Research outputs from Nigerian tertiary institutions: an empirical appraisal.

Chiemeke, S. ; Longe, O.B. ; Longe, F.A. 等

Introduction

The adequacy of Nigerian university and polytechnic graduates remains hotly debated. It is a question of particular concern to graduates who are seeking employment and to employers who consider hiring them. The situation is of such concern that hundreds of unemployed university graduates mounted a demonstration in front of the presidential offices in Abuja in 2000, demanding that government provide them with jobs. Employers complain that graduates are poorly prepared for work. They believe that academic standards have fallen considerably over the past decade and that a university degree or a polytechnic diploma is no longer a guarantee of communication skills or technical competence.

According to Andrew, Bankole, and Olatunde (2000), a large mismatch appears to exist between university output and labor market demand. At the same time, their findings show that the employment prospects of recent graduates have clearly deteriorated, the primarily because of the weak Nigerian economy, the policy environment, and inadequate level of skilled human resources, especially the quality of the university- trained portion of the work force.

Deteriorating quality perception is supported by results from empirical research. Anyawu and Iloeje (1996) reported a lower rating on the "reputation" of first generation Nigerian university graduates. They expressed a belief that the quality of university education has fallen. A similar study conducted by Ugwuonah and Omeje (1998) on another Nigerian university reported that those who graduated in the 1980s gave more favorable ratings to questions regarding availability of study resources than those who graduated in the 1990s.

A This Day Newspaper report (This Day Newspaper, 2005) shows that older cohorts awarded higher scores to questions on opportunities to undertake research, participate in supervised work experience, and have access to technical and laboratory resources. In another tracer study, Omoifo, Badmus, and Awanbor (1997) found that graduates of Nigerian universities rated supervised practical work and quality of academic advice received as very poor. Among graduates of medicine and sciences, only 29 percent rated equipment, laboratories, and workshops as very good. On the whole, graduates felt that teaching facilities and infrastructure were the worst aspects of the university environment, followed by staff qualifications and living conditions.

Human Resources

A casual interview of graduates in engineering, management and the sciences shows that only few find most of the theories they learn in schools applicable in their daily work. In particular, graduates rated the practical aspects of their education very poorly (This Day Newspaper, 2005). These findings illustrate the wide gap that exists between what is taught in the universities and what the world of work requires. Focusing on computing and information technology training, Longe, Uwadia, and Longe (2005) opined that it is the responsibility of our educational system to provide graduates with the background and skills necessary to be successful in their chosen fields of endeavor. For this reason, when employers recruit graduates, they look for graduates from institutions with curricula that use new technology and emphasize current practices. One of the means to this end is a serious academic research orientation among the academic staffs in Nigerian institutions of higher learning.

The decline of staff quality is a consequence of obsolete research facilities, especially in our public institutions. Laboratories are not well-equipped or are practically non-existent. Universities and polytechnics offer computer science courses without computer laboratories, let alone Internet connectivity. Libraries have become archives of stale, archaic, and irrelevant materials. Hence, the poor quality of graduates is also caused by a shortage of learning resources. Most university and polytechnic libraries are reported to hold out-of-date collections. Andrew, Bankole, and Olatunde (2000) report that a respondent from a manufacturing firm noted that instructors from some of the local universities do not have copies of basic texts that are available in the corporate library and are essential reading for the engineering processes used by the firm.

Motivation to do research and publication is very low. Research grants, though available, are not sought, since nothing new is being baked in most of our academic ovens. Adeyemi and Uko (2004) posit that, "there is no gainsaying that curriculum planning and physical expansion without adequate and sustainable human and material resources would definitely fail to produce the desired results." The ability of polytechnics to produce quality graduates depends largely on the quantity and quality of teachers available. Ayodeji (2002) says that, "teacher adequacy is a function of many factors, which include funding, student enrollment over time, and staff turnover."

Ephraim (2004) reiterates that Nigerian public institutions have high enrollments without enough qualified instructors. As a result, staff/student ratios have worsened to the detriment of student learning and academic research. Several international agencies have provided specific scientific and technological research and development support. These include the International Development and Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada and the Overseas Development Agency of the United Kingdom, UNESCO, among others. Such supports have generally been channeled through the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, which maintains strong links with a large number of international organisations. The Nigerian government has an annual budget of more than $230,000 and $960,000, for some of these agencies, but to what extent have Nigerian academics taken advantage of grants and research collaboration with these agencies?

Although most employers are unhappy with the quality of graduates, they are well aware of the causes. Many employers are quick to state that the quality of the graduates is simply a reflection of the quality of academic staff, learning resources (libraries, laboratories, etc.), and funding limitations. A solution to the problems of staff quality is critical to any improvement in the quality of university graduates. The decline of staff quality is reflected in high rates of "brain drain," the declining numbers of professors and assistant professors within the university system, and their falling levels of post-graduate preparation. Andrew, et al. (2000) view the financial stability of the universities as tied to the fiscal fortunes of the state. In the last two decades the federal budget has not been stable. It is tied closely to oil revenues, which have been unstable. The consequences of unstable funding are reflected in poorly-equipped laboratories, outdated libraries, poorly-remunerated staff, crumbling academic facilities, and low research output.

Ranking Academic Productivity

Academic productivity can be gained from capacity building (ILO, 1999). Nigeria has yet to embark on creating data on productivity. Productivity measurement and records have been nearly the exclusive preserve of developed countries such as US, Europe, some Asian and Latin American Countries. The main criteria for ranking "world class universities" is not so much the volume of teaching, student population, or community services, but research output. Knowledge accumulation places the advanced countries at the top, by their control of social and human capital formation, economic development, and improved living conditions (Sabo, 2005).

Cetto (1998) posits that one index for measuring research output is the number and quality of published works by Nigerians international journals, and by the world distribution of active serial titles emanating from the universities, which contribute to the generation, dissemination, and application of scientific knowledge for development in Nigeria and beyond.

Statement of the Problem

A gradual decline in research output in higher education became noticeable in the late 1980s. The National University Commission (NUC) noted that in terms of quality and quantity, the research output of tertiary institutions in Nigeria was about the best in sub-Saharan Africa up to the late 1980s (Karani, 1997). The foundations for research are good research training and motivation, availability of equipment, and good library facilities. At the onset and acceleration of the decay in the system, these ingredients faded away. By 1996, the quantity and quality of research had declined to an all-time low (Okebukola & Solowu, 2001). Summarizing the factors that contributed to this decline from late 1988 to 1996, and subsequent collapse from 1997 to date, Okebukola (2002) lists the following:

* Lack of research skills in modern methods.

* Lack of equipment for carrying out state-of-the art research.

* Overloaded teaching and administration schedules which leave little time for research

* Difficulty in accessing research funds.

* Diminishing ability of seasoned and senior researchers to mentor junior researchers due to brain drain.

There was consternation when the NUC reported that no Nigerian university (or other tertiary institution) was listed among the top 1,000 schools around the world in terms of publication of research output. The panacea proposed is for institutions to begin to develop websites and migrate their research reports online for the world to see. Based on the foregoing, this paper is premised on the contention that there is need to actually study the research activity and output from Nigerian institutions.

Research Questions

* Are there research outputs or publications that can be migrated online?

* What is the level of productivity and capacity building emanating from the Nigerian academic community?

* How much and to what extent have we been able to impact the world (or at least Africa for a start).

Methodology

Nine journals were randomly selected from African Journals Online (AJOL) ( http://www.ajol.info ). The selection included different countries in Africa, subject areas, and dates of publication (1999-2005). The journals were analysed to determine the following:

1. The volume of research papers from Nigeria.

2. The volume of research papers from Nigerian universities

3. The volume of research papers from Nigerian polytechnics.

4. The consistency of research output

5. The performance level of research output.

T-tests for comparative pair treatment and Cochran's test were used to analyze the decision variables.

Data Analysis and Results

The analysis and results are presented below:

From the table above, publications from Nigeria in the Journals analysed amounted to 39.10% of the total number of publications appraised. This is a good standing in comparison with articles from all other parts of the world.

Hypotheses

[H.sub.0]: There is no significant difference between research output from Nigeria and other countries publishing in the African Journals Online

[H.sub.1]: There is significant difference between research output from Nigeria and other countries publishing in the African Journals Online

Test-Statistics

t[alpha], n-1 = [t.sub.0.05, 9-1] = [t.sub.0.05,8 = 1.86]

If [t.sub.cal] [less than or equal to] = [t.sub.tab]. Accept [H.sub.0] otherwise accept [H.sub.1]

Where n = sample size

When n < 10, t-test is used for single mean difference hence the choice of t-test for pair comparison.

Decision Rule

If [t.sub.cal.] = [t.sub.tab.] Accept [H.sub.0] otherwise reject [H.sub.1] Therefore [t.sub.cal.] = -0.82 while [t.sub.tab.] = 1.86

Decision: We accept H0 and conclude that there is no significant difference between Nigerian research output and those from other countries in the African Journals Online. The data is generated by classifying publication in the respective journals by institutions in Nigeria (University & Polytechnic) as variables. One is assigned for research output (publication) and variable zero is assigned for no research output. These variables are called binary. The table below shows the number of journals, institution and binary treatments. The block is the number of journal while treatments are the institutions. The statistical technique used is Cochran Test which measures the degree of effectiveness in the research output between polytechnics and universities in Nigeria in the various journals sampled at random

Decision: i, j =1, research output

i.j = 0, no research output

because i,j = 0 or 1 is binary

[H.sub.0]:

The research output from Nigerian Polytechnics and Universities in the journals selected is ineffective.

[H.sub.1]:

The research output from Nigerian Polytechnics and Universities in the journals selected is effective.

Test -Statistics: [X.sup.2][alpha], t-1=3.841 at 95 percent with 1 df, where t is the number of treatments.

If C [less than or equal to] [X.sup.2] tab. Accept [H.sub.0], otherwise accept [H.sub.1].

Using Cochran Test

C = t[(t-1)[summation] [T.sup.2] - (t-1) [G.sup.2] /tG-t[sigma] [B.sup.2.sub.j] = [X.sup.2.sub.[alpha], t-1]

G (Grand total of treatment) = 11; [G.sup.2] = [11.sup.2] = 121; t=2; [summation] [T.sub.1] = [8.sup.2] + [3.sup.2] = 64+9=73;

[summation][B.sub.j] = [2.sup.2] + [1.sup.2] + [1.sup.2] + [2.sup.2] + [0.sup.2] + [2.sup.2] + [1.sup.2] + [1.sup.2] + [1.sup.2] = 17

C=2(2-1)73-(2-1)121/2(11)-2(17) = -24./12 = -2.083.

C= -2.083

[X.sup.2] 0.05,1 = 3.841

Decision: Since C value is less than the tabulated Chi-squares value then, we accept [H.sup.0].

We conclude that the research output from Nigerian Polytechnics is not effective while those from the Universities are effective.

Conclusion

The discussions of declining research output from Nigerian universities lack empirical evidence and construct validity. Many authors have spoken out of subjective perception rather than objective appraisal. Research and publication remains a yardstick for promotion in academia in Nigeria. The major area of concern remains the polytechnics, where results from this research have revealed poor research output. Sabo (2005) reports on the NUC list of the top twenty universities among the then 65 universities in the country. While the Commission is to be commended for its evaluation of the nation's universities, the publication does not show how they compared with Europe, North America, Asia, and South America. More will have to be done to compare the quality of our research output with those from other parts of the world.

Recommendations

It is not enough to publish. Research output and findings from the nation's tertiary institutions must have an impact on industrial, commercial, and administrative processes on all fronts. By implication, graduates from our institutions must be able to use modern techniques to get jobs done. It remains the responsibility of the NUC and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) to encourage researchers with grants and collaboration with other researchers across the world. The NBTE will have to review the promotion criteria in Nigerian polytechnics. Research output is an essential aspect of assessment for academic positions. These recommendations will ameliorate the dwindling research output from Nigerian polytechnics and further encourage active research practices among Nigerian universities.

References

Adeyemi, J., & Uko-Aviomoh, E. (2004). Effective technological delivery in Nigerian polytechnics: Need for academic manpower development policy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12 (24). Available: http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n24/pdf.

Andrew, D., Bankole, O., & Olatunde, A. (2000). Labor market prospects of university graduates in Nigeria. Nigeria University System Innovation Project. November 2000

Anyanwu, G. A., & Iloeje, I. C. (1996). Graduates employment survey: A tracer study of the graduates of the Faculties of Arts, Agriculture and Education of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Department of Home Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Ayodeji, O. (2002). The crisis of research and academic publishing in Nigerian Universities: The twentieth century and beyond. Paper Presented at the 28th Annual Spring Symposium, African Universities In The Twenty-First Century, (CODESTRIA) Dakar, Senegal, April 2002.

Cetto, A. (1998). Scientific journal publishing in the developing world. Lesotho Coasted, Chennas, India.

Ephraim, E. O. (2004). Research and technological development in Nigeria. Available: http://les.man.ac.uk/prest/SCOPE/

International Labour Organisation (ILO) (1999). Human development report 1999 summary.

Karani, F. (1997). Higher Education in Africa in the 21st Century. Paper presented at the Africa Regional Consultation Preparatory to the World Conference on Higher Education, Dakar, Senegal.

Longe, O., Uwadia, C., & Longe, F. (2005). An x-ray of potentials for collaboration between the academia and the IT industry. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the Nigerian Computer Society.

Okebukola, P. (2002). The state of university education in Nigeria. National Universities Commission, Abuja, Nigeria.

Okebukola, P., & Solowu, O.M. (2001). Survey of university education in Nigeria. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 223 (2) Lagos.

Omoifo, C., Badmus, G., & Awanbor, D. (1997). Education and achievement in the early career of the University of Benin Graduates. Report of 1996 University of Benin Graduate's Survey. Faculty of Education, University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria.

Sabo, B. (2005). Universities, research and development in Nigeria: Time for a paradigmatic shift. Paper prepared for 11th General Assembly of CODESRIA, on Rethinking African Development. Beyond impasse: Towards alternatives, Maputo, Mozambique. Available: http://www.codesria.org/Links/conferences/ general_assembly11/papers/bako.pdf.

This Day Newspaper March 9th (2005). Searchlights on the quality of Varsity's academic staff.

Ugwuonah, G.. & Omeje, K. (1998). Higher education and the demand for manpower development in the Nigerian manufacturing sector: An empirical study of Enugu and Anambra states. Final report of tracer study research project on higher education and work. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities.

S. Chiemeke

Department of Computer Science

University of Benin

Benin City, Nigeria

O. B. Longe

Department of Computer Science

University of Ibadan

Ibadan, Nigeria

F.A. Longe

Department of Computer & Information Science

Lead City University

Ibadan, Nigeria

I.O. Shaib

Department of Statistics

Auchi Polytechnic

Auchi, Nigeria

Table 1: Selected Journals by Volume, Year, Country Of Origin.

 Total in
 journal
Journal University Polytechnic Total volume

African Journal 5 9
of Library and 2 7
Archives 5 10
Information 2 1 3 6
 1 1 11
Journal of 13
Cameroon 9
Academy 8
of Science 11
 1 9
 6 6 18

African Journal 1 1 7
of Neurological 7
Science 7
 1 1 7
 2 2 9

African 6 2 7 8
Educational 7 1 7 9
Journal 6 6 9
Research
Network 8 8 12
 5 5 17

Ethiopian 5
Journal of
Social Science
and Humanities
 8

Ghana Journal 14
of Agricultural 6 1 7 16
Science 2 2 16
 4 4 17
 23

Journal of 1 1 7
Tropical
Microbiology
and
Biotechnology

Global Journal 10 10 10
of Engineering 11 11 11
Research 9 9 9
 13 13 13

Journal of 9 9 9
Environmental 10 10 10
Science 13 13 13
 8 8 15

Journal Origin Volume year

African Journal Botswana 10:1 2000
of Library and 11:1 2001
Archives
Information

Journal of Cameroon 1:2 2000
Cameroon 9:1 2001
Academy 3:1 2003
of Science 4:1 2004
 5:1 2005
 4:1 2004
 suppl

African Journal Cote 20:1 2001
of Neurological d'Ivoire 21:1 2002
Science 22:1 2003
 23:1 2004
 23:2 2005

African Africa 5:1 2005
Educational 5:3 2005
Journal 4:1 2004
Research
Network 4:2 2004
 4:3 2004

Ethiopian Ethiopia 1:1 2003
Journal of
Social Science
and Humanities
 2:1 2002

Ghana Journal Ghana 32:2 1999
of Agricultural 33:1 2000
Science 33:2 2000
 34:1 2001
 35:2 2002

Journal of Africa 1:1 2005
Tropical
Microbiology
and
Biotechnology

Global Journal Nigeria 1:1 2002
of Engineering 4:1/2 2005
Research 3:1/2 2004
 2:1 2003

Journal of Africa 1:1 2002
Environmental 2:1 2003
Science 3:1/2 2004
 4:1 2005

Table 2: Selected Journals by Comparison between
Nigeria and Other Countries
 Papers Papers
 Total from from Other
Journal Output Nigeria Countries

African Journal of Library 43 16 27
and Archives Information

Journal of Cameroon 68 7 61
Academy of Science

African Journal of 37 3 34
Neurological Science

African Educational 55 33 22
Journal Research Network

Ethiopia Journal of Social 13 13
Science and Humanities

Ghana Journal of 86 13 73
Agricultural Science

Journal of Tropical 7 1 6
Microbiology and Biotechnology

Global Journal of 43 43
Engineering Research

Journal of Environmental Science 47 40 7

Total 399 156 243

Percent 100 39.1 60.9

Table 3: t-Test for Pair Treatment

Nigerian International D=N-O D-D [(D-D).sup.2]
Research Research
Output (N) Output (O)

16 27 -11 -1.33 1.769
7 61 -54 -44.22 1965.1489
3 34 -31 -21.33 454.9689
33 22 11 20.67 427.2489
 13 -13 -3.33 11.0889
13 73 -60 -50.33 2533.1089
1 6 -5 4.67 21.9089
43 43 52.67 2774.1289
40 7 33 42.67 1820.7289
[summation] [summation] [summation] [summation]
 N=156 O=243 D=-87 [(D-D).dup.2]
 =10010.001

D=[summation]D/N=-87/9=-9.67

SD = [square root of [summation]][(D-D).sup.2]/n-1

= [square root of 10010.001]/8

= [square root of 1251.25]

SD=35.37

[t.sub.cal]=D/SD [square root of n]

=-9.67/11.79

=-0.820186

Table 4: Cochran's Test Analysis

Institution
publication
Journals University Polytechnic

1 1 1
2 1 0
3 1 0
4 1 1
5 0 0
6 1 1
7 1 0
8 1 0
9 1 0

Institution University Polytechnic Block
publication journals total B
journals

1 1 1 2
2 1 0 1
3 1 0 1
4 1 1 2
5 0 0 0
6 1 1 2
7 1 0 1
8 1 0 1
9 1 0 1
Treatment 8 3 11
total [T.sub.i]