South Asia S&T output during 2001-10: a comparative analysis of Pakistan with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.
Gupta, B.M. ; Bala, Adarsh
Introduction
South Asia's average growth was 6-7% in the past decade. South
Asian countries continue to suffer from low human development, gender
discrimination and the social inequalities. Historical, geographical and
demographic factors have partly contributed to this disparity and the
fact remains that the massive income and productive gap between South
Asia countries and other developed countries can primarily be attributed
to the lack of technological progress in these countries. The current
global recession have inevitably slowed growth rates and foreign capital
inflows, which resulting in increase of people living below the poverty
line (1)
It is a fact that S&T capabilities are essential for meeting
the challenging of development. S&T can provide solutions for
eliminating poverty, hunger and disease for combating natural disasters
and preserving the environment. The wide technology and innovation
technology gap of the South Asian countries with other countries will
widen further if timely action is not taken to increase investment in
human development, develop infrastructure for scientific research and
information technology, introduce incentives to build the absorptive
capacity of firms through contract research and promote entrepreurship
(1).
A few scientometric studies have been carried on South Asia.
Mehbuba and Rousseau (2) has compared Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
research output with India using three indicators, such as percentage of
uncited articles, number of citations per document and h-indices. Gupta,
Munshi and Mishra (3) analysed India's collaboration with South
Asian countries during 1992-99 using SCI database. Mehbuba, Rousseau and
Srivastava (4) made a scientometric comparison between two health and
population research organization namely the International Centre for
Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh and the
National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata,
India during 1979-2008 in terms of various indicators. Naim (5) mapped
scientific research in OIC countries (including Pakistan and
Bangladesh), using the indicators such as human resources in R&D,
R&D expenditure, high technology exports, patents and publications.
Under publications, trends in publications and relative impact of
research in terms of citations during 1998-2007 have been undertaken
Objectives
The objectives of the present study is to analyze the comparative
performance of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal science and
technology as reflected in their S&T publications output during
2001-10. In particular, it analyses: (i) publications growth rate and
global publication share; (ii) similarities in their research profile,
(iii) most productive, medium productive, low productive and least
productive areas of research; (iv) share of international collaborative
papers and identification of major collaborative partners, (v)
publication productive of geographical reasons, and (vi) characteristics
of its high productive institutions and most cited papers.
Methodology and Data Source
The publications data on Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal,
derived from the Scopus database, forms the basis of this study. Scopus
is the international multidisciplinary database indexing 18000
peer-reviewed journals (including 1800 open access journals), besides
more than 500 international seminar/conference proceedings, 400 trade
publications and 300 book series. In this analysis, all types of items
covered in the database are covered. A three-year citation window has
been used for counting the citations received and to access the impact
of the research output. The Scopus database classifies each item covered
under 20 subject categories of S&T and four broad subject
categories, such as physical sciences, engineering sciences, life
sciences and health sciences. The physical sciences include subjects
such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, earth & planetary sciences
and environmental sciences. Life sciences subjects such as agricultural
& biological sciences, biochemistry, genetics & molecular
biology, pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics, immunology &
microbiology and neurosciences. Engineering sciences include subjects
such as engineering, materials science, computer science, chemical
engineering and energy. Health sciences include subjects such as
medicine, veterinary science, public health, dentistry and nursing.. The
Scopus database classifies each item on the basis of source subject
title.
Analysis
S&T Publications Output
Pakistan has published 34088 papers during the last ten years
(2001-10), compared to 11637 by Bangladesh, 5299 by Sri Lanka and 4439
by Nepal. The annual average growth rate of Pakistan publications during
2001-10 was 20.74%, compared to 16.37% by Bangladesh, 14.68% by Sri
Lanka and 15.12% by Nepal. In terms of cumulative publications growth,
Pakistan experienced a growth rate of 178.68% in its cumulative
publications output from 2001-05 to 2006-10, followed by 129.19% growth
by Bangladesh, 91.78% by Sri Lanka and 48.12% by Nepal during the same
period (Table 1). The highest global share (0.196%) for its total
publications during 2001-10 was achieved by Pakistan, followed by
Bangladesh (0.067%), Sri Lanka (0.030%) and Nepal (0.025) during
2001-10. In terms of citation impact per paper on a three year citation
window, the highest (3.06) was achieved by Sri Lanka, followed by Nepal
(2.76), Bangladesh (2.71) and Pakistan (2.19) during 2001-10. In terms
of h-index of total publications during 2001-10, the highest (85) is
achieved by Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (71), Sri Lanka (59) and
Nepal (53). In terms of highly-cited papers in total publications during
2001-10, the highest number (63) is achieved by Pakistan, followed by
Bangladesh (39), Sri Lanka (17) and Nepal (16). In terms of publications
per capita (in million), the highest (214.76) was achieved by Nepal,
followed by Pakistan (192.89), Sri Lanka (185.41) and Bangladesh (7.71).
In terms of publications per GDP (PPP) ($Million), the highest (12.39)
was achieved by Nepal, followed by Pakistan (7.33), Sri Lanka (4.98) and
Bangladesh (4.50) (Table 2).
Table 1. Annual Publication Output of Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, and Nepal from 2001-10
Number of
Papers
Year Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
2001 1318 586 240 194
2002 1464 542 271 199
2003 1582 731 396 327
2004 1975 774 417 338
2005 2639 902 492 431
2006 3288 1059 582 545
2007 3920 1438 667 585
2008 4910 1619 702 551
2009 5920 1815 746 637
2010 7072 2171 786 632
2001-05 8978 3535 1816 1489
2006-10 25110 8102 3483 2950
2001-10 34088 11637 5299 4439
Table 2. Relationship of Population and GDP with Publications
in Four South Asian Countries, 2001-10
Country Publications Population GDP(PPP) Publications
2001-10 (In $Million per Capita
Million) IMF, 2010
Pakistan 34088 176.72 464897 192.89
Bangladesh 11637 1509.96 258608 7.71
Sri Lanka 5299 28.58 106502 185.41
Nepal 4439 20.67 35813 214.76
Country Publications
per GDP
Pakistan 7.33
Bangladesh 4.50
Sri Lanka 4.98
Nepal 12.39
Subject Priorities of Pakistan along with three other South Asian
Countries as reflected in Cumulative Publication Output during 2001-10
In this section, the subject profile in terms of physical,
engineering, life and health sciences of the four South Asia countries
have been studied and compared vis-a-vis the world average as shown in
data presented in Table 3. The countries are classified as strong
(having national publication share in the broad subject above the world
average by 5% or more), moderately strong (having national publication
share in the broad subject above the world average by 0.1% to 4.99%),
moderately weak (having national publication share in the broad subject
below the world average by 0.1% to 4.99%) and weak (having national
publication share in the broad subject below the world average by 5% or
more), as reflected in Table 3. Based on this table, it was observed
that there is some similarity among Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal in
terms of national subject profile when compared with world average. The
three countries have strong and moderately strong profile in life and
health sciences, but moderately weak and weak profile in physical
sciences and engineering sciences. In contrast, Bangladesh is strong in
life sciences, but moderately weak in physical, engineering and health
sciences (Table 4).
Table 3. National Cumulative Publications Share of Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal by Broad Disciplines,
2001-10
Number of
Publications
Country Phys Science Engr Science Life Science Health Science
Pakistan 10266 8854 9171 10975
Bangladesh 3179 3731 3706 3233
Sri Lanka 1365 1215 1772 1810
Nepal 733 283 1187 2717
World 4958979 5674557 4196999 5121319
Share of
Publications
Country Phys Science Engr Science Life Science Health Science
Pakistan 30.12 25.97 26.90 32.20
Bangladesh 27.32 32.06 31.85 27.78
Sri Lanka 25.76 22.93 33.44 34.16
Nepal 16.51 6.38 26.74 61.21
World 28.38 32.48 24.02 29.31
Table 4. Subject Profile of the Four South Asian Countries, 2001-10
Countries Strong Moderately Moderately Weak
Strong Weak
Pakistan Health Engineering
Sciences Sciences
Physical
Sciences
Life
Sciences
Bangladesh Life Health
Sciences Sciences
Physical
Sciences
Engineering
Sciences
Sri Lanka Life Health Physical Engineering
Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences
Nepal Health Life Engineering
Sciences Sciences Sciences
Physical
Sciences
Subject Profile in Science & Technology
As per the publications data for 2001-10, Pakistan's research
profile by broad disciplines emerges as follows. Health sciences
subjects together contributed the highest publications share (32.20%),
followed by physical sciences (30.12%), life sciences (26.90%) and
engineering sciences (25.97%). Similar to Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka
also contributed the highest publication share (61.21% and 34.16%) to
health sciences, followed by life sciences (26.74% and 33.44%), physical
sciences (16.51% and 25.76%) and engineering sciences (6.38% and 22.93%)
during 2001-10. In contrast, Bangladesh contributed the highest
publications share (32.06%) to engineering sciences, followed by life
sciences (31.85%), health sciences (27.78%) and physical sciences
(27.32%).
High Productivity Subject Areas of Research
Medicine, agricultural & biological sciences, engineering,
chemistry and physics are considered the high priority areas of Pakistan
in S&T, each contributing publication share between 11.05% and
30.94% in the cumulative national publication output of Pakistan during
2001-10. The national publication share, global publication share and
international collaborative publication share of Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka and Nepal in these five subject areas during 2001-10 are shown
in Tables 5-6.
Table 5. World & National Publication Share in High
Productivity Subject Areas, 2001-10
World
Publication
Share, 2001-10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Medicine 0.22 0.06 0.04 0.055
Agri. & Biol. 0.49 0.19 0.09 0.053
Sci.
Engineering 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.004
Chemistry 0.33 0.06 0.02 0.008
Physics 0.20 0.005 0.01 0.004
National
Publication
Share, 2001-10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Medicine 30.94 26.18 31.50 59.27
Agri. & Biol. 16.88 18.91 19.85 14.08
Sci.
Engineering 12.70 16.48 13.96 3.00
Chemistry 12.69 6.31 5.57 2.23
Physics 11.05 8.28 4.76 1.80
Table 6. International Collaborative Publication Share and Citation
Impact in High Productivity Subject Areas, 2001-10
International Average
Collaborative Citation
Publication per Paper,
Share, 2001-10 2001-10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal Pakistan
Lanka
Medicine 18.72 48.05 43.73 28.73 2.09
Agri. & Biol. 24.78 54.79 61.03 74.40 2.04
Sci.
Engineering 31.04 37.23 42.84 46.62 1.72
Chemistry 36.45 64.03 61.36 75.76 2.44
Physics 49.50 54.88 58.73 65.00 3.09
Subject Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Medicine 4.02 3.34 2.40
Agri. & Biol. 2.05 3.08 3.26
Sci.
Engineering 1.06 1.11 0.56
Chemistry 4.43 5.15 4.03
Physics 2.13 4.37 3.29
The national publication share of Pakistan in medicine was 30.94%,
compared to 59.27% for Nepal, 31.50% for Sri Lanka and 26.18% for
Bangladesh during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
medicine was 0.22%, compared to 0.06% for Bangladesh, 0.055% for Nepal
and 0.04% for Sri Lanka during 2001-10. The average citation impact of
all papers in medicine during 2001-10 was highest (4.02) for Bangladesh,
followed by Sri Lanka (3.34), Nepal (2.40) and Pakistan (2.09). The
international collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total
publications output in medicine was 18.72%, compared to 48.05% for
Bangladesh, 43.73% for Sri Lanka and 28.73% in Nepal during 2001-10. The
h-index of Pakistan publications in medicine during 2001-10 was 56,
compared to 52 for Bangladesh and 38 each for Sri Lanka and Nepal. The
number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in medicine during
2001-10 was 20, compared to 16 for Bangladesh and 9 each for Sri Lanka
and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in agricultural &
biological sciences was 16.88%, compared to 19.85% for Sri Lanka, 18.91%
for Bangladesh and 14.08% for Nepal during 2001-10. The world
publication share of Pakistan in agricultural & biological sciences
was 0.49%, compared to 0.19% for Bangladesh, 0.09% for Sri Lanka and
0.053% for Nepal during 2001-10. The average citation impact of all
papers in agricultural & biological sciences during 2001-10 was
highest (3.26) for Nepal, followed by Sri Lanka (3.08), Bangladesh
(2.05) and Pakistan (2.04). The international collaborative publications
share of Pakistan in its total publications output in agricultural &
biological sciences was 24.78%, compared to 74.40% for Nepal, 61.03% for
Sri Lanka and 54.79% for Bangladesh in during 2001-10. The h-index of
Pakistan publications in agricultural & biological sciences during
2001-10 was 38, compared to 32.5 for Bangladesh, 29 for Sri Lanka and 28
for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in
agricultural & biological sciences during 2001-10 was 7, compared to
3 for Bangladesh, 1 for Sri Lanka and 0 for Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in engineering was
12.70%, compared to 16.48% for Bangladesh, 13.96% for Sri Lanka and 3.0%
for Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
engineering was 0.14%, compared to 0.06% for Bangladesh, 0.02% for Sri
Lanka and 0.004% for Nepal during 2001-10. The average citation impact
of all papers in engineering during 2001-10 was highest (1.72) for
Pakistan, followed by Sri Lanka (1.11), Bangladesh (1.06) and Nepal
(0.56). The international collaborative publications share of Pakistan
in its total publications output in engineering was 31.04%, compared to
46.62% for Nepal, 42.84% for Sri Lanka and 37.23% for Bangladesh in
engineering during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in
engineering during 2001-10 was 38.5, compared to 24 for Bangladesh, 18.5
for Sri Lanka and 6 for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers
published from Pakistan in engineering during 2001-10 was 9, compared to
2 for Sri Lanka, 1 for Bangladesh and 0 for Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in chemistry was 12.69%,
compared to 6.31% for Bangladesh, 5.57% for Sri Lanka and 2.23% for
Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
chemistry was 0.33%, compared to 0.06% for Bangladesh, 0.02% for Sri
Lanka and 0.008% for Nepal during 2001-10. The average citation impact
of all papers in chemistry during 2001-10 was highest (5.15) for Sri
Lanka, followed by Bangladesh (4.43), Nepal (4.03) and Pakistan (2.44).
The international collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its
total publications output in chemistry was 36.45%, compared to 75.76%
for Nepal, 64.03% for Bangladesh and 61.36% for Sri Lanka in chemistry
during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in chemistry during
2001-10 was 39, compared to 29 for Bangladesh, 29 for Sri Lanka and 12
for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in
chemistry during 2001-10 was 5, compared to 7 for Sri Lanka, 2 for
Bangladesh and 0 for Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in physics was 11.05%,
compared to 8.28% for Bangladesh, 4.76% for Sri Lanka and 1.80% for
Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in physics
was 0.20%, compared to 0.05% for Bangladesh, 0.01 for Sri Lanka and
0.004 for Nepal during 2001-10. The average citation impact of all
papers in physics during 2001-10 was highest (4.37) for Sri Lanka,
followed by Nepal (3.29), Pakistan (3.09) and Bangladesh (2.13). The
international collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total
publications output in physics was 49.50%, compared to 65.00% for Nepal,
58.73% for Sri Lanka and 54.88% for Bangladesh in physics during
2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in physics during 2001-10
was 38, compared to 21 for Sri Lanka, 21 for Bangladesh and 13 for
Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in
physics during 2001-10 was 6, compared 1 for Nepal and 0 each for Sri
Lanka and Bangladesh.
Medium Productivity Subject Areas of Research
Computer science, biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology,
materials science, mathematics, pharmacology, toxicology &
pharmaceutics and environmental science are considered as the seven
medium priority areas of Pakistan in S&T, each contributing
publication share between 3.80% and 9.49% in the cumulative national
publication output of Pakistan during 2001-10. The national publication
share, global publication share and international collaborative
publication share of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal in these
seven subject areas during 2001-10 are shown in Tables 7-8.
Table 7. World & National Publication Share in Medium
Productivity Subject Areas, 2001-10
World
Publication
Share, 2001-10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Computer 0.23 0.10 0.03 0.004
Science
Bioc., Genet. & 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.017
Mol. Biol.
Materials Sci. 0.16 0.06 0.02 0.003
Mathematics 0.21 0.04 0.01 0.003
Phar., Toxi. & 0.21 0.09 0.03 0.021
Pharmaceutics
Envir. Science 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.059
National
Publication
Share, 2001-10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Computer 9.49 12.33 8.59 1.15
Science
Bioc., Genet. & 8.45 8.43 7.70 7.91
Mol. Biol.
Materials Sci. 6.56 7.82 4.66 1.10
Mathematics 5.39 2.87 1.77 0.54
Phar., Toxi. & 3.80 4.61 3.79 2.88
Pharmaceutics
Envir. Science 3.81 9.17 12.23 9.30
Table 8. International Collaborative Publication Share and
Citation Impact in Medium Productivity Subject Areas, 2001-10
International
Collaborative
Publication
Share, 2001-10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Computer 31.09 33.45 58.73 65.0
Science
Bioc., Genet. & 47.81 68.50 67.40 64.96
Mol. Biol.
Materials Sci. 47.85 55.87 61.22 64.96
Mathematics 45.21 45.21 67.37 66.67
Phar., Toxi. & 37.24 45.34 48.76 46.88
Pharmaceutics
Envir. Science 24.46 62.89 66.20 66.34
Average
Citation
per Paper,
2001-10
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Computer 0.66 0.55 0.52 0.27
Science
Bioc., Genet. & 3.99 3.71 4.52 4.85
Mol. Biol.
Materials Sci. 2.18 2.23 4.57 1.61
Mathematics 2.61 1.15 2.48 0.88
Phar., Toxi. & 3.44 2.83 3.42 2.95
Pharmaceutics
Envir. Science 4.02 4.13 4.04 2.78
The national publication share of Pakistan in computer science was
9.49%, compared to 12.33% for Bangladesh, 8.59% for Sri Lanka and 1.15%
for Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
computer science was 0.23%, compared to 0.10% for Bangladesh, 0.03% for
Sri Lanka and 0.004% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation
impact of all papers in computer science during 2001-10 was highest
(0.66) for Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (0.55), Sri Lanka (0.52) and
Nepal (0.27). The international collaborative publications share of
Pakistan in its total publications output in computer science was
31.09%, compared to 65.0% for Nepal, 58.73% for Sri Lanka and 33.45% for
Bangladesh in computer science during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan
publications in computer science during 2001-10 was 18, compared to 25
for Sri Lanka and 13 for Nepal and 12 for Bangladesh. The number of
highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in computer science during
2001-10 was 1, compared to 1 for Nepal and 0 each for Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka.
The national publication share of Pakistan in biochemistry,
genetics & molecular biology was 8.45%, compared to 8.43% for
Bangladesh, 7.91% for Nepal and 7.70% for Sri Lanka during 2001-10. The
world publication share of Pakistan in biochemistry, genetics &
molecular biology was 0.14%, compared to 0.05% for Bangladesh, 0.02% for
Sri Lanka and 0.017% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation
impact of all papers in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology
during 2001-10 was highest (4.85) for Nepal, followed by Sri Lanka
(4.52), Pakistan (3.99) and Bangladesh (3.71). The international
collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total publications
output in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology was 47.81%,
compared to 68.50% for Bangladesh, 67.40% for Sri Lanka and 64.96% for
Nepal in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology during 2001-10.
The h-index of Pakistan publications in biochemistry, genetics &
molecular biology during 2001-10 was 51.5, compared to 35 for
Bangladesh, 28 for Nepal and 25 for Sri Lanka. The number of
highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in biochemistry, genetics
& molecular biology during 2001-10 was 13, compared to 5 for
Bangladesh, 1 for Nepal and 0 for and Sri Lanka.
The national publication share of Pakistan in materials science was
6.56%, compared to 7.82% for Bangladesh, 4.66% for Sri Lanka and 1.10%
for Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
materials science was 0.16%, compared to 0.06% for Bangladesh, 0.02% for
Sri Lanka and 0.003% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation
impact of all papers in materials science during 2001-10 was highest
(4.57) for Sri Lanka, followed by Bangladesh (2.23), Pakistan (2.18) and
Nepal (1.61). The international collaborative publications share of
Pakistan in its total publications output in materials science was
47.85%, compared to 64.96% for Nepal, 61.22% for Sri Lanka and 55.87%
for Bangladesh in materials science during 2001-10. The h-index of
Pakistan publications in materials science during 2001-10 was 25,
compared to 25.5 for Sri Lanka, 24 for Bangladesh and 6 for Nepal. The
number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in materials
science during 2001-10 was 0, compared to 2 for Sri Lanka and 0 each for
Bangladesh and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in mathematics was
5.39%, compared to 2.87% for Bangladesh, 1.77% for Sri Lanka and 0.54%
for Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
mathematics was 0.21%, compared to 0.04% for Bangladesh, 0.01% for Sri
Lanka and 0.003% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation impact
of all papers in mathematics during 2001-10 was highest (2.61) for
Pakistan, followed by Sri Lanka (2.48), Bangladesh (1.15) and Nepal
(0.88). The international collaborative publications share of Pakistan
in its total publications output in mathematics was 45.21%, compared to
67.37% for Sri Lanka, 66.67% for Nepal and 45.21% for Bangladesh in
mathematics during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in
mathematics during 2001-10 was 30, compared to 10.5 for Bangladesh, 10
for Sri Lanka and 3 for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers
published from Pakistan in mathematics during 2001-10 was 3, compared to
0 each for Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in pharmacology,
toxicology & pharmaceutics was 3.80%, compared to 4.61% for
Bangladesh, 3.79% for Sri Lanka and 2.88% for Nepal during 2001-10. The
world publication share of Pakistan in pharmacology, toxicology &
pharmaceutics was 0.21%, compared to 0.09% for Bangladesh, 0.03% for Sri
Lanka and 0.021% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation impact
of all papers in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics during
2001-10 was highest (3.44) for Pakistan, followed by Sri Lanka (3.42),
Nepal (2.95) and Bangladesh (2.83). The international collaborative
publications share of Pakistan in its total publications output in
pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics was 37.24%, compared to
48.76% for Sri Lanka, 46.88% for Nepal and 45.34% for Bangladesh in
pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics during 2001-10. The h-index
of Pakistan publications in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics
during 2001-10 was 33, compared to 25 for Bangladesh, 20 for Sri Lanka
and 13 for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers published from
Pakistan in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics during 2001-10
was 0, compared to 1 for Bangladesh and zero each for Sri Lanka and
Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in environmental science
was 3.81%, compared to 12.23% for Sri Lanka, 9.30% for Nepal and 9.17%
for Bangladesh during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan
in environmental science was 0.19%, compared to 0.15% for Bangladesh,
0.09% for Sri Lanka and 0.059% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average
citation impact of all papers in environmental science during 2001-10
was highest (4.13) for Bangladesh, followed by Sri Lanka (4.04),
Pakistan (4.02) and Nepal (2.78) during 2001-10.. The international
collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total publications
output in environmental science was 24.46%, compared to 66.34% for
Nepal, 66.20% for Sri Lanka and 62.89% for Bangladesh in environmental
science during 2001 -10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in
environmental science during 2001-10 was 32, compared to 38 for
Bangladesh, 33 for Sri Lanka and 22 for Nepal. The number of
highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in environmental science
during 2001-10 was 3, compared to 5 for Bangladesh, 3 for Sri Lanka and
0 for Nepal.
Low Productivity Subject Areas of Research
Immunology & microbiology, chemical engineering, energy, earth
& planetary sciences and nursing are considered the low priority
areas of Pakistan in S&T, each contributing publication share
between 1.21% and 2.99% in the cumulative national publication output of
Pakistan during 2001-10. The national publication share, global
publication share and international collaborative publication share of
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal in these five subject areas
during 2001-10 are shown in Tables 9-10.
Table 9. World & National Publication Share in Low Productivity
Subject Areas, 2001-10
World National
Publication Publication
Share, 2001-10 Share, 2001-10
(%) (%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal Pakistan
Lanka
Immu. & 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.039 2.99
Microb.
Chem. Engn 0.12 0.05 0.02 0.003 2.64
Energy 0.17 0.007 0.04 0.018 1.95
Eart & 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.028 1.69
Planet Sc
Nursing 0.16 0.06 0.03 0.03 1.21
Subject Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Immu. & 5.83 6.02 4.91
Microb.
Chem. Engn 3.66 2.32 0.56
Energy 2.53 2.66 1.62
Eart & 3.56 4.94 4.66
Planet Sc
Nursing 1.29 1.40 1.80
Table 10. International Collaborative Publication Share and
Citation Impact in Low Productivity Subject Areas, 2001-10
International Average
Collaborative Citation
Publication per Paper,
Share, 2001-10 2001 -10
(%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal Pakistan
Lanka
Immu. & 39.25 78.79 61.76 75.23 4.97
Microb.
Chem. 35.48 51.41 60.16 56.00 4.46
Engn
Energy 19.10 40.48 46.81 55.56 2.36
Eart & 55.11 54.59 76.72 78.26 3.06
Planet
Sci
Nursing 22.22 67.33 54.05 60.00 1.56
Subject Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Immu. & 6.81 5.01 6.58
Microb.
Chem. 2.39 5.42 1.84
Engn
Energy 1.83 4.30 1.29
Eart & 3.62 3.87 5.27
Planet
Sci
Nursing 2.96 2.24 2.34
The national publication share of Pakistan in immunology &
microbiology was 2.99%, compared to 6.02% for Sri Lanka, 5.83% for
Bangladesh and 4.91% for Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication
share of Pakistan in immunology & microbiology was 0.18%, compared
to 0.12% for Bangladesh, 0.06% for Sri Lanka and 0.039% Nepal for during
2001-10. The average citation impact of all papers in immunology &
microbiology during 2001-10 was highest (6.81) for Bangladesh, followed
by Nepal (6.58), Sri Lanka (5.01) and Pakistan (4.97). The international
collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total publications
output in immunology & microbiology was 39.25%, compared to 78.79%
for Bangladesh, 75.23% for Nepal and 61.76% for Sri Lanka in immunology
& microbiology during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications
in immunology & microbiology during 2001-10 was 34, compared to 39
for Bangladesh, 27 for Sri Lanka and 24 for Nepal. The number of
highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in immunology &
microbiology during 2001-10 was 8, compared to 5 for Bangladesh and 1
each for Sri Lanka and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in chemical engineering
was 2.64%, compared to 3.66% for Bangladesh, 2.32% for Sri Lanka and
0.56% for Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan
in chemical engineering was 0.12%, compared to 0.05% for Bangladesh,
0.02% for Sri Lanka and 0.003% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average
citation impact of all papers in chemical engineering during 2001-10 was
highest (5.42) for Sri Lanka, followed by Pakistan (4.46), Bangladesh
(2.39) and Nepal (1.84). The international collaborative publications
share of Pakistan in its total publications output in chemical
engineering was 35.48%, compared to 60.16% for Sri Lanka, 56.00% for
Nepal and 51.41% for Bangladesh in chemical engineering during 2001-10.
The h-index of Pakistan publications in chemical engineering during
2001-10 was 29.5, compared to 20.5 for Bangladesh, 18 for Nepal and 6
for Sri Lanka. The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan
in chemical engineering during 2001-10 was 3, compared to 2 for
Bangladesh, 1 for Sri Lanka and 0 for Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in energy was 1.95%,
compared to, 2.66% for Sri Lanka, 2.53% for Bangladesh and 1.62% for
Nepal during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in energy
was 0.17%, compared to 0.07% for Bangladesh, 0.04% for Sri Lanka and
0.018% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation impact of all
papers in energy during 2001-10 was highest (4.30) for Sri Lanka,
followed by Pakistan (2.36), Bangladesh (1.83) and Nepal (1.29). The
international collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total
publications output in energy was 19.10%, compared to 55.56% for Nepal,
46.81% for Sri Lanka and 40.48% for Bangladesh for Bangladesh in energy
during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in energy during
2001-10 was 21, compared to 21 for Sri Lanka, 15.5 for Bangladesh and 6
for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in
energy during 2001-10 was 0, compared to 0 each for Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in earth & planetary
sciences was 1.69%, compared 4.94% for Sri Lanka, 4.66% for Nepal and to
3.56% for Bangladesh during 2001-10. The world publication share of
Pakistan in earth & planetary sciences was 0.08%, compared to 0.06%
for Bangladesh, 0.03% for Sri Lanka and 0.028% Nepal for during 2001-10.
The average citation impact of all papers in earth & planetary
sciences during 2001-10 was highest (5.27) for Nepal, followed by Sri
Lanka (3.87), Bangladesh (3.62) and Pakistan (3.06). The international
collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total publications
output in earth & planetary sciences was 55.11%, compared to 78.26%
for Nepal, 76.72% for Sri Lanka and 54.59% for Bangladesh in earth &
planetary sciences during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications
in earth & planetary sciences during 2001-10 was 26, compared to 26
for Nepal, 25 for Bangladesh and 20 for Sri Lanka. The number of
highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in earth & planetary
sciences during 2001-10 was 3, compared to 5 for Bangladesh, 4 for Nepal
and 0 for Sri Lanka.
The national publication share of Pakistan in nursing was 1.21%,
compared to 1.80% for Nepal, 1.40% for Sri Lanka and 1.29% for
Bangladesh during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
nursing was 0.16%, compared to 0.06% for Bangladesh, 0.03% for Sri Lanka
and 0.03% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation impact of all
papers in nursing during 2001-10 was highest (2.96) for Bangladesh,
followed by Nepal (2.34), Sri Lanka (2.24) and Pakistan (1.56). The
international collaborative publications share of Pakistan in its total
publications output in nursing was 22.22%, compared to 67.33% for
Bangladesh, 60.00% for Nepal and 54.05% for Sri Lanka in nursing during
2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in nursing during 2001-10
was 15, compared to 15 for Bangladesh, 9 for Nepal and 8 for Sri Lanka.
The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in nursing
during 2001-10 was 0, compared to 0 each for Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Nepal.
Least Productivity Subject Areas of Research
Veterinary science, neurosciences, public health and dentistry are
considered the least priority areas of Pakistan in S&T, each
contributing publication share between 0.14% and 0.98% in the cumulative
national publication output of Pakistan during 2001-10. The national
publication share, global publication share and international
collaborative publication share of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Nepal in these four subject areas during 2001-10 are shown in Tables
11-12.
Table 11. World & National Publication Share in Least Productivity
Subject Areas, 2001-10
World National
Publication Publication
Share, Share,
2001-10 (%) 2001-10
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal Pakistan
Lanka
Veterinary 0.19 0.10 0.03 0.031 0.98
Science
Neuroscience 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.007 0.53
Public 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.025 0.43
Health
Dentistry 0.05 0.01 0.11 0.024 0.14
Subject Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Veterinary 1.44 1.11 1.19
Science
Neuroscience 0.27 1.17 0.74
Public 0.64 0.66 1.40
Health
Dentistry 0.04 1.91 0.52
Table 12. International Collaborative Publication Share and Citation
Impact in Least Productivity Subject Areas, 2001-10
International Average
Collaborative Citation
Publication per Paper,
Share, 2001-10 2001-10
(%) (%)
Subject Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal Pakistan
Lanka
Veterinary 22.69 61.90 61.02 77.36 2.05
Science
Neuroscience 57.69 87.50 62.90 57.58 4.47
Public Health 43.92 62.67 45.71 61.29 3.87
Dentistry 60.42 80.00 48.51 21.74 2.81
Subject Bangladesh Sri Nepal
Lanka
Veterinary 2.23 3.59 2.39
Science
Neuroscience 3.72 4.15 2.52
Public Health 3.20 2.14 3.62
Dentistry 1.80 4.49 2.52
The national publication share of Pakistan in veterinary science
was 0.98%, compared to, 1.44% for Bangladesh, 1.19% for Nepal and 1.11%
for Sri Lanka during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
veterinary science was 0.19%, compared to 0.10% for Bangladesh, 0.03%
for Sri Lanka and 0.031% Nepal for during 2001-10. The average citation
impact of all papers in veterinary science during 2001-10 was highest
(3.59) for Sri Lanka, followed by Nepal (2.39), Bangladesh (2.23) and
Pakistan (2.05). The international collaborative publications share of
Pakistan in its total publications output in veterinary science was
22.69%, compared 77.36% for Nepal, to 61.90% for Bangladesh and 61.02%
for Sri Lanka in veterinary science during 2001-10. The h-index of
Pakistan publications in veterinary science during 2001-10 was 15,
compared to 12 for Bangladesh, 10.5 for Sri Lanka and 7 for Nepal. The
number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in veterinary
science during 2001-10 was 0, compared to 0 each for Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in neurosciences was
0.53%, compared to 1.17% for Sri Lanka, 0.74% for Nepal and 0.27% for
Bangladesh, during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
neurosciences was 0.04%, compared to 0.01 each for Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka and 0.007% for Nepal during 2001-10. The average citation impact
of all papers in neurosciences during 2001-10 was highest (4.47) for
Pakistan, followed by Sri Lanka (4.15), Bangladesh (3.72) and Nepal
(2.52). The international collaborative publications share of Pakistan
in its total publications output in neurosciences was 57.69%, compared
to 87.50% for Bangladesh, 62.90% for Sri Lanka and 57.58% for Nepal in
neurosciences during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications in
neurosciences during 2001-10 was 17, compared to 11.5 for Sri Lanka, 7
for Bangladesh and 5 for Nepal. The number of highly-cited papers
published from Pakistan in neurosciences during 2001-10 was 0, compared
to 1 for Bangladesh and 0 each for Sri Lanka and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in public health was
0.43%, compared to 1.40% for Nepal, 0.66% foe Sri Lanka and 0.64% for
Bangladesh during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
public health was 0.06%, compared to 0.03% for Bangladesh, 0.025 for
Nepal and 0.01% for Sri Lanka during 2001-10. The highest average
citation impact per paper (3.87) for its total publications during
2001-10 was recorded for Pakistan, followed by Nepal (3.62), Bangladesh
(3.20) and Sri Lanka (2.14). The international collaborative
publications share of Pakistan in its total publications output in
public health was 43.92%, compared to 62.67% for Bangladesh, 61.29%
Nepal and 45.71% for Sri Lanka in public health during 2001-10. The
h-index of Pakistan publications in public health during 2001-10 was
18.5, compared to 14 for Bangladesh, 10 for Nepal and 6 for Sri Lanka.
The number of highly-cited papers published from Pakistan in public
health during 2001-10 was 0, compared to 0 each for Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and Nepal.
The national publication share of Pakistan in dentistry was 0.14%,
compared 1.91% for Sri Lanka, 0.52% for Nepal and to 0.04% for
Bangladesh during 2001-10. The world publication share of Pakistan in
dentistry was 0.05%, compared to 0.11% for Sri Lanka, 0.024% for Nepal
and 0.01% Bangladesh for during 2001-10. The highest average citation
impact per paper (4.49) for its total publications during 2001-10 was
recorded for Sri Lanka, followed by Pakistan (2.81), Nepal (2.52) and
Bangladesh (1.80). The international collaborative publications share of
Pakistan in its total publications output in dentistry was 60.42%,
compared to 80.00% for Bangladesh, 48.51% for Sri Lanka and 21.74% for
Nepal in dentistry during 2001-10. The h-index of Pakistan publications
in dentistry during 2001-10 was 7.5, compared to 15 for Sri Lanka, 5 for
Nepal and 2 for Bangladesh. The number of highly-cited papers published
from Pakistan in dentistry during 2001-10 was 0, compared to 0 each for
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal.
International Collaboration
The share of international collaborative papers in the country
research output was highest (49.16%) in Sri Lanka during 2001-10,
followed by Bangladesh (47.68%), Nepal (42.01%) and Pakistan (27.92%).
The share of internationally collaborative papers has marginally
increased from 48.95% to 49.73% in Sri Lanka and 23.76% to 29.41% in
Pakistan, compared to decrease from 47.69% to 47.67% in Bangladesh and
43.12% to 41.46% in Nepal from 2001-105 to 2006-10 (Table 13). In terms
of citation impact of international collaborative papers, Nepal had
achieved the highest impact of 5.21 for all papers during 2001-10,
followed by Sri Lanka (4.74), Bangladesh (4.55) and Pakistan (3.93).
Table 13. Share of International Collaborative papers of South
Asian Countries, 2001-10
Period ICP ICP
Share
Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Nepal Pakistan Bangladesh
Lanka
2001 250 204 102 94 18.97 34.81
2002 277 196 94 75 18.92 36.16
2003 464 356 214 138 29.33 48.70
2004 508 429 227 144 25.72 55.43
2005 634 501 252 191 24.02 55.54
2006 876 561 293 220 26.64 52.97
2007 1138 697 353 230 29.03 48.47
2008 1426 766 349 207 29.04 47.31
2009 1703 824 362 238 28.77 45.40
2010 2243 1014 375 328 31.72 46.71
2001-05 2133 1686 889 642 23.76 47.69
2006-10 7386 3862 1732 1223 29.41 47.67
2001-10 9519 5548 2621 1865 27.92 47.68
Period
Sri Nepal
Lanka
2001 42.50 48.45
2002 34.69 37.69
2003 54.04 42.20
2004 54.44 42.60
2005 51.22 44.32
2006 50.34 40.37
2007 52.92 39.32
2008 49.72 37.57
2009 48.53 37.36
2010 47.71 51.90
2001-05 48.95 43.12
2006-10 49.73 41.46
2001-10 49.46 42.01
Among the cumulative collaborating linkages of South Asian
countries with different countries (which are grouped as G-8, European
countries, Pacific countries and developing countries), it was found
that Bangladesh had the highest percentage (72.67%) of cumulative
collaborative linkages with G-8 countries during 2001-10, followed by
Nepal (70.73%), Sri Lanka (67.46%) and Pakistan (62.41%). Nepal had also
the largest share (17.60%) of cumulative collaborating linkages with
European countries, followed Sri Lanka (15.76%), Pakistan (14.75%) and
Bangladesh (14.20%) during 2001-10. With Pacific countries (Australia
and New Zealand), Sri Lanka had the highest share (17.25%) of cumulative
collaborating linkages during 2001-10, followed by Bangladesh (7.82%),
Nepal (6.74%) and Pakistan (4.81%). With developing countries, Pakistan
had the highest share (30.98%) of cumulative collaborating linkages
during 2001-10, followed by Bangladesh (24.17%), Nepal (22.95%) and Sri
Lanka (17.47%). In case of South Asian countries, Nepal had the highest
share (34.03%) of cumulative collaborative linkages during 2001-10,
followed by Sri Lanka (13.05%), Bangladesh (10.99%) and Pakistan (5.69%)
(Table 14).
Table 14. Collaborative Linkages of Four South Asian Countries with
45 Different Countries, 2001 -10
Countries Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Nepal Pakistan
G-8 Countries
USA 2243 1398 567 561 23.56
UK 1922 878 671 305 20.19
Germany 926 292 126 1159 9.73
Japan 534 1486 403 355 5.61
France 328 90 83 55 3.45
Canada 636 315 164 86 6.68
Italy 328 115 39 63 3.45
Russia 139 8 9 9 1.46
Sub-Total 5941 4032 1768 1322 62.41
European Countries
Turkey 283 19 11 8 2.97
Switzerland 282 132 118 106 2.96
Austria 207 61 25 46 2.17
Netherlands 168 138 98 94 1.76
Spain 152 41 19 17 1.60
Romania 131 10 5 1 1.38
Belgium 97 114 47 69 1.02
Sweden 225 294 127 28 2.36
Poland 96 22 13 14 1.01
Finland 83 27 14 15 0.87
Czech Republic 65 18 14 12 0.68
Slovenia 14 4 3 1 0.15
Ukraine 46 3 4 1 0.48
Sub-Total 1404 788 413 329 14.75
Pacific Countries
Australia 364 405 422 104 3.82
New Zealand 109 43 40 35 1.15
Sub-Total 458 434 452 126 4.81
Developing Countries
China 857 154 105 92 9.00
South Korea 504 305 48 116 5.29
Taiwan 82 34 26 16 0.86
Singapore 117 51 62 12 1.23
Thailand 111 186 112 93 1.17
Philippines 59 70 38 27 0.62
Malaysia 298 359 68 38 3.13
South Africa 197 66 62 12 2.07
Nigeria 51 17 15 10 0.54
Brazil 135 42 38 25 1.42
Mexico 127 32 19 38 1.33
Columbia 57 128 39 54 0.60
Argentina 41 15 5 4 0.43
Saudi Arabia 517 46 3 3 5.43
Iran 224 17 29 5 2.35
Egypt 133 33 10 9 1.40
Jordan 37 3 4 3 0.39
Kuwait 114 35 5 3 1.20
Sub-Total 2949 1341 458 429 30.98
South Asia
India 386 473 269 553 4.06
Pakistan 132 76 54 0.00
Bangladesh 132 45 80 1.39
Sri Lanka 76 45 46 0.80
Nepal 54 79 46 0.57
Sub-Total 542 610 342 636 5.69
Total 9519 5548 2621 1869 100.00
Countries Bangladesh Sri Lanka Nepal
G-8 Countries
USA 25.20 21.63 30.02
UK 15.83 25.60 16.32
Germany 5.26 4.81 62.01
Japan 26.78 15.38 18.99
France 1.62 3.17 2.94
Canada 5.68 6.26 4.60
Italy 2.07 1.49 3.37
Russia 0.14 0.34 0.48
Sub-Total 72.67 67.46 70.73
European Countries
Turkey 0.34 0.42 0.43
Switzerland 2.38 4.50 5.67
Austria 1.10 0.95 2.46
Netherlands 2.49 3.74 5.03
Spain 0.74 0.72 0.91
Romania 0.18 0.19 0.05
Belgium 2.05 1.79 3.69
Sweden 5.30 4.85 1.50
Poland 0.40 0.50 0.75
Finland 0.49 0.53 0.80
Czech Republic 0.32 0.53 0.64
Slovenia 0.07 0.11 0.05
Ukraine 0.05 0.15 0.05
Sub-Total 14.20 15.76 17.60
Pacific Countries
Australia 7.30 16.10 5.56
New Zealand 0.78 1.53 1.87
Sub-Total 7.82 17.25 6.74
Developing Countries
China 2.78 4.01 4.92
South Korea 5.50 1.83 6.21
Taiwan 0.61 0.99 0.86
Singapore 0.92 2.37 0.64
Thailand 3.35 4.27 4.98
Philippines 1.26 1.45 1.44
Malaysia 6.47 2.59 2.03
South Africa 1.19 2.37 0.64
Nigeria 0.31 0.57 0.54
Brazil 0.76 1.45 1.34
Mexico 0.58 0.72 2.03
Columbia 2.31 1.49 2.89
Argentina 0.27 0.19 0.21
Saudi Arabia 0.83 0.11 0.16
Iran 0.31 1.11 0.27
Egypt 0.59 0.38 0.48
Jordan 0.05 0.15 0.16
Kuwait 0.63 0.19 0.16
Sub-Total 24.17 17.47 22.95
South Asia
India 8.53 10.26 29.59
Pakistan 2.38 2.90 2.89
Bangladesh 0.00 1.72 4.28
Sri Lanka 0.81 0.00 2.46
Nepal 1.42 1.76 0.00
Sub-Total 10.99 13.05 34.03
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Geographical Distribution of Papers
Pakistan: Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore are the three most
productive geographical areas in Pakistan who have individually
contributed 17.52% to 26.72% share individually (together 70.81%) to the
total research output of Pakistan during 2001-10. Faisalabad,
Rawalpindi, Peshwar, Multan and Jamshoro are the medium productive
geographical areas with their individual publication share between 2.69%
and 7.98%, (together 28.36%) to the total research output of Pakistan
during 2001-10. Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Abbottabad, Quetta and Topi are
the low productive geographical areas with their individual publication
share between 1.18% and 1.84%, (together 7.43%) to the total research
output of Pakistan during 2001-10 (Table 15).
Table 15. Geographical Distribution of Papers, 2001-10
Pakistan
Cities Papers % Share of Papers
Islamabad 9109 26.72
Karachi 9056 26.57
Lahore 5971 17.52
Faisalabad 2721 7.98
Rawalpindi 2540 7.45
Peshwar 2390 7.01
Multan 1101 3.23
Jamshoro 916 2.69
Sargodha 626 1.84
Bahawalpur 599 1.76
Abbottabad 453 1.33
Quetta 451 1.32
Topi 402 1.18
Sri Lanka
Colombo 1951 36.82
Kelaniya 429 8.10
Moratuwa 428 8.08
Kandy 425 8.02
Nugegoda 265 5.00
Galle 138 2.60
Jaffna 94 1.77
Battaramulla 56 1.06
Bangladesh
Dhaka 7471 64.20
Rajshahi 1208 10.38
Mymemsingh 896 7.70
Chittagong 812 6.98
Khulna 561 4.82
Gazipur 502 4.31
Sylhet 424 3.64
Nepal
Kathmandu 2595 58.46
Dharan 680 15.32
Pokhara 501 11.29
Lalitpur 208 4.69
Dhulikhel 113 2.55
Bharatpur 72 1.62
Rampur 61 1.37
Bangladesh: Dhaka and Rajshahi are the two most productive
geographical areas in Bangladesh who have individually contributed
10.38% to 64.20% share individually (together 74.58%) to the total
research output of Bangladesh during 2001-10. Mymemsing, Chittagong,
Khulna, Gazipur and Sylhet are the medium productive geographical areas
with their individual publication share between 3.64% and 7.70%,
(together 31.45%) to the total research output of Pakistan during
2001-10 (Table 15).
Sri Lanka: Colombo is the only most productive geographical areas
in Sri Lanka who have individually contributed 36.82% to the total
research output of Sri Lanka during 2001-10. Kelaniya, Moratuwa, Kandy,
and Nugegoda are the medium productive geographical areas with their
individual publication share between 5.0% and 8.10%, (together 29.20%)
to the total research output of Sri Lanka during 2001-10. Galle, Jaffna
and Battaramulla are the low productive geographical areas with their
individual publication share between 1.06% and 2.60%, (together 5.43%)
to the total research output of Sri Lanka during 2001-10 (Table 15).
Nepal: Kathmandu, Dharan and Pokhara are the three most productive
geographical areas in Pakistan who have individually contributed 11.29%
to 58.46% share individually (together 85.07%) to the total research
output of Nepal during 2001-10. Lalitpur is the only medium productive
geographical areas with its individual contribution of 4.69% in the
total research output of Nepal during 2001-10. Dhulikhel, Bharatpur and
Rampur are the low productive geographical areas with their individual
publication share between 1.37% and 2.55%, (together 5.54%) to the total
research output of Nepal during 2001-10(Table 15).
High Productivity Institutions
Pakistan
Based on the analysis of the publications data during 2001-10, 20
organizations (including 13 universities, 6 research institutes and 1
hospital) were identified as most productive in S&T in Pakistan as
shown in their research profile shown in Table 16. Individually, these
organizations published from 428 to 3355 papers during 2001-10, with an
average productivity of 1137 papers per organization. Together, they
contributed 22741 papers, accounting for 66.71% share in Pakistan's
total research output in S&T during 2001-10. Only 7 institutions
published output above the average productivity of all institutions.
These are Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad with 3355 papers, followed
by University of Karachi (2792 papers), The Aga Khan University, Karachi
(1751 papers), University of Punjab, Lahore (1747 papers), The Aga Khan
University Hospital, Karachi (1575 papers), National University of
Science and Technology, Rawalpindi (1327 papers) and COMSATS Institute
of Information Technology, Islamabad (1229 papers). The average h-index
registered by these 20 Pakistan organizations was 23.5 and only 7
institutions have scored h-index above the average h-index of all 20
organizations. These are The Aga Khan University, Karachi with h-index
of 44, followed by Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad (43), Pakistan
Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Islamabad (32),
University of Punjab, Lahore (29), The Aga Khan University Hospital,
Karachi (28) and COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad
(27). The average share of highly-cited papers (HCP) of these 20
Pakistan organizations was 2.1. Only 6 Pakistan's organizations
published highly-cited papers above the average highly-cited papers of
all 20 organizations. These are Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad with
HCP of 12, followed by The Aga Khan University, Karachi (12), University
of Punjab, Lahore (3), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Islamabad (3), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology,
Islamabad (3) and University of Peshawar (3). The average share of
international collaborative papers (ICP) of these top 20 Pakistan's
organizations was 27.42%. Only 10 organizations have scored average
share of ICP above the average of all organizations. These are Pakistan
Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Islamabad with ICP share
of 46.62%, followed by Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad (39.17%),
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore (34.76%), University
of Peshawar (32.25%), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Islamabad (31.73%), University of Punjab, Lahore (31.70%), PCSIR
Laboratories, Peshawar (29.23%), Pakistan Institute of Engineering &
Applied Sciences, Islamabad (29.0%), The Aga Khan University Hospital,
Karachi (28.62%) and Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (27.83%).
Table 16. Pakistan: Profile of Top 20 Most Productive Institutions,
2001-10
S.No Name TP H-Index HCP ICP %ICP
1 Quaid-i-Azam 3355 43 12 1314 39.17
University,
Islamabad
2 University of 2792 31 0 772 27.65
Karachi
3 The Aga Khan 1751 44 12 555 31.70
University,
Karachi
4 University of 1747 29 3 500 31.70
Punjab, Lahore
5 The Aga Khan 1575 28 1 163 28.62
University
Hospital,
Karachi
6 National 1327 18 1 421 10.35
University of
Science and
Technology,
Rawalpindi
7 COMSATS 1229 27 3 573 31.73
Institute of
Information
Technology,
Islamabad
8 Pakistan 1137 32 3 241 46.62
Institute of
Nuclear Science
& Technology,
Islamabad
9 Government 1096 23 0 381 21.20
College
University,
Lahore
10 University of 865 13 0 279 34.76
Engineering &
Technology,
Lahore
11 University of 805 21 3 224 32.25
Peshawar
12 Bahauddin 715 24 1 209 27.83
Zakariya
University,
Multan
13 PCSIR 823 19 2 83 29.23
Laboratories,
Peshawar
14 University of 581 23 0 108 10.09
Sindh, Jamshoro
15 University of 562 13 0 163 18.59
Sargodha
16 Pakistan 559 17 0 140 29.00
Institute of
Engineering &
Applied
Sciences,
Islamabad
17 National 511 18 1 127 25.04
Agricultural
Research Center,
Islamabad
18 Islamia 445 20 0 114 24.85
University,
Bahawalpur
19 University of 438 14 0 98 25.62
Arid
Agriculture,
Rawalpindi
20 Nuclear 428 13 0 80 22.37
Institute for
Agriculture &
Biology,
Peshawar
Total/Average 22741 23.5 2.1 6545 27.42
Total of the 34088
Country
% Share of Top 66.71%
20 Institutions
in Total Country
Output
Bangladesh
Based on the analysis of the publications data during 2001-10, 20
organizations (including 12 universities, 5 research institutes and 3
medical colleges & hospitals) were identified as most productive in
S&T in Bangladesh as shown in their research profile shown in Table
17. Individually, these organizations published from 199 to 1646 papers
during 2001-10, with an average productivity of 475.05 papers per
organization. Together, they contributed 9501 papers, accounting for
81.64% share in Bangladesh's total research output in S&T
during 2001-10. Only 6 institutions published output above the average
productivity of all institutions. These are University of Dhaka with
1646 papers, followed by Bangladesh University of Engineering &
Technology (1519 papers), Rajshahi University (1013 papers),
International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (1124 papers),
Bangladesh Agricultural University (696 papers) and Jahangirnagar
University (638 papers). The average h-index registered by these 20
Bangladesh organizations was 16.90 and only 6 institutions have scored
h-index above the average h-index of all 20 organizations. These are
International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research with h-index of 54,
followed by University of Dhaka (39), Bangladesh University of
Engineering & Technology (31), Jahangirnagar University (22),
Rajshahi University (22) and Bangladesh Agricultural University (21).
The average share of highly-cited papers (HCP) of these 20 Bangladesh
organizations was 1.8. Only 4 Bangladesh's organizations published
highly-cited papers above the average highly-cited papers of all 20
organizations. These are International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease
Research with HCP of 15, followed by University of Dhaka (13),
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (3) and
Jahangirnagar University (2). The average share of international
collaborative papers (ICP) of these top 20 Bangladesh's
organizations was 41.70%. Only 10 organizations have scored average
share of ICP above the average of all organizations. These are
International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research with ICP share of
83.54%, followed by Bangladesh Agricultural University (64.08%),
Rajshahi University (47.46%), Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology (47.40%), Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
(46.90%), University of Chittagong (45.77%), Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute (44.85%), Shahjalal University of Science &
Technology (44.23%) and University of Dhaka (43.13%).
Table 17. Bangladesh: Profile of Top 20 Most Productive Institutions,
2001-10
S.No Name TP H-Index HCP ICP ICP%
1 University of 1646 39 13 710 43.13
Dhaka
2 Bangladesh 1519 31 3 550 36.21
University of
Engineering &
Technology
3 Rajshahi 1013 22 0 415 40.97
University
4 International 1124 54 15 939 83.54
Center for
Diarrhoeal
Disease
Research
5 Bangladesh 696 21 0 446 64.08
Agricultural
University
6 Jahangirnagar 638 22 2 360 56.43
University
7 Banglabandu 445 14 1 58 13.03
Sheikh Mujib
Medical
University
8 University of 426 15 0 195 45.77
Chittagong
9 Shahjalal 364 15 0 161 44.23
University of
Science &
Technology
10 Khulna 245 12 1 98 40.00
University
11 Khulna 192 6 0 91 47.40
University of
Engineering &
Technology
12 Dhaka Medical 140 11 0 54 38.57
College &
Hospital
13 Bangladesh 136 12 0 61 44.85
Agricultural
Research
Institute
14 Mymensingh 126 6 0 10 7.94
Medical College
15 United 125 5 0 40 32.00
International
University
16 North South 121 9 0 43 35.54
University
17 Rajshahi 118 9 1 56 47.46
University of
Engineering &
Technology
18 Atomic Energy 115 12 0 40 34.78
Center
19 Institute of 113 8 0 53 46.90
Nuclear Science
& Technology
20 Bangladesh 199 15 0 62 31.16
Atomic Energy
Commission,
Dhaka
Total/Average 9501 16.9 1.8 222.1 41.70
Total of the 11637
Country
% Share of Top 81.64
20 Institutions
in Total Country
Output
Sri Lanka
Based on the analysis of the publications data during 2001-10, 20
organizations (including 9 universities, 9 research institutes and 2
medical colleges & hospitals) were identified as most productive in
S&T in Sri Lanka as shown in their research profile shown in Table
18. Individually, these organizations published from 24 to 1198 papers
during 2001-10, with an average productivity of 243 papers per
organization. Together, they contributed 4860 papers, accounting for
91.72% share in Sri Lanka's total research output in S&T during
2001-10. Only 7 organizations published output above the average
productivity of all organizations. These are University of Peradeniya
with 1198 papers, followed by University of Colombo (948 papers),
University of Kelaniya (426 papers), University of Moratuwa (420
papers), International Water Management Institute, Colombo (401 papers),
Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy (325 papers) and University of
Ruhuna (267 papers). The average h-index registered by these 20 Sri
Lanka organizations was 15 and only 7 organizations have scored h-index
above the average h-index of all 20 organizations. These are University
of Peradeniya with h-index of 36, followed by University of Colombo
(33), International Water Management Institute, Colombo (31), Institute
of Fundamental Studies, Kandy (28), University of Kenaniya (22),
University of Ruhuna (19) and University of Sri Jayewardenepura,
Nugelgoda (16). The average share of highly-cited papers (HCP) of these
20 Sri Lankan organizations was 2.85. Only 3 Sri Lanka's
organizations published highly-cited papers above the average
highly-cited papers of all 20 organizations. These are University of
Peradeniya with HCP of 41, followed by University of Colombo (6) and
University of Jaffna (3). The average share of international
collaborative papers (ICP) of these top 20 Sri Lanka's
organizations was 43.78%. Only 9 organizations have scored average share
of ICP above the average of all organizations. These are Ministry of
Health, Colombo, Colombo with ICP share of 75.86%, followed by
Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya (75.00%), International
Water Management Institute, Colombo (74.56%), Coconut Research Institute
of Sri Lanka, Lunuwila (57.69%), University of Peradeniya, Kandy
(57.10%), Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy (55.69%), Open
University of Sri Lanka, Nugelgoda (52.70%), University of Ruhuna, Galle
(51.31%) and University of Jaffna (50.56%).
Table 18. Sri Lanka: Profile of Top 20 Most Productive Institutions,
2001-10
S.No Name TP H- HCP ICP % Share
Index of ICP
1 University of 1198 36 4 684 57.10
Peradeniya, Kandy
2 University of 948 33 6 410 43.25
Colombo
3 University of 426 22 1 15 3.52
Kelaniya
4 University of 420 13 1 136 32.38
Moratuwa
5 International Water 401 31 2 299 74.56
Management
Institute (IWMI),
Colombo
6 Institute of 325 28 1 181 55.69
Fundamental
Studies, Kandy
7 University of 267 19 0 137 51.31
Ruhuna, Galle
8 University of Sri 230 16 0 89 38.70
Jayewardenepura,
Nugelgoda
9 National Hospital 129 11 1 24 18.60
of Sri Lanka,
Colombo
10 University of 89 13 3 45 50.56
Jaffna
11 Open University of 74 7 0 39 52.70
Sri Lanka,
Nugelgoda
I 2 Industrial 73 13 0 21 28.77
Technology
Institute, Colombo
13 Ministry of Health, 58 8 0 44 75.86
Colombo
14 Medical Research 45 9 1 18 40.00
Institute, Colombo
15 Rubber Research 41 9 0 8 19.51
Institute of Sri
Lanka, Agalawatta
16 Tea Research 33 6 0 8 24.24
Institute of Sri
Lanka, Talawakelle
17 Coconut Research 26 7 0 15 57.69
Institute of Sri
Lanka, Lunuwila
18 Sabaragamuwa 24 5 0 18 75.00
University of Sri
Lanka, Belihuloya
19 Lady Ridgeway 29 6 0 10 34.48
Hospital for
Childern, Colombo
20 Veterinary Research 24 8 0 10 41.67
Institute,
Peradeniya
Total/Average 4860 15 2.85 110.55 43.78
Total of the 5299
Country
% Share of Top 20 91.72
Institutions in
Total Country
Output
Nepal
Based on the analysis of the publications data during 2001-10, 20
organizations (including 2 universities, 8 research institutes and 10
medical colleges & hospitals) were identified as most productive in
S&T in Nepal as shown in their research profile shown in Table 19.
Individually, these organizations published from 44 to 615 papers during
2001-10, with an average productivity of 142.15 papers per organization.
Together, they contributed 2843 papers, accounting for 64.05% share in
Nepal's total research output in S&T during 2001-10. Only 5
organizations published output above the average productivity of all
organizations. These are Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu with 615
papers, followed by B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan
(470 papers), Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara (249 papers),
Kathmandu Medical College (175 papers) and Kathmandu University (169
papers). The average h-index registered by these 20 Nepal organizations
was 10.85 and only 6 organizations have scored h-index above the average
h-index of all 20 organizations. These are Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu with h-index of 29, followed by Research Laboratory for
Agricultural Biotechnology & Biochemistry, Kathmandu (24), B P
Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan (17), Friends of Patan
Hospital, Kathmandu (12), Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara
(11) and Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (11). The average share
of highly-cited papers (HCP) of these 20 Nepal organizations was 0.75.
Only 4 Nepal's organizations published highly-cited papers above
the average highly-cited papers of all 20 organizations. These are
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu with HCP of 4, followed by B P Koirala
Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan (1), Nepal Agricultural Research
Council, Kathmandu (1) and Nepal International Clinic, Kathmandu (1).
The average share of international collaborative papers (ICP) of these
top 20 Sri Nepal's organizations was 42.72%. Only 10 organizations
have scored average share of ICP above the average of all organizations.
These are Research Laboratory for Agricultural Biotechnology &
Biochemistry, Kathmandu with ICP share of 93.65%, followed by Ministry
of Health & Population, Colombo (79.55%), Nepal Agricultural
Research Council, Kathmandu (70.97%), Tribhuvan University Institute of
Agricultural & Animal Sciences (70.59%), Institute of Engineers,
Pulchowk (68.89%), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu (67.15%), Nepal
International Clinic, Kathmandu (64.29%), International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center, Kathmandu (60.29%), International Center for
Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu (53.33%) and Kathmandu
University (49.70%).
Table 19. Nepal: Profile of Top 20 Most Productive Institutions, 2001-10
S.No Name TP H- HCP ICP % Share
Index of ICP
1 Tribhuvan 615 29 4 413 67.15
University,
Kathmandu
2 B P Koirala 470 17 1 74 15.74
Institute of
Health Sciences,
Dharan
3 Manipal College 249 11 0 25 10.04
of Medical
Sciences,
Pokhara
4 Kathmandu 175 6 0 10 5.71
Medical College
5 Kathmandu 169 9 0 84 49.70
University
6 Manipal Teaching 139 9 0 17 12.23
Hospital,
Pokhara
7 Nepal Medical 129 7 0 23 17.83
College,
Kathmandu
8 Tribhuvan 117 11 0 24 20.51
University
Teaching
Hospital
9 International 105 10 0 56 53.33
Center for
Integrated
Mountain
Development,
Kathmandu
10 Friends of Patan 72 12 0 29 40.28
Hospital,
Kathmandu
11 Kathmandu 70 4 0 10 14.29
Medical College
Teaching
Hospital
I 2 Tribhuvan 68 11 0 48 70.59
University
Institute of
Agricultural &
Animal Sciences
13 International 68 15 0 41 60.29
Maize and Wheat
Improvement
Center,
Kathmandu
14 Nepal Medical 67 4 0 23 34.33
College Teaching
Hospital
15 Research 63 24 0 59 93.65
Laboratory for
Agricultural
Biotechnology &
Biochemistry,
Kathmandu
16 Nepal 62 10 1 44 70.97
Agricultural
Research
Council,
Kathmandu
17 Bir Hospital, 60 5 0 3 5.00
Kathmandu
18 Nepal 56 9 1 36 64.29
International
Clinic,
Kathmandu
19 Institute of 45 5 0 31 68.89
Engineers,
Pulchowk
20 Ministry of 44 9 0 35 79.55
Health &
Population,
Colombo
Total/Average 2843 10.85 0.75 54.25 42.72
Total of the 4439
Country
% Share of Top 64.05
20 Institutions
in Total Country
Output
Highly-Cited Papers
Highly-Cited Papers of Pakistan
Pakistan has published 63 highly-cited papers in science and
technology in last 10 years (2001 -10) and these have received between
101 and 615 citations per paper. Of these 63 highly-cited papers, 49
were international collaborative (23 bilateral and 26 multilateral), 5
national collaborative and 9 zero collaborative. Of the international
collaborative papers, Pakistan institutions were first author in only 8
papers and foreign institutions in 41 papers. Of the 63 highly-cited
papers, 50 appeared as articles and 13 as review papers. In overall,
Pakistan participation in these 63 papers was confined to 34
institutions, which includes 12 papers each from Quaid-i-Azam
University, Islamabad and Aga Khan University, Karachi, followed by
National Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering,
Faisalabad (9 papers), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (4 papers),
3 papers each from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Islamabad, University of Peshawar, Punjab University, Lahore and
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Islamabad, 2
papers from NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar and 1 paper each from
12 other Pakistan organizations. These 63 highly-cited papers appeared
in 43 journals, including 10 papers in Lancet, 3 papers in Nature, 2
papers each in American Journal of Human Genetics, Cell, International
Journal of Engineering Science, International Journal of Nonlinear
Science & Numerical Simulation, Journal of Applied Microbiology,
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Nature Genetics, Physics
Letters, Section A and Virology and 1 paper each in 32 other journals.
Highly-Cited Papers of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has published 39 highly-cited papers in science and
technology in last 10 years (2001- 10) and these have received between
100 and 415 citations per paper. Of these 39 highly-cited papers, 37
were international collaborative (28 bilateral and 9 multilateral) and 2
zero collaborative. Of the international collaborative papers,
Bangladesh institutions were first author in only 7 papers and foreign
institutions in 32 papers. Of the 39 highly-cited papers, 28 appeared as
articles, 10 as review papers and 1 as conference paper. In overall,
Bangladesh participation in these 37 papers was confined to 12
institutions, which includes 15 papers from International Institute of
Diarroheal Disease Research, Dhaka, 13 papers from University of Dhaka,
3 papers from Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, 2
papers each from Jahangirnagar University, Center for Health &
Population Research, Dhaka and National Institute of Preventive &
Social Medicine, Dhaka and 1 paper each from 6 other institutions. These
39 highly-cited papers appeared in 36 journals, including 5 papers each
in Journal of Physical Chemistry B and Lancet, 3 papers in Environmental
Science and Technology, 2 papers each in Applied Geochemistry,
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and New England Journal of Medicine and
1 paper each in 20 other journals.
Highly-Cited Papers of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has published 17 highly-cited papers in science and
technology in last 10 years (2001 -10) and these have received between
101 and 250 citations per paper. Of these 17 highly-cited papers, all
were international collaborative (10 bilateral and 7 multilateral). Of
the international collaborative papers, Sri Lanka institutions were
first author in only 4 papers and foreign institutions in 13 papers. Of
the 17 highly-cited papers, 11 appeared as articles, 5 as review papers
and 1 as editorial. In overall, Bangladesh participation in these 17
papers was confined to 13 institutions, which includes 6 papers from
University of Colombo, 4 papers from University of Peradeniya, 3 papers
from University of Jaffna, 2 papers from International Water Management
Institute, Colombo and 1 paper each from 9 other institutions. These 17
highly-cited papers appeared in 16 journals, including 2 papers in
Lancet and and 1 paper each in 15 other journals.
Highly-Cited Papers of Nepal
Nepal has published 16 highly-cited papers in science and
technology in last 10 years (2001-10) and these have received between
111 and 281 citations per paper. Of these 16 highly-cited papers, all
were international collaborative (6 bilateral and 10 multilateral). Of
the international collaborative papers, Nepal institutions were first
author in only 4 papers and foreign institutions in 12 papers. Of the 16
highly-cited papers, 14 appeared as articles, 1 as review paper and 1 as
conference paper. In overall, Nepal participation in these 16 papers was
confined to 15 institutions, which includes 4 papers from Tribhuvan
University, Kathmandu, 2 papers each from Department of Hydrology &
Meteorology, Kathmandu and Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu and
1 paper each from 12 other institutions. These 16 highly-cited papers
appeared in 15 journals, including 3 papers in Lancet, 2 papers in New
England Journal of Medicine and 1 paper each in 15 other journals.
Summary and Results
Among the South Asian countries, the largest number of papers
(34088) was published by Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (11637), Sri
Lanka (5299) and Nepal (4439) during the last ten years (2001-10). The
highest annual average growth rate (20.74%) of publications during
2001-10 was achieved by Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (16.37%), Nepal
(15.12%) and Sri Lanka (14.68%). In terms of cumulative publications
growth, Pakistan had achieved the highest growth rate of 178.68% in its
cumulative publications output from 2001-05 to 2006 -10, followed by
129.195% growth by Bangladesh, 91.78% by Sri Lanka and 48.12% by Nepal
during the same period. In terms of publications per capita (in
million), the highest (214.76) was achieved by Nepal, followed by
Pakistan (192.89), Sri Lanka (185.41) and Bangladesh (7.71). In terms of
publications per GDP(PPP)($Million), the highest (12.39) was achieved by
Nepal, followed by Pakistan (7.33), Sri Lanka (4.98) and Bangladesh
(4.50).
It was observed that there is some similarity among Pakistan, Sri
Lanka and Nepal in terms of national subject profile when compared with
world average. The three countries have strong and moderately strong
profile in life and health sciences, but moderately weak and weak
profile in physical sciences and engineering sciences. In contrast,
Bangladesh is different and is strong in life sciences, but moderately
weak in physical, engineering and health sciences.
The highest world share (0.196%) for its total publications during
2001-10 was achieved by Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (0.067%), Sri
Lanka (0.030%) and Nepal (0.025) during 2001-10. Among the twenty
subjects, the world publication share of Pakistan varied from 0.038% to
0.493%, followed by Bangladesh (from 0.005% to 0.189%), Sri Lanka (from
0.024% to 0.035%) and Nepal (from 0.003% to 0.059%)
In terms of citation impact per paper on a three year citation
window, the highest (3.06) was achieved by Sri Lanka, followed by Nepal
(2.76), Bangladesh (2.71) and Pakistan (2.19) during 2001-10. Among the
twenty subjects, the citation impact per paper varied from 0.66 to 6.81
in Bangladesh, followed by Nepal (from 0.27 to 6.58), Sri Lanka (from
0.52 to 5.42) and Pakistan (from 0.66 to 4.97) during 2001-10. Among the
four South Asia countries, Pakistan leads in terms of citation impact
per paper in engineering (1.72), computer science (0.66), mathematics
(2.61), pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (3.44), neurosciences
(4.47) and public health (3.87), Bangladesh leads in medicine (4.02),
environmental science (4.13), immunology & microbiology (6.81) and
nursing (2.96), Sri Lanka leads in chemistry (5.15), physics (4.37),
materials science (4.57), chemical engineering (5.42), energy (4.30),
veterinary science (3.59) and dentistry (4.49) and Nepal leads in
agricultural & biological sciences (3.26), biochemistry, genetics
& molecular biology (4.85) and earth & planetary sciences (5.27)
during 2001-10.
In terms of share of international collaborative papers during
2001-10, the highest (50.43%) was achieved by Sri Lanka, followed by
Bangladesh (47.69%), Nepal (42.07%) and Pakistan (27.79%). Among the
twenty subjects, the share of international collaborative papers varied
from 33.29% to 87.50% in Bangladesh, followed by Nepal (from 21.74% to
78.26%), Sri Lanka (from 31.21% to 76.72%) and Pakistan (from 18.66% to
60.41%) during 2001-10. Among the four South Asia countries, Bangladesh
leads in terms of share of international collaborative papers in
neurosciences (87.50%), dentistry (80.00%), immunology &
microbiology (78.79%), biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology
(68.50%), nursing (67.33%), public health (62.67%) and medicine
(48.05%), Nepal leads in earth & planetary sciences (78.26%),
veterinary science (77.36%) chemistry (75.76%), agricultural &
biological sciences (74.40%), environmental science (66.34%), physics
(65.00%), computer science (65.00%), materials science (64.96%), energy
(55.56%) and engineering (46.62%) and Sri Lanka leads in mathematics
(67.37%) and chemical engineering (60.16%) during 2001-10.
In terms of h-index of total publications during 2001 -10, the
highest (85) is achieved by Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (71), Sri
Lanka (59) and Nepal (53). Among the twenty subjects, the h-index varied
from 7 to 55 in Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (from 2 to 52), Sri
Lanka (from 6 to 38) and Nepal (from 3 to 38) during 2001-10. Among the
four South Asia countries, Pakistan leads in terms of h-index in
biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (51.5), pharmacology,
toxicology & pharmaceutics (33), mathematics (30), chemical
engineering (29.5), energy (21), public health (18.5), neurosciences
(17) and veterinary science (15), Sri Lanka leads in materials science
(25.5), computer science (25) and dentistry (15) and Bangladesh leads in
immunology & microbiology (39), environmental sciences (38) and
nursing (15) during 2001-10.
In terms of highly-cited papers in total publications during
2001-10, the highest number (63) is achieved by Pakistan, followed by
Bangladesh (39), Sri Lanka (17) and Nepal (16). Among the twenty
subjects, the number of highly-cited papers varied from 0 to 20 in
Pakistan, followed by Bangladesh (from 0 to 16), Sri Lanka (from 0 to 9)
and Nepal (from 0 to 9) during 2001-10.igh Among the four South Asia
countries, Pakistan leads in terms of number of highly-cited papers in
medicine (20), biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (13),
engineering (9), immunology & microbiology (8), agricultural &
biological sciences (7), physics (6), mathematics (3), chemical
engineering (3) and computer science (1), Sri Lanka leads in chemistry
(7) and materials science (2) and Bangladesh leads in environmental
sciences (5), earth & planetary sciences (5) and pharmacology,
toxicology and pharmaceutics (1) during 2001-10.
It was observed that Bangladesh had the highest percentage (72.67%)
of cumulative collaborative linkages with G-8 countries during 2001-10,
followed by Nepal (70.73%), Sri Lanka (67.46%) and Pakistan (62.41%).
Nepal had also the largest share (17.60%) of cumulative collaborating
linkages with European countries, followed Sri Lanka (15.76%), Pakistan
(14.75%) and Bangladesh (14.20%) during 2001-10. With Pacific countries
(Australia and New Zealand), Sri Lanka had the highest share (17.25%) of
cumulative collaborating linkages during 2001-10, followed by Bangladesh
(7.82%), Nepal (6.74%) and Pakistan (4.81%). With developing countries,
Pakistan had the highest share (30.98%) of cumulative collaborating
linkages during 2001-10, followed by Bangladesh (24.17%), Nepal (22.95%)
and Sri Lanka (17.47%). In case of South Asian countries, Nepal had the
highest share (34.03%) of cumulative collaborative linkages during
2001-10, followed by Sri Lanka (13.05%), Bangladesh (10.99%) and
Pakistan (5.69%).
In terms of geographical distribution, the first top three cities
in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal contributed 70.81%, 82.28%,
53.00% and 85.07% share respectively in their research output during
2001-10. The next three top three cities in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka and Nepal contributed 22.44%, 16.11%, 15.62% and 8.86% share
respectively in their research output during 2001-10.
The top 20 organizations in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Nepal during 2001-1: (i) contributed 66.71%, 81.64%, 91.72% and 64.05%
share respectively in their research output, (ii) had an average
productivity per organization of 1137, 475.05, 243 and 142.15 for their
research output; (iii) had an international collaborative papers share
of 27.42%, 41.70%, 43.78% and 42.72% respectively in their research
output; (iv) had an average h-index of 23.5, 16.9, 15 and 10.85
respectively; and (v) had an average number of highly-cited papers of
2.1, 1.8, 2.85 and 0.75 respectively.
The number of highly-cited papers (with citation range) in
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal during 2001-10 were 63 (from
101-615 citations), 39 (from 100-415 citations), 17 (from 101-250
citations) and 16 (from 111 -281 citations), respectively. Of these high
citation papers in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal during
2001-10, 49, 37, 17 and 16 respectively were internationally
collaborative during 2001-10. The number of institutions participating
in these highly-cited papers in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Nepal were 34, 12, 13 and 15 respectively during 2001-10. These
highly-cited papers in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal were
published in 43, 36, 16 and 15 journals respectively during 2001-10
All four South Asian countries need to increase their output and
bring about improvement in the quality of research efforts. This can be
done by investing much more in R&D expenditure, increase in the
deployment of more qualified manpower and in increasing international
collaboration and by modernizing and strengthening research
infrastructure.
References
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Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka with India, the local giant.
Scientometrics 2010, 84(2), 403-20.
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http://Portal.unesco.org/education/en/files/58333/12284752645Naim.pdf/Naim.pdf
B.M. Gupta
National Institute of Science Technology & Development Studies,
bmgupta1@gmail.com
Adarsh Bala
Government Medical College and Hospital Chandigarh, India,
adarshbindu@rediffmail.com
Gupta, B.M. and Bala, Adarsh, "South Asia S&T Output
during 2001-10: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistan with Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, and Nepal" (2012). Library Philosophy and Practice
(e-journal). Paper 799.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/799
B. M. Gupta
National Institute of Science
Technology & Development Studies
Dr K.S.Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 11012 India
bmgupta1@gmail.com
Adarsh Bala
Government Medical College and Hospital
Chandigarh, India
adarshbindu@rediffmail.com
