Climate change research (1991-2012): comparative scientometric study of Argentina, Brazil, China, India and Mexico.

Saravanan, G. ; Rajan, V.R. ; Prasad, S. 等

1. INTRODUCTION

Climate is a component of the natural environment within which and against whose bounds human civilization has developed and prospered [1]. Climate change is one of the most significant challenges to global economic development. Every country contributes to growing greenhouse gas emissions, and every country will bear the socioeconomic and ecological consequences of global warming. Global air and ocean temperatures have risen as also the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Oceans have become more acidic and sea level has gone up (Gopal Raj, N. in The Hindu, Chennai Edition dated 16 November 2012, p.11). The Asia and Pacific region is more vulnerable to these risks than other regions, given its dependence on the natural resources and agriculture sectors, densely populated coastal areas, week institutions, and the poverty of a considerable proportion of its populations. The average annual surface air temperature of India has increased by 0.5[degrees]C in the past century. The consequences of certain levels of climate change are well understood and widely accepted. However, climate change is likely to include greater variations in climate phenomena, including droughts and floods, as well as more frequent and severe weather events, such as cyclones and storms, and greater seasonal variability from mild and severe winters to dry and very wet summers [2].

Scientometrics is the study dealing with the quantification of written communication which helps in the measurement of the published knowledge by analyzing literature, inter-relationship among different branches of knowledge, productivity, authorship pattern, degree of collaboration, pattern of collection building, and their use [3].

A scientometric study on climatic change literature was conducted by Li et al (2011) [4] who analysed the research trends in this field through Science Citation Index for 18 years (1992 to 2009). They also compared the growth of climate change literature from seven developed countries. We have here compared and studied the climate change literature from 5 developing countries.

This study has been undertaken with the purpose of finding out the comparative growth and characteristics of climate change literature of 5 developing countries namely Argentina, Brazil, China, India and Mexico from Web of Science[R]. The rationale for the choice of the countries is that these countries have high population density on coastal areas, and face severe pressure on natural resources mainly due to economic and demographic patterns; hence any major climatic fluctuations will impact them. The publications from these countries may also focus on such aspects that will aid in better management strategies for the future.

2. OBJECTIVES

This study compares the growth of literature on climate change in the 5 studied countries and makes a quantitative assessment of status of the research by way of analyzing the following features of research outputs:-

* Annual growth of publications

* Document types used by the scientists

* Most prolific authors of five countries along with degree of collaboration

* Subject wise distribution

* Journal wise distribution

* Organizational distribution

* Language wise distribution

* Highly cited papers and h-index of 5 developing countries

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Documents used in this study were based on the online database Web of Science[R]. Period of study is 1991 to September 2012 (21 years). The present study has used the topic search "climate change" within the specified time span. A total of 7065 records on climate change for 5 developing countries were retrieved. The search included the three citation databases namely Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Indices and Arts and Humanities Citation Indices. Once a marked list of papers has been created, the resulting export file is processed by HistCite[TM] (Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Software developed by Garfield and colleagues).

4. RESULTS

4.1. Growth of Climate change literature

A graphical analysis (Figure 1) of the growth in the number of articles over the twenty one year-period reveals that the maximum records have originated from China (4121) and the minimum from Argentina (443). The dip in records in the year 2012 for all the countries is because the period of study concludes with September 2012.

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

4.2. Source wise distribution of Climate change literature

14 document types were researched (Table 1) for this study yielding a total of 7065 records during the 21 year study period. The productivity of climate change literature spreads over a variety of publication media. It is noteworthy that Argentina, which contributed minimum by way of number of publications, has topped the percentage of records (81.04%) in the form of articles in listed journals while highly productive countries like India (75.24%) and China (78.65%) have produced the least number of publications in journals.

4.3. Author wise distribution of Climate change literature

Table 2 gives the contributions of individual authors during the study period. The authors may have sole-authored or co-authored the papers. The most prolific author during the period is Wang (53 contributions) from China. The number of contributing authors was also maximum from China (9952 authors contributed 4121 publications).

4.4. Degree of Collaboration

As regards authorship pattern of the literature, single author contribution is low when compared to multi authored papers.

The Degree of collaboration is formulated with the help of Subramanyan (1983) formula:

C = Nm/Nm + Ns

Where C = Degree of Collaboration

Nm = Number of multi authored papers

Ns = Number of single authored papers

The results of the degree of collaboration are presented in Table 3.

4.5. Subject wise distribution of Climate change literature

According to Web of Science[R] subject categorization, the publications of climate change during the study period scattered over 141 subjects for the studied countries. These scattered subjects are regrouped in to 6 broad subjects.

Figure 2 shows that "Geosciences (multidisciplinary)" has recorded maximum publications (22.4%) followed by "Environmental Sciences" (21.6%) while "Meteorology and atmospheric sciences" has recorded the least (9.3%).

4.6. Journal wise distribution of Climate change literature

By way of journal wise distribution of publications, highest records, among publications from all countries, are from the Journal Chinese Science Bulletin with 165 records while Indian journal Current Science is close behind with 153 records. The top 10 journals for each of the countries are provided in Table 4.

4.7. Institution wise distribution of Climate change literature

An analysis of the institutions involved in publications reveals that there were 8039 institutions involved in publications in the field of climate change sharing 7065 articles during the study period in Table 7. The Chinese Academy of Science stands first with 1843 records.

4.8. Language wise distribution of Climate change literature

It is also important to identify the languages of publication (Table 6). As we expected, English is the predominant language of publications. Out of the 7065 records retrieved, English occupies the first position with 6882 records.

4.9. Highly Cited Papers

List of the top 5 most highly cited papers in climate change; 1991-2012 from 5 developing countries is given below in the Table 7.

4.10. General observations on Climate change literature

The general observations on climate change literature from 1991 to 2012 through Web of Science[R] are listed in Table 8.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The quality and quantity of scientific works is often judged by the outputs mainly in the form of publications. Our work attempts to capture these outputs in five developing countries. It is not in the purview of this study to get in to the finer aspects of these publications like the quality of the journals/ books, impact factors and citations, to name a few.

Our results clearly show that China and India are the countries that produce the maximum outputs quantitatively. One handicap for the other countries could be the language barrier as English is not the main medium for communication; but China has proved to be an exception in this issue with more outputs in English than India. But it will be unfair to draw any further inferences as the economic conditions and the prevailing environmental conditions to focus on climate change research are totally different between these countries. For example, Argentina and India may not face similar comparable climate-related issues that may prompt research in the field culminating in publications.

It will be interesting to find out how the scientific outputs from these developing countries compare with countries that have better academic and economic facilities. This may be an issue to be analysed in detail by researchers in scientometrics.

Caption: Figure 1 Comparison of Growth of Climate change literature, 1991-2012

REFERENCES

[1.] Michel, David, and Amit Pandya, eds. Troubled Waters: Climate Change, Hydropolitics, and Transboundary Resources. Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2009.

[2.] Anbumozhi, Venkatachalam, Meninhard Breiling, Selvarajah Pathmarajah, and Vangimalla R. Reddy, eds. Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific : How Can Countries Adapt? New Delhi: Sage, 2012.

[3.] Morillo, F. Bordons, M. and Gomez, I. (2001). An approach to interdisciplinary through bibliometric indicators, Scientometrics, 51(1), 203-222.

[4.] Li, Jinfeng., Wang, Ming-Huang and Ho, Yuh-Shan. (2011). Trends in research on global climate change: A Science Index Expanded-based analysis, Global and Planetary Change, 77, 13-20.

G. Saravanan (1), V.R. Rajan (2), S. Prasad (3) and G. Muthusankar (4)

(1) Librarian, French Institute of Pondicherry, # 11, Saint Louis Street, Pondicherry--605 001 & Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Karpagam University, Coimbatore--641 021 (saravanan.g@ifpindia.org)

(2) The Chief Librarian, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Osudu, Agaram Village, Kudapakkam Post, Pondicherry 605502, India (rajan arthi@yahoo.com)

(3) Ingenieur d'etudes, French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry (prasad.s@ifpindia.org)

(4) Head of GIS Project, French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry (muthusankar@ifpindia.org)

Table 1 Source wise distribution of Climate change
literature for 5 developing countries

Document Type          Argentina (%)    Brazil (%)      China (%)

Article                 359 (81.04)    654 (79.85)    3241 (78.65)
Article; Proceedings     26 (5.87)      35 (4.27)      152 (3.69)
  Paper
Book Review                  0           3 (0.37)       3 (0.07)
Chronology                   0              0            4(0.10)
Correction                   0              0           2 (0.05)
Editorial Material       5 (1.13)       18 (2.20)       39 (0.95)
Letter                   2 (0.45)        5 (0.61)       11 (0.27)
Meeting Abstract         1 (0.23)        5 (0.61)       5 (0.12)
News Item                    0              0               0
Note                         0              0               0
Proceedings Paper        11 (2.48)      23 (2.81)      510 (12.38)
Proceedings Paper;           0              0           1 (0.02)
  Book Chapter
Review                   39 (8.80)      74 (9.04)      146 (3.54)
Review; Book Chapter         0           2 (0.24)       7 (0.17)
Total                  443 (100.00)    819 (100.00)   4121 (100.00)

Document Type            India (%)      Mexico (%)

Article                 863 (75.24)    433 (80.93)
Article; Proceedings     43 (3.75)      27 (5.05)
  Paper
Book Review              3 (0.26)        1 (0.19)
Chronology                   0              0
Correction               2 (0.17)           0
Editorial Material       41 (3.57)      11 (2.06)
Letter                   18 (1.57)       4 (0.75)
Meeting Abstract         6 (0.52)        5 (0.93)
News Item                3 (0.26)           0
Note                     2 (0.17)           0
Proceedings Paper        52 (4.53)       8 (1.50)
Proceedings Paper;       1 (0.09)           0
  Book Chapter
Review                  108 (9.42)      45 (8.41)
Review; Book Chapter     5 (0.44)        1 (0.19)
Total                  1147 (100.00)   535 (100.00)

Table 2 Most prolific authors for Climate change literature
for 5 developing countries

Top Ten Authors for 5 Developing countries

Argentina (Records)   Brazil (Records)    China (Records)

Sala OE (16)          Marengo JA (20)     Wang Y (53)
Diaz S (11)           Fearnside PM (18)   Li Y(44)
Kitzberger T (11)     Cerri CC (15)       Zhang Y (43)
Villalba R (11)       Diniz JAF (15)      Chen X (38)
Menendez CG (10)      Laurance WF (15)    Zhang Q (38)
Nunez MN (9)          Malhi Y (15)        Wang HJ (37)
Caldwell MM (8)       Nepstad DC (15)     Zhang L(37)
Flint SD (8)          Artaxo P (14)       Chen J (36)
Rusticucci M (8)      Costa MH (14)       Fang JY (34)
Ballare CL (7)        Nepstad D (14)      Liu JY (34)

Top Ten Authors for 5 Developing countries

India (Records)        Mexico (Records)

Ravindranath NH (28)   Peterson AT (20)
Aggarwal PK (18)       Martinez-Meyer E (18)
Bala G (18)            Conde C (11)
Lal M (16)             Saenz-Romero C (11)
Ghosh S (15)           Gay C (9)
Mujumdar PP (14)       Iglesias-Prieto R (9)
Singh R (14)           Navarro-Siguenza AG (8)
Kumar A (13)           Estrada F (7)
Kumar S (13)           Parra-Olea G (7)
Kumar R (12)           Rehfeldt GE (7)

Table 3 Degree of Collaboration

Countries   Degree of Collaboration

Argentina            0.95
Brazil               0.92
China                0.96
India                0.85
Mexico               0.96

Table 4 Top ten journals for Climate change literature
for 5 developing countries

Argentina (Records)   Brazil (Records)   China (Records)

Palaeogeography       Global Change      Chinese Science
Palaeoclimatology     Biology (21)       Bulletin (165)
Palaeoecology (14)

Climatic Change       Science (16)       Advances in
(13)                                     Atmospheric
                                         Sciences (81)

Climate Dynamics      Geophysical        Science in China
(10)                  Research Letters   Series D-Earth
                      (15)               Sciences(77)

Forest Ecology and    Journal of         Journal of
Management (8)        Climate (14)       Geophysical
                                         Research-
                                         Atmospheres (63)

International         Climatic Change    Climatic Change
Journal of            (13)               (59)
Climatology (7)

Journal of Climate    Energy Policy      Quaternary
(7)                   (13)               International (59)

Quaternary            Forest Ecology     Palaeogeography
International (7)     and Management     Palaeoclimatology
                      (13)               Palaeoecology (57)

Global Change         Plos One (12)      Geophysical
Biology (6)                              Research Letters
                                         (56)

Journal of            Journal of         Journal of
Biogeography (6)      Biogeography       Geographical
                      (11)               Sciences (56)

Journal of            Pesquisa           Global Change
Hydrology (6)         Agropecuaria       Biology (53)
                      Brasileira (11)

India (Records)    Mexico (Records)

Current Science    Atmosfera (22)
(153)

Journal of         Global Change
Agrometeorology    Biology (12)
(30)

Climatic Change    Interciencia (12)
(20)

International      Science (12)
Journal of
Climatology (18)

Mitigation and     Biodiversity and
Adaptation         Conservation
Strategies for     (10)
Global Change
(18)

Energy Policy      Journal of
(16)               Biogeography
                   (9)

Hydrological       Plos One (9)
Processes (15)

Journal of         Biological
Geophysical        Conservation (8)
Research-
Atmospheres (15)

Journal of The     Climatic Change
Geological         (7)
Society of India
(15)

Mausam (14)        Forest Ecology
                   and Management (7)

Table 5 Top ten Institutions for Climate change literature
for 5 Developing countries

Argentina (Records)         Brazil (Records)

Univ Buenos Aires (103)     Univ Sao Paulo (143)
Consejo Nacl Invest         Univ Fed Rio de
  Cient & Tecn (82)           Janeiro (53)
Univ Nacl Cordoba (34)      Univ Fed Vicosa (42)
Univ Nacl Comahue (29)      Woods Hole Res Ctr (40)
Inst Antartico              Univ Fed Minas Gerais (33)
  Argentino (17)
INTA (12)                   Univ Oxford (33)
Univ Austral Chile (12)     Inst Nacl Pesquisas
                              Espaciais (30)
Univ Colorado (11)          Univ Brasilia (27)
Univ Nacl Tucuman (11)      Univ Fed Goias (27)
CSIC (10)                   Univ Fed Rio Grande do
                              Sul (26)

China (Records)             India (Records)

Chinese Acad Sci (1843)     Indian Inst Technol (116)
Peking Univ (233)           Indian Inst Sci (84)
Beijing Normal Univ (222)   Indian Inst Trop
                              Meteorol (38)
Lanzhou Univ (212)          Indian Agr Res Inst (34)
Nanjing Univ (145)          Phys Res Lab (32)
China Meteorol Adm (144)    Banaras Hindu Univ (29)
CAS (103)                   Natl Inst Hydrol (25)
Chinese Acad Meteorol       Univ Delhi (25)
  Sci (80)
Tsinghua Univ (76)          Int Crops Res Inst Semi
                              Arid Trop (24)
Chinese Acad Agr Sci (75)   Natl Inst Oceanog (24)

Mexico (Records)

Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico (232)
Univ Kansas (26)
Univ Autonoma Baja California (15)
Univ Calif Berkeley (15)
Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada (14)
Inst Politecn Nacl (14)
CIMMYT (13)
Inst Ecol AC (13)
NOAA (13)
CSIC (12)

Table 6 Language wise distribution on Climate change
for 5 developing countries

Country                  Language

            Chinese   English   French   German

Argentina      0        430       0        0
Brazil         0        772       2        0
China         87       4031       0        1
India          0       1147       0        0
Mexico         0        502       1        0
Total         87       6882       3        1

Country                  Language            Total

            Portuguese   Russian   Spanish

Argentina       0           0        13       443
Brazil          43          0         2       819
China           1           1         0      4121
India           0           0         0      1147
Mexico          0           0        32       535
Total           44          1        47      7065

Table 7 Highly Cited Papers on Climate change for 5 developing
countries

Country                       Title/Source                      Times
                                                                cited
                                                                (WoS)

ARGENTINA   Title: Biodiversity--Global biodiversity            1719
            scenarios for the year 2100
            Author(s): Sala, OE; Chapin, FS; Armesto,
            JJ; et al.
            Source: SCIENCE Volume: 287 Issue: 5459 Pages:
            1770-1774 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5459.1770
            Published: MAR 10 2000

            Title: Consequences of changing biodiversity        906
            Author(s): Chapin, FS; Zavaleta, ES; Eviner,
            VT; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 405 Issue: 6783 Pages:
            234-242 DOI: 10.1038/35012241 Published:
            MAY 11 2000

            Title: Biotic control over the functioning          409
            of ecosystems
            Author(s): Chapin, FS; Walker, BH; Hobbs,
            RJ; et al.
            Source: SCIENCE Volume: 277 Issue: 5325 Pages:
            500-504 DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5325.500
            Published: JUL 25 1997

            Title: Global observed changes in daily climate     329
            extremes of temperature and precipitation
            Author(s): Alexander, LV; Zhang, X; Peterson,
            TC; et al.
            Source: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL
            RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES Volume: 111 Issue: D5
            Article Number: D05109 DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006290
            Published: MAR 15 2006

            Title: Plant functional types and ecosystem         272
            Author(s): Diaz, S; Cabido, M
            Source: JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE Volume:
            8 Issue: 4 Pages: 463-474 DOI: 10.2307/3237198
            Published: SEP 1997

BRAZIL      Title: Extinction risk from climate change          1641
            Author(s): Thomas, CD; Cameron, A; Green,
            RE; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 427 Issue: 6970 Pages:
            145-148 DOI: 10.1038/nature02121 Published:
            JAN 8 2004

            Title: Novel methods improve prediction of          1311
            species' distributions from occurrence data
            Author(s): Elith, J; Graham, CH; Anderson,
            RP; et al.
            Source: ECOGRAPHY Volume: 29 Issue: 2 Pages:
            129-151 DOI: 10.1111/j .2006.0906-7590.04596.x
            Published: Apr-06

            Title: Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian      558
            forests by logging and fire
            Author(s): Nepstad, DC; Verissimo, A;
            Alencar, A; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 398 Issue: 6727 Pages:
            505-508 DOI: 10.1038/19066 Published: APR 8 1999

            Title: THE ROLE OF DEEP ROOTS IN THE HYDROLOGICAL   485
            AND CARBON CYCLES OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS AND
            PASTURES
            Author(s): NEPSTAD, DC; DECARVALHO, CR;
            DAVIDSON, EA; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 372 Issue: 6507 Pages:
            666-669 DOI: 10.1038/372666a0 Published:
            DEC 15 1994

            Title: Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest          420
            fragments: A 22-year investigation
            Author(s): Laurance, WF; Lovejoy, TE;
            Vasconcelos, HL; et al.
            Source: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Volume: 16 Issue: 3
            Pages: 605-618 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.
            01025.x Published: JUN 2002

CHINA       Title: Global observed changes in daily climate     329
            extremes of temperature and precipitation
            Author(s): Alexander, LV; Zhang, X; Peterson,
            TC; et al.
            Source: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL
            RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES Volume:
            111 Issue: D5 Article Number: D05109 DOI:
            10.1029/2005JD006290 Published: MAR 15 2006

            Title: The Global Soil Moisture Data Bank           308
            Author(s): Robock, A; Vinnikov, KY; Srinivasan,
            G; et al.
            Source: BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL
            SOCIETY Volume: 81 Issue: 6 Pages: 1281-1299
            DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1281:TGSMDB>
            2.3.CO;2 Published: JUN 2000

            Title: The history and variability of the East      294
            Asian paleomonsoon climate
            Author(s): An, ZS
            Conference: 1st PAGES Open Science Meeting
            Location: UNIV LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND Date:
            APR 19-23, 1998
            Source: QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS Volume: 19
            Issue: 1-5 Pages: 171-187 DOI: 10.1016/S0277-3791
            (99)00060-8 Published: JAN 2000

            Title: Millennial-and orbital-scale changes in      279
            the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000
            years
            Author(s): Wang, Yongjin; Cheng, Hai; Edwards,
            R. Lawrence; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 451 Issue: 7182 Pages:
            1090-1093 DOI: 10.1038/nature06692 Published:
            FEB 28 2008

            Title: Attributing physical and biological          273
            impacts to anthropogenic climate change
            Author(s): Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Karoly, David;
            Vicarelli, Marta; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 453 Issue: 7193 Pages:
            353-U20 DOI: 10.1038/nature06937 Published:
            MAY 15 2008

INDIA       Title: Global observed changes in daily climate     334
            extremes of temperature and precipitation
            Author(s): Alexander, LV; Zhang, X; Peterson,
            X'XA TC; et al.
            Source: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL
            RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES Volume:
            111 Issue: D5 Article Number: D05109 DOI:
            10.1029/2005JD006290 Published: MAR 15 2006

            Title: Global Biodiversity: Indicators of
            Recent Declines
            Author(s): Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Walpole, Matt;   245
            Collen, Ben; et al.
            Source: SCIENCE Volume: 328 Issue: 5982 Pages:
            1164-1168 DOI: 10.1126/science.1187512 Published:
            MAY 28 2010

            Title: EFFECTS OF INCREASED SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-      187
            RADIATION ON TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
            Author(s): CALDWELL, M; TERAMURA, AH; TEVINI,
            M; et al.
            Source: AMBIO Volume: 24 Issue: 3 Pages: 166-173
            Published: MAY 1995

            Title: Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture     186
            Author(s): Smith, Pete; Martino, Daniel; Cai,
            Zucong; et al.
            Source: PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL
            SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume: 363
            Issue: 1492 Pages: 789-813 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.
            2007.2184 Published: FEB 27 2008

            Title: Tropical cyclones and climate change         149
            Author(s): Knutson, Thomas R.; McBride, John L.;
            Chan, Johnny; et al.
            Source: NATURE GEOSCIENCE Volume: 3 Issue: 3
            Pages: 157-163 DOI: 10.1038/NGEO779
            Published: MAR

MEXICO      Title: Biodiversity--Global biodiversity            1719
            scenarios for the year 2100
            Author(s): Sala, OE; Chapin, FS; Armesto,
            JJ; et al.
            Source: SCIENCE Volume: 287 Issue: 5459 Pages:
            1770-1774 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5459.1770
            Published: MAR 10 2000

            Title: Extinction risk from climate change          1641
            Author(s): Thomas, CD; Cameron, A; Green,
            RE; et al.
            Source: NATURE Volume: 427 Issue: 6970 Pages:
            145-148 DOI: 10.1038/nature02121 Published:
            JAN 8 2004

            Title: Novel methods improve prediction of          1311
            species' distributions from occurrence data
            Author(s): Elith, J; Graham, CH; Anderson,
            RP; et al.
            Source: ECOGRAPHY Volume: 29 Issue: 2 Pages:
            129-151 DOI: 10.1111/j .2006.0906-7590.04596.x
            Published: APR 2006

            Title: Coral reefs under rapid climate change and   662
            ocean acidification
            Author(s): Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P. J.;
            Hooten, A. J.; et al.
            Source: SCIENCE Volume: 318 Issue: 5857 Pages:
            1737-1742 DOI: 10.1126/science.1152509 Published:
            DEC 14 2007

            Title: Observation and modeling of biomass and      511
            soil organic-matter dynamics for the grassland
            and biome worldwide
            Author(s): PARTON, WJ; SCURLOCK, JMO; OJIMA,
            DS; et al.
            Source: GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Volume: 7
            Issue: 4 Pages: 785-809 DOI: 10.1029/93GB02042
            Published: DEC 1993

Table 8 General observations on Climate change literature, 1991-2012

Countries   Results     Sum of      Sum of Times     Citing
             found    Times Cited   Cited without   Articles
                                    selfcitations

Argentina     443        10393          10088         9033
Brazil        819        17606          16521        13463
China        4123        35514          29279        23064
India        1142        9430           8330          7602
Mexico        535        12844          12387        10551

Countries   Citing Articles   Average     h-index
            without self-     Citations
            citations         per Item

Argentina        8859           23.46       45
Brazil           13066           1.5        65
China            20950          8.61        73
India            7141           8.26        44
Mexico           10326          24.01       43

Figure 2 Subject wise distribution of Climate change literature

Subject wise distribution of Climate Change literature for 5
                   Developing countries

        SUBJECTS                    No. of Publications

Ecology                                   1880
Environmental Sciences                    2626
Geosciences Multidisciplinary             2719
Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences          1129
Multidisciplinary Sciences                2538
Socio-economic Studies                    1255

Note: Table made from bar graph.