26.91%), 2009 (17.94%), 2010 (14.95%) and 2008 (12.62%) respectively. Further, it shows a negative average growth rate in 2010, and the average annual growth rate percent is 11.29.

Period-wise authorship pattern of publication

The period-wise authorship pattern of publication is listed in Table-2, which shows out of 301 papers maximum of 94 (31.23%) contributions have been contributed by three authors, followed by four authors (22.92%), two authors (21.93%) respectively. Again it shows that only 17 (5.65%) papers have been contributed by eight or more than eight authors.

Author productivity

A total of 554 authors along with 598 authors affiliated to Sambalpur university contributed total 301 papers with 1.99 average authors per paper and 0.51 productivity per author (Table-3). Further, it shows that in 2012 maximum number of 83 papers published and maximum number of 187 authors were affiliated to Sambalpur University.

Lotka's law

To determine the author's productivity, Lotka's inverse square law of scientific productivity has been widely used in bibliometric mapping of research output. Lotka's Law describes the frequency of publication by authors in any given field. It states that the number of authors making n contributions is about 1/[n.sup.[alpha]] of those making one contribution, where a nearly ranges in between 1 to 3. Simply, the number of authors publishing a certain number of articles is a fixed ratio to the number of authors publishing a single article. As the number of articles published increases, authors producing those publications become less frequent. There are 1/4 as many authors publishing two articles within a specified time period as there are single-publication authors, 1/9 as many publishing three articles, 1/16 as many publishing four articles etc. The general formula for calculating is:

[X.sup.n]Y=C or Y=C/[X.sup.n]

Where, X = number of publications,

Y = relative frequency of authors with 'X' publications and

C = Constants depending on the specified field.

Putting the value of X = 1 and Y = 7 (Table-4), the calculation obtained was:

1n.7 = C => 7 = C

Putting the value of X= 2 and Y= 66 and C= 7 the calculation obtained was:

2n.66 = 7 => 2n = 7/66 => n log 2 = log 0.11 => n (0.301) = 0.96 => n = 0.96/0.301 => n = 3.19

Degree of collaboration

Degree of collaboration examines the prominent area of inquiry indicating the trend in patterns of single and joint authors pattern of publication. Table-4 shows the degree of collaboration "C" is 0.98 (which is nearly equals to 1) that means there is few or negligible contributions by single authors during the period under study. Further it shows the degree of collaboration ranges from 0.94 to 1, and there is no single authored paper in 2008, 2010 and 2011.

Bradford's law and distribution of core journals

Bradford stated that "if scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of articles on a given subjects, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones containing the same number of articles as the nucles and succeeding zones will be as 1:n:[n.sup.2] ...". The journal distribution of Table-5 shows that there was a tremendous scattering of literature in the publication pattern of Sambalpur University. Further, it shows that the first zone or nucleus contains eight journals which covered about one-third of the total papers, followed by second zone with twenty nine accounted for another one-third and the third zone with 148 journals covered the remaining third zone.

Figure-2 provides a brief sketch of Bradford's distribution of core journals on publication pattern of Sambalpur University during 2008 to 2012. A total of 185 journals presented by 301 papers., out of which only two journals published more than 10 papers; 6 journals published 6 to 9 papers; thirteen journals published 3 to 5 papers; 29 journals published 2 papers and remaining 135 papers were scattered among 135 journals 9Table-6). Bradford's distribution, core journals are those that lay on the initial curved part of the "S" shaped plot until it tangentially becomes a straight line. Here, in figure-2, the slope of the curve also decreases slightly after the journal Plant Science (8th) journal, so these journals may be regarded as the core journals on the research publication of Sambalpur University during 2008 to 2012.

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

Length of paper published

Table-6 gives a detailed overview of published papers page length, which shows that more than half of papers are in between 6-10 pages in length i.e. 165 (54.82%) papers, which is followed by 62 (20.6%) papers in between 1-5 pages, 54 (17.94%) papers in between 11-15 pages respectively. Again it shows only 2 (0.66%) papers are in published with 26 or more than 26 pages in length.

Most prolific institution/organizations

Out of 301 (100%) papers the contributors affiliated to Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Odisha were the most prolific contributor after Sambalpur University with having 38 (12.63%) contributions followed by National Institute of Technology, Rourkela with 10.64% contributions (Table-7). IIT Kharagpur, Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar and Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences stood at 4th, 5th and 6th rank respectively.

Prolific author during 2008-2012

Table- shows top-10 most prolific contributor during the period under study, B.K. Mishra is the most prolific contributor with 33 contributions followed by P. Nayak (5.65%), H.N. Pati and P.K. Behera with 4.66% contributions stood with 3rd rank. S.P. Pati, D.C. Dash, P.K. Mohapatra, T.R. Routray, R.K. Mohapatra and S. Patel with 13 (4.32%) contributions stood at the 4th rank.

Subject-wise rank distribution of publication

Table-9 provides major subject areas, which shows Physics and Astronomy is the most favoured research area among the research community of the Sambalpur University with 29.91%, followed by Chemistry (25.25%), Materials Science (21.93%), Engineering (16.95%) respectively. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences with 13.62%, 10.29%, 9.31% stood at the 5th, 6th and 7th rank respectively.

Geographical distribution of publication during 2008-2012

Geographical distribution of papers listed in Table-10, on the whole a total of 301 contributors belonging to Sambalpur University (India) and the collaborative contributors were from United States (4.99%), Japan (2.33%), Egypt (1.67%). Australia, France, Singapore, Turkey with 0.67% contributors stood at 5th rank. Again it shows that all the 1152 contributors are scattered among 12 countries.

Findings/ Conclusion

The followings are the key findings of the present study:

1. The university's publication range ranges from 38 to 83 papers with an annual average growth rate percent of 11.29 papers.

2. Maximum number of three authored (31.23%) papers published which is followed by four authors (22.92%), eight or more than eight authors contributed a total of 17 (5.65%) papers.

3. A total of 1152 authors contributed 301 papers out of which 598 authors were affiliated to Sambalpur University.

4. Astrophysics and Space Science is the most favoured journal for publication among the researchers of the university with 12 (3.98%) papers, followed by Journal of the Indian Chemical Society with 10 (3.32%) papers. Further it has been observed that 29 journals contains 2 papers and 135 journals contain only one paper during the period under study.

5. Veer Surendra sai University of Technology was the second most prolific institution/ organization followed by NIT, Rourkela and IIT, Kharagpur etc.

6. B.K. Mishra with 33 contribution stood at the first position. P. Nayak with 17, H.N. Pati and P.K. Behera with 14 contributions stood with second and third positions respectively.

7. Physics and Astronomy was the most favoured research area followed by Chemistry, materials Science, Engineering, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology etc.

8. All the 1152 contributors were scattered among Indian with 11 foreign countries.

9. Lotka's law of scientific productivity, it is observed that the authors contribution pattern to the research output of Sambalpur University researcher during the period under study is far away, because the 'observed' authors and their respective productivity frequency differs 'expected' frequency of authors and their productivity.

Caption: Fig.-1 Bradford's distribution

References

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Author's bibliography:

Rabindra K. Maharana gained his MLIS in 2007 and PGDLAN in 2012 from Sambalpur University and qualified as University Grants Commission-National Eligibility Test for Lectureship (UGC-NET) in 2012. His professional experience spans more than six years He has attended a good number of workshops and training programs and has published more than 25 research papers, in various national and international journals of repute. Currently, he is Technician (Library) at National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) (An Autonomous Institution of Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India), Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Rabindra K. Maharana Technician (Library) National Institute of Science Education & Research (NISER) (An Autonomous Institution of Dept. of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India) IOP Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Sainik School, Bhubaneswar-751005 E-mail: maharana.rabindra@gmail.com

Rabindra K. Maharana

National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), maharana.rabindra@gmail.com

Table-1 Annual distribution of publication

Year           No. of        Percentage   Annual average growth
               publication   (%)          rate percent (%)

2008           38            12.62        --
2009           54            17.94        29.63
2010           45            14.95        -20
2011           81            26.91        44.45
2012           83            27.58        2.41
Grand Total    301           100          Average 11.29

Table-2 Authorship pattern of papers published during 2008-2012

Year    One      Two       Three     Four      Five

2008    0        9         14        9         2
2009    2        6         17        17        5
2010    0        14        12        11        1
2011    0        17        24        17        6
2012    5        20        27        15        9

Grand   7        66        94        69        23
Total   (2.33)   (21.93)   (31.23)   (22.92)   (7.64)

Year    Six      Seven     [greater than or    Total
                           equal to]Eight

2008    1        1         2                   38 (12.62)
2009    1        2         4                   54 (17.94)
2010    4        2         1                   45 (14.95)
2011    6        3         8                   81 (26.91)
2012    3        2         2                   83 (27.58)

Grand   15       10        17
Total   (4.98)   (3.32)    (5.65)              301 (100)

Note: Figures in parentheses represented percentage.

Table-3 Author productivity

Year    Total no.   Total no.    Total   Total
        of papers   of authors   AAPP    PPA

2008    38          135          3.56    0.29
2009    54          216          4       0.25
2010    45          159          3.54    0.29
2011    81          344          4.25    0.24
2012    83          298          3.59    0.28

Total   301         1152         3.83    0.27

Year    Authors only        AAPP    PPA
        affiliated to SU    (SU)    (SU)

2008    66                  1.74    0.58
2009    103                 1.91    0.53
2010    82                  1.83    0.55
2011    160                 1.98    0.51
2012    187                 2.26    0.45

Total   598                 1.99    0.51

Note: Average Authors Per Paper (AAPP) =
Number of authors/Number of papers.
Productivity per author (PPA) = Number of
papers/Number of authors.

Table-4 Degree of collaboration

Year     Single           Multiple
         authored paper   authored paper
         ([N.sub.S])      ([N.sub.M])

2008     --               38
2009     2                52
2010     --               45
2011     --               81
2012     5                78

Total    7                294

Year     [N.sub.M]+       Degree of
         [N.sub.S]        Collaboration
                          (C)

2008     38               1
2009     54               0.97
2010     45               1
2011     81               1
2012     83               0.94

Total    301              0.98

Table-5 Ranking of contributing journals published during 2008
to 2012

Rank    Most favored journal                No. of   Percentage
        for publication                     papers   (%)

1       Astrophysics and Space Science      12       3.98
2       Journal of the Indian Chemical      10       3.32
          Society
3       Optics Communications               9        2.99
4       Journal of the Korean Chemical      7        2.32
          Society
4       Physical Review C - Nuclear         7        2.32
          Physics
5       Indian Journal of Chemistry -       6        1.99
          Section A Inorganic, Physical,
          Theoretical and Analytical
          Chemistry
5       Indian Journal of Environmental     6        1.99
          Protection
5       Plant Science                       6        1.99
6       International Journal of            5        1.66
          Theoretical Physics
7       International Journal of Modern     4        1.33
          Physics E
7       Journal of Colloid and Interface    4        1.33
          Science
7       Journal of the Institution of       4        1.33
          Engineers (India): Electrical
          Engineering Division
7       Polymer Composites                  4        1.33
8       Applied Mathematical Sciences       3        1
8       Energy and Fuels                    3        1
8       Indian Journal of Biotechnology     3        1
8       International Journal of Modern     3        1
          Physics B
8       Journal of Dispersion Science       3        1
          and Technology
8       Journal of Physics G: Nuclear       3        1
          and Particle Physics
8       Letters in Drug Design and          3        1
          Discovery
8       Library Philosophy and Practice     3        1
9       29 Journals with 2 papers           58       19.27
10      135 journals with single paper      135      44.85

Grand Total                                 301      100

Rank    Most favored journal                   Cumulative
        for publication
                                            No. of   Percentage
                                            papers   (%)

1       Astrophysics and Space Science      12       3.98
2       Journal of the Indian Chemical      22       7.3
          Society
3       Optics Communications               31       10.29
4       Journal of the Korean Chemical      38       12.61
          Society
4       Physical Review C - Nuclear         45       14.93
          Physics
5       Indian Journal of Chemistry -       51       16.92
          Section A Inorganic, Physical,
          Theoretical and Analytical
          Chemistry
5       Indian Journal of Environmental     57       18.91
          Protection
5       Plant Science                       63       20.9
6       International Journal of            68       22.56
          Theoretical Physics
7       International Journal of Modern     72       23.89
          Physics E
7       Journal of Colloid and Interface    76       25.22
          Science
7       Journal of the Institution of       80       26.55
          Engineers (India): Electrical
          Engineering Division
7       Polymer Composites                  84       27.88
8       Applied Mathematical Sciences       87       28.88
8       Energy and Fuels                    90       29.88
8       Indian Journal of Biotechnology     93       30.88
8       International Journal of Modern     96       31.88
          Physics B
8       Journal of Dispersion Science       99       32.88
          and Technology
8       Journal of Physics G: Nuclear       102      33.88
          and Particle Physics
8       Letters in Drug Design and          105      34.88
          Discovery
8       Library Philosophy and Practice     108      35.88
9       29 Journals with 2 papers           166      55.15
10      135 journals with single paper      301      100

Grand Total                                 --       --

Table-6 Lotka's law of scientific productivity

No. of    No. of       No. of      No. of      No. of
papers    authors      authors     authors     authors
          (observed)   (expected   (expected   (expected
                       with n=2)   with n=3)   with n=3.19)

1         7            7           7           7
2         66           2           1           1
3         94           1           --          --
4         69           --          --          --
5         23           --          --          --
6         15           --          --          --
7         10           --          --          --
8         10           --          --          --
9         2            --          --          --
10        --           --          --          --
11        --           --          --          --
12        1            --          --          --
13        --           --          --          --
14        2            --          --          --
21        2            --          --          --

Table-6 Length of paper published during 2007-2011

 Page     1-5      6-10      11-15    16-20
range

 2008       15        20         3        0
 2009       10        29        12        1
 2010        7        26         8        2
 2011       20        40        15        4
 2012       10        50        16        6

Grand        62       165        54       13
Total    (20.6)   (54.82)   (17.94)   (4.32)

 Page     21-25       [greater      Total
range              than or equal
                       to]26

 2008         0          0          38 (12.62)
 2009         2          0          54 (17.94)
 2010         2          0          45 (14.95)
 2011         1          1          81 (26.91)
 2012         0          1          83 (27.58)

Grand         5          2          301
Total    (1.66)     (0.66)          (100)

Table-7 Most prolific institution/organization

Sl.   Name of the institute/           No. of          Percentage
No.   Organization                     contributions   (%)

1     Sambalpur University, Sambalpur  301             100
2     Veer Surendra Sai University     38              12.63
        of Technology, Odisha
3     National Institute of            32              10.64
        Technology Rourkela, Odisha
4     Indian Institute of Technology,  16              5.32
        Kharagpur
5     Institute of Physics,            14              4.66
        Bhubaneswar
6     Kanak Manjari Institute of       11              3.66
        Pharmaceutical Sciences
7     Birla College of Arts, Science   10              3.33
        & Commerce
8     Sundargarh Engineering College,  9               2.99
        Odisha
9     North Orissa University, Odisha  8               2.66
9     Panjab University, Punjab        8               2.66
10    Hope College                     7               2.33
10    Tripura University, Tripura      7               2.33
10    Institute of Minerals and        7               2.33
        Materials Technology, India
10    Hiroshima University             7               2.33

Table-8 Most prolific contributor

Rank    Name of the         No. of          Percentage
        contributor         contributions   (%)

1       Mishra, B.K.        33              10.97
2       Nayak, P.           17              5.65
3       Pati, H.N.          14              4.66
3       Behera, P.K.        14              4.66
4       Pati, S.P.          13              4.32
4       Dash, D.C.          13              4.32
4       Mohapatra, P.K.     13              4.32
4       Routray, T.R.       13              4.32
4       Mohapatra, R.K.     13              4.32
4       Patel, S.           13              4.32
5       Tripathy, S.K.      12              3.99
6       Patra, S.K.         11              3.66
6       Behera, B.          11              3.66
6       Sahoo, S.           11              3.66
7       Misra, P.K.         10              3.33
8       Choudhary, R.N.P.   9               2.99
8       Swain, S.K.         9               2.99
8       Panda, K.C.         9               2.99
8       Dash, S.            9               2.99
9       Panigrahi, S.       7               2.33
10      Behera, A.K.        6               1.99
10      Sahu, S.            6               1.99
10      Biswal, B.          6               1.99

Table-9 Major research areas

Rank    Major subject                No. of   Percentage
        areas                        papers   (%)

1       Physics and Astronomy        90       29.91
2       Chemistry                    76       25.25
3       Materials Science            66       21.93
4       Engineering                  51       16.95
5       Biochemistry, Genetics and   41       13.62
          Molecular Biology
6       Pharmacology, Toxicology     31       10.29
          and Pharmaceutics
7       Agricultural and             28       9.31
          Biological Sciences
8       Chemical Engineering         27       8.98
9       Earth and Planetary          24       7.98
          Sciences
10      Social Sciences              22       7.31
11      Mathematics                  21       6.98
12      Environmental Science        17       5.65
13      Computer Science             14       4.66
14      Medicine                     11       3.66
15      Energy                       8        2.66
16      Arts and Humanities          5        1.67
17      Immunology and               4        1.33
          Microbiology
18      Multidisciplinary            3        0.99
19      Business, Management         2        0.67
          and Accounting
20      Health Professions           1        0.34
20      Veterinary                   1        0.34
20      Economics, Econometrics      1        0.34
          and Finance

Table-10 Geographical distribution of publication

Rank    Name of the     No. of          Percentage
        country         contributions   (%)
                        (N = 301)

1       India           301             100
2       United States   15              4.99
3       Japan           7               2.33
4       Egypt           5               1.67
5       Austria         2               0.67
5       France          2               0.67
5       Singapore       2               0.67
5       Turkey          2               0.67
6       Mexico          1               0.39
6       Canada          1               0.39
6       Bangladesh      1               0.39
6       South Korea     1               0.39