Population growth in Australia: how environmental groups are responding.
Walker, Matthew P.A.
Projections in the Third Intergenerational Report, released in
September 2009, indicate that Australia's population may grow to
more than 35 million by 2049. This revelation has sparked a new
population debate, a debate which has challenged three of the
country's main environmental groups. This article describes how
they have responded to the challenge and offers a way of explaining the
different paths that they have taken.
INTRODUCTION
On 18 September 2009 Treasurer Wayne Swan detailed some of the
projections made in the forthcoming third Intergenerational Report (IGR
2010) (released 1 February 2010). These include a 65 percent increase in
Australia's population to over 35 million by 2049. (1) This
contrasts with the second Intergenerational Report, released in 2007,
which anticipated a population of 28.5 million in 2047. (2)
On 22 October, in a speech on the forces affecting Australia's
economy over the coming decades, Treasury Secretary Ken Henry
contemplated the implications of this population increase for
environmental sustainability:
[W]ith a population of 22 million people, we haven't managed to
find accommodation with our environment. Our record has been poor
and in my view we are not well placed to deal effectively with the
environmental challenges posed by a population of 35 million. (3)
That evening, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd responded:
I actually believe in a big Australia. I make no apology for that.
I actually think it's good news that our population is growing ... I
think it's good for us, it's good for our national security long
term, it's good in terms of what we can sustain as a nation ... Let's
be optimistic about the fact that this country is growing. (4)
The following morning the then-Opposition Leader Malcolm Turnbull
offered his opinion: 'Australia is going to continue growing and I
do welcome a larger population'. (5) His successor, Tony Abbott,
agrees: 'My instinct is to extend to as many people as possible the
freedom and benefits of life in Australia. A larger population will
bring that about provided that it's also a more productive
one'. (6)
Since this time the issue of population growth in Australia has
gained extensive and prolonged media attention. (7) Meanwhile, several
public figures, including former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr,
Federal Labor MP Kelvin Thomson, former Australian of the Year Professor
Tim Flannery, and Businessman Dick Smith, have echoed Henry's
concerns. (8)
With the issue of population growth in Australia being publicly
east in terms of environmental sustainability, and in the light of the
scale of recent projections, the responses of Australia's
environmental groups are significant for several reasons. Firstly, if an
environmentally harmful policy receives bipartisan government support,
then such organisations can raise awareness and, with their political
and media know-how, help to articulate and lobby for a coherent
alternative. Secondly, the responses of environmental groups affect the
perceived legitimacy of population numbers as an environmental issue.
The input of these organisations therefore forms an important
contribution to public dialogue on how to achieve a more environmentally
sustainable society. Despite this, many of Australia's
environmental groups have made little effort to engage in this dialogue.
(9) This article will examine the perspectives of several prominent
national environmental groups, including one political party, that have
addressed population growth in Australia. These are the Australia
Conservation Foundation (ACF), Friends of the Earth Australia (FoEA),
and the Australian Greens.
POPULATION GROWTH IN AUSTRALIA
Changes to the population size of a country result from natural
increase (births minus deaths) and net migration. In an industrialised
nation the replacement level total fertility rate (TFR)--the average
number of babies born to a woman throughout her reproductive life--is
roughly 2.1. Australia has maintained below replacement total fertility
rates since 1976. Due to the relatively young age structure of
Australia's population, however, births continue to outnumber
deaths, and so natural increase remains positive. (10)
Preliminary estimates for the year ended 30 June 2009 are of an
increase of 443,100 persons (2.1 per cent) to Australia's
population. Of this, 157,800 (35.6 per cent) is attributed to natural
increase, while 285,300 (64.4 per cent) is attributed to net overseas
migration. (11) The majority of Australia's population growth is,
therefore, controlled directly by government though migration policy.
(12) This control is evident in the wide fluctuations in net overseas
migration from year to year. (13)
Immigration to Australia is comprised of several categories. Of
these, the humanitarian program granted visas to 13,507 people in the
2008-2009 year, of which the refugee intake was 6,499. (14)
ENVIRONMENTAL CROUPS RESPOND
Environmental groups that contribute to discussions on population
numbers will, presumably, be familiar with the above figures. This
section outlines the positions of the three groups under consideration.
The Australian Conservation Foundation
On 22 September 2009 the Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF)
released an article warning that, due to current rates of population
increase: 'Australia's population is on a collision course
with our natural environment'. The group argues that: 'We need
a long-term population policy aimed at stabilising our population and
consumption at sustainable levels and helping other countries to do the
same'. Accordingly, the ACF agrees with Federal Labor MP Kelvin
Thomson that a 'reduction in migration to more sensible levels is
needed'. (15)
Several days later, in an article for the Canberra Times, ACF
President Ian Lowe wrote that: 'There is a clear link between
population growth and environmental damage' and therefore:' A
responsible government would be acting now to curb the unsustainable
growth, rather than celebrating the disastrous trend ... Our aim should
be to stabilise our population. This means we must have a look at
migration levels'. (16) Lowe has since repeated this message:
We should be particularly concerned about the loss of natural
areas, the continuing spread of housing onto good agricultural land
and the improbability of meeting responsible targets to slow
climate change if the population keeps growing rapidly ... A
sustainable future has to be based on stabilisation of both
population and consumption. (17)
Meanwhile, Charles Berger, ACF Director of Strategic Ideas, has
critiqued both the IGR 2010 and the government's response:
The Government's stance has vacillated between claiming that such
rapid population growth is inevitable on the one hand, and assuring
us that it is good for Australia on the other. The claim of
inevitability is disingenuous and easily dismissed. While some
degree of growth is inevitable over the next few decades, both the
pace of growth and the ultimate trajectory are well within the
government's power to influence. Migration is the largest
determinant of long-term population growth for Australia, and
different migration levels mean the difference between population
stabilisation and ongoing rapid growth. (18)
ACF leadership have clearly made efforts to contribute to public
debate on this issue, and have communicated a consistent stance: that
Australia's population size should be stabilised in the interests
of the environment, and that this requires a reduction in immigration.
This reflects official ACF population policy, which holds that:
'Unsustainable consumption of resources by a large and growing
human population is at the core of most environmental problems facing
Australia and the world'. The ACF therefore supports
'stabilisation of the Australian population and resource use at
levels that are precautionary and ecologically sustainable'. (19)
The Australian Greens
Australian Greens leader Bob Brown has responded negatively to the
recent population projections and to Kevin Rudd's optimism. In a
media release titled 'Mr Rudd--When do we Stop?' he stated
that: 'This population boom is not economic wisdom, it is a recipe
for planetary exhaustion and great human tragedy'. (20) Brown
expressed this opinion again in March 2010, referring to Kevin
Rudd's vision of a 'big Australia' as worrying and
unsustainable. (21)
This represents a changed position both for Brown and the Greens--a
Party that has not challenged population growth since the mid-1990s.
This new perspective has been confirmed with calls to reduce immigration
to Australia. Brown asserts that: 'We're at record high
immigration and it's got to be reviewed ... I think immigration
levels should settle down much lower than they are at the moment'.
(22) In line with this viewpoint, on 13 May 2010 a motion will be moved
in the Senate calling on the Prime Minister to establish an independent
inquiry into Australia's population to 2050. (23)
Despite this, the Greens do not explicitly oppose population growth
in their policies. Since 1996, when the Party called for 'lowering
of the population growth rate until it approaches zero growth', the
Green's assessment has changed. (24) A gradual move away from
identifying population numbers as an environmental issue culminated in
the Party almost not having a population policy:
[In] the lead-up to the Party's policy review of 2006 ... those
drafting the revised policies had decided unilaterally to drop the
population policy by simply not presenting a revised policy because
they saw it as too contentious. Fortunately, a strongly worded
letter drafted by the South Australian Greens helped to see the
policy retained. (25)'
In the new policy, however, population size was not included among
the factors determining the ecological footprint of a group of people,
Instead, the Party's population policy now calls for:
[a] reduction of Australia's use of natural resources to a level
that is sustainable and socially just; recognition that use of
resources in production for export is as damaging to the
environment as production for domestic consumption; [and] human
settlements which are: designed and built to minimise environmental
harm and maximise social well-being; and, located in areas where
their ecological impact is minimised. (26)
Clearly, recent comments made by Brown do not reflect this Party
policy. Although it is as yet unclear what has inspired a change in his
or the Greens' perspective, there are several possible reasons.
Firstly, the sheer size of new population projections makes it difficult
for a green party to remain silent or supportive and still be taken
seriously. Secondly, because this rate of growth has received bipartisan
government support, the Greens could provide an alternative voting
option in this election year; Brown has observed that most Australians
don't support the projected population increase, and acknowledges
that calling for a reduction in growth will be popular. (27)
Friends of the Earth
Friends of the Earth Australia (FoEA) have responded to the recent
population projections, although they have maintained a different stance
to that of the ACF and Bob Brown. This group have been critical of those
attempting to address population numbers as an environmental issue.
Damien Lawson, FoFA National Climate Justice Coordinator, signed an open
letter declaring that: 'We are shocked and angered that the ACF has
supported Labor MP Kelvin Thomson's calls to cut Australia's
migration rates". The letter concludes by calling on 'the ACF
and Kelvin Thomson to withdraw their anti-migrant statements'. (28)
The issue has since been addressed by the group's National Liaison
Officer, Cam Walker:
[A]s always happens when population and the environment comes into
the mainstream debate, it becomes a useful smoke screen for people
and organisations with racist agendas who can then call for
limitations on population growth, while purporting to be concerned
about the environments. (29)
FoEA have been consistent in their stance on population, having
disapproved of those who oppose population growth: 'FoE is very
cautious about these types of approaches.' (30) Interestingly, FoEA
do believe that population growth in Australia has a negative
environmental impact. The group's 'Immigration, population and
the environment' position paper states that: 'There is no
doubt that there will be a limit to the number of people that the
Australian continent can sustain into the indefinite future'. (31)
More recently, Cam Walker has confirmed that 'there can be no doubt
that increasing Australia's population will increase our ecological
impact'. (32) This belief is further evident in a 2007 interview
with Walker, in which he suggests that it is selfish for Australians to
have large families because of the environmental impact of more children
in a country with high rates of resource consumption. (33) Despite the
belief that creating more Australians is to be avoided, FoEA nonetheless
insists that 'there is an onus on Australia to increase its
immigration levels'. (34)
I will now attempt to account for the perspectives of these
organisations. In the ease of FoEA, this means explaining the view that
population growth has a negative environmental impact and yet should not
be addressed as an environmental issue. This is also true for the
Green's official population policy.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: A COMPLEX ANALYSIS
FoEA argue that: 'for a rational discussion on population
levels to occur, population must be seen within a deeper context'.
(35) As Walker points out. 'even Paul Erlich, the prominent
population theorist, identified that environmental impact is a product
of population multiplied by consumption, influenced by the type of
technology used'. (36) Likewise, the Greens note that 'there
are complex issues involved in population policy'.(37) In 2002 a
letter written by Cam Walker on behalf of, amongst others, several
Greens representatives, asserted that:
The debate we need to have as a nation on what may constitute a
sustainable papulation must start with a clear assessment of our
current ecological footprint, an acknowledgement that we are
over-consuming, and a serious plan for reduction in ecological
impacts, irregardless of final population levels. Population
growth, while a factor in environmental impact, should not be
considered in isolation of these other issues. (3)
These statements suggest that population numbers must be addressed
as part of a comprehensive analysis of environmental impact. The ACF
agrees, with the fundamental point of their policy being that 'a
future sustainable society must have stabilised both its population and
consumption per person'. (39) Berger has reiterated this point:
'Australia now needs to shift its focus to policies that seek to
match human populations and consumption levels within nature's
carrying capacity, while transforming our economic and social systems to
function within the limits of ecological systems'. (40)
In an interview Walker pondered the issue: '[population growth
is] a vexed question for many in the environment movement. We're
cautious about just raising the issue of population growth per se. We
tend to focus on consumption issues'. (41) Thus, FoEA
'concentrate on resource use, especially per capita resource
consumption, as a key driver of ecological breakdown'. (42)
Similarly, when discussing factors in environmental impact in their
population policy, the Greens identify types of technology, consumption
patterns and levels, resource use and distribution, and industrial and
agricultural practices, but not population numbers. (43)
FoEA and official Green Party policy have not addressed population
in a deeper context. They have instead addressed consumption and
technology divorced from population numbers. Their reluctance to tackle
this issue, regardless of environmental consequences, suggests that
other priorities are held. I will now examine two main themes to emerge:
humanitarian ism and anti-racism.
HUMANITARIANISM AND REDUCING GROWTH
All of the groups are forthright about their commitment to
humanitarian ism and social justice, although the implications of these
commitments for their policies vary. FoEA have labelled themselves
'a social and environmental justice network with strong
internationalist perspectives'. (44) The group has therefore
developed a population and environment project which aims to tackle the
issue of population from a human rights and internationalist
perspective. (45) FoEA note that 'asylum seekers who are escaping
repressive regimes or natural disasters' are not to blame for
Australia's environmental problems, and argue that 'there is
an imperative for Australia to accept more refugees and asylum
seekers'. (46)
Likewise, the Greens have announced that they will 'support,
through extensive community consultation, a population policy directed
towards ecological sustainability in the context of global social
justice'. (47) In 2004 Brown posed the question:
Should we be keeping our population static ... by lowering
immigration ... to match emigration? The answer is no ... [S]ome
fellow environmentalists want zero population growth now. However,
I am a big-G Green, for whom human welfare is an essential
political consideration. (48)
The primacy of this humanitarian ism is perhaps most evident in
Brown's declaration that he has 'committed even more of my
work as a senator to them [refugees] than I have to keeping the
chainsaws out of the forests'. (49) More recently, having settled
on views she believes to be 'consistent with the Greens general
principles and political perspective', Greens MP Lee Rhiannon has
argued that setting a fixed number for Australia's population and
determining immigration accordingly is not an appropriate policy.
Rhiannon reasons that 'we are obliged to do our fair share' to
'help fellow human beings'. She specifics the humanitarian
portion of our migration program as a moral obligation 'we can
never ignore'. (50)
All of the arguments presented by FoE and the Greens rest on the
suggestion that Australia's humanitarian responsibilities to accept
asylum seekers and refugees are incompatible with reducing
Australia's population growth. Charles Berger from the ACF presents
details of Australia's migration program:
I feel deeply that one of the true measures of a society's ethics
is how it treats refugees and others on the wrong end of the modern
global economy. Many people may not realise that in recent years
more than half of Australia's permanent migrants have been through
the skilled migration stream, compared with only 7 per cent of the
total being humanitarian migrants and 25 per cent family migrants.
So having a sound population policy that brings migration back
down to reasonable levels does not mean shutting the door on
refugees. (51)
Hence, the ACF 'believes that a sustainable population is
achievable while still discharging our ethical obligations to accept
refugees and ensure the ability of families to reunite'. (52) The
group contends that, taking into account emigration figures (the number
of Australians who leave the country permanently each year),
'Australia can meet and increase its humanitarian obligations and
accommodate family reunions, while reducing overall migration to more
sustainable levels'. (53)
Each of these three groups share a commitment to humanitarian ism
and social justice, evident in the belief that Australia has a
responsibility to take a 'fair share' of the world's
desperate people; refugees and asylum seekers. FoEA and the Greens have
implied that this responsibility is jeopardised by a reduction in
population growth, and conclude that humanitarian ism must take priority
over environmental health. The policies of the ACF, however, which draw
on the figures of Australia's migration program, indicate that
these aims are not incompatible. The Greens now seem to acknowledge
this, with Brown arguing for cuts to the skilled migration program and
increases to the much smaller humanitarian intake. (54)
If, as these groups have suggested, population growth in Australia
has a negative environmental impact, and if, as has been noted by the
ACF and now the Greens, the bulk of Australia's migration program
is not of a humanitarian nature, then humanitarian concerns do not
appear to override environmental concerns as such. Rather, for some
environmentalists, defending immigration appears to symbolise a
commitment to humanitarianism and social justice.
POPULATION AND RACISM
Another theme to emerge is the idea that to support a reduction in
population growth in Australia, and consequently to support a reduction
in immigration, is to share a goal with racists, and that this is to be
avoided at all costs. (55)
In recent years FoEA has addressed the issue of racism the most
extensively of these groups. FoEA concede that advocates of population
stabilisation are not necessarily racist. For example. Walker
acknowledges that 'the main organisation in Australia advocating
for reduced population, Sustainable Population Australia is clearly not
a racist group and also stresses the need to reduce our ecological
footprint and maintain an asylum seeker program'. (56) Elsewhere
the group states that: 'FoEA does not suggest that environmental
groups advocating for population stabilisation are racist, and notes the
progressive social policies of organisations like Sustainable Population
Australia on issues like overseas aid'. (57) Nonetheless, Walker
insists that: 'while we would not suggest that a call for reduced
immigration is necessarily racist, we would argue that such a call is
not acceptable'. (58)
FoEA claim that it is dangerous to oppose immigration-fuelled
population growth in order to reduce environmental impact because this
argument can be 'adopted by those with racist agendas'. (59)
This criticism has recently been directed at the ACF and Kelvin Thomson:
'These proposals pander to racism ... your call for migration cuts
opens the door to "fortress Australia" racism ... [and] risks
encouraging the kind of openly racist campaign waged by Pauline
Hanson's One Nation Party in the 1990s'. (60) It is in this
climate that Bob Brown has observed that there is 'a lot of
ignorance which drives fear of discussing population because you'll
be labelled "racist"'. (61)
Regardless of their stance on population growth and immigration,
environmental groups will have some potentially unwelcome company. As
Clive Hamilton remarks in response to FoEA's 'Immigration,
population and the environment' position paper: 'you say that
environmentalists should avoid arguments that might play into the hands
of racists. Quite so, and we should also avoid arguments that play into
the hands of the fossil fuel lobby But in the end one cannot control
what other people do with your arguments'. '(62)
The positions adopted by environmental groups reflect their
priorities. By not challenging population growth, or, indeed, by being
critical of those individuals and groups that do do so, FoEA are sharing
a goal with a growth lobby of sectional business interests that is
unsympathetic to the health of the Australian environment. Furthermore,
if the argument presented by FoEA is correct, then by sharing a goal
they are providing these individuals and groups with the opportunity for
an environmentalist disguise.
Concerns about racism have had a considerable impact on how some
environmental groups address the issue of population growth. (63) Some
environmentalists prioritise maintaining distance from potential racists
by not sharing any goals with such persons, regardless of the
implications for Australia's environment.
CONCLUSION
Following the most recent projections for population increase in
Australia, environmental groups have had the opportunity to engage in
the accompanying public dialogue. Their contributions affect the
likelihood of environmentally-conscious strategies being pursued. In
this context this article has aimed to determine how Australian
environmental groups are responding and to provide an explanation for
this. The ACF contends that population numbers should be stabilised in
the interests of the environment. FoEA, however, have been critical of
opposition to population growth. Barring some recent statements that do
not reflect Party policy, so have the Greens.
One theme to emerge was the significance placed on humanitarianism
and social justice. But an examination of Australia's migration
figures shows that humanitarian responsibilities, as defined by these
groups, are not jeopardised by reducing population growth. Support for
immigration, and therefore population growth, appears to have become
symbolic of a commitment to social justice and humanitarianism in some
environmental groups. A second theme to emerge, most profoundly in FoEA,
is the significance of anti-racism. For some environmentalists,
anti-racism, as symbolised by a commitment to a large and
non-racially-discriminatory immigration program, takes precedence over
environmental outcomes.
The goals of Australia's environmental organisations remain
contested. Several of these groups do appear to prioritise
non-environmental concerns, largely of a symbolic nature. Consequently,
the environmental movement does not convey a coherent and united message
on population growth. Furthermore, while this article has examined three
environmental groups that do communicate a stance on the issue of
population, many others make no such effort. It may be inferred from the
findings here that it is simply easier for a group to ignore this topic
than to negotiate the complex issues associated with it. These are
unfortunate findings, particularly at a stage where the desirability of
pursuing population growth has become such a prominent topic, and where
the course taken will have substantial consequences for the future
health of Australia's environment. Nonetheless, there are some
promising signs, with the Australian Greens appearing to have changed
their position and to have joined the ACF in actively addressing
population growth.
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(40) C. Berger, 'Aim for sustainable population and generous
immigration". Canberra Times. 13 February 2009. p.15
(41) Miller, 2007, op. cit.
(42) Walker, 2006, op. cit, p. 10
(43) Australian Greens, 2008, op. cit.
(44) FoEA, 2004, op. cit., p. 8
(45) FoEA, 2007, op. cit.
(46) FoEA, 2004, op. cit., pp. 13-15
(47) Australian Greens. 2008. op. cit.
(48) B. Brown. Memo) for a Saner World, Penguin Books, Camberwell,
2004. pp. 68-70
(49) ibid., p. 71
(50) L. Rhiannon, The politics of population in Australia',
speech at STEP Annual General Meeting. 13 October 2009 (STEP is n
community-based environmental organisation in Ku ring gai)
(51) Berger, 2009, op. cit. See also: ACF, 2008, op. cit. and I.
Lowe, "ACF responds on population", Green Left Weekly, no.
817.2009b
(52) ACF, 2008, op. cit.
(53) ACF. 2009. op. cit.
(54) 'Australian Greens say population growth threatens
...". 2010, op. cit.: Australian Greens. 2010, op. cit.
(55) None of the groups define racism. A general inference seems to
he that it is racist to oppose multiculturalism in western countries,
while anti racism is evident in a large and non-racially-discriminatory
immigration program in these countries. FoEA further imply that it is
racist for a nation to refuse to donate aid to other countries or to
refuse to accept asylum seekers, from: Walker. 2006. op. cit., p. 11;
FoEA, 2004, op. cit., p. 15
(56) Walker, 2006. op. cit., p. II
(57) FoEA, 2004. op. cit.
(58) P. Hall 'Carrying capacity: can a fug country with very
few people be overpopulated?', The Environment Magazine, vol. 14,
no. 2, 2003, p. 23
(59) Walker, 2009, op. cit. See also: FoEA, 2004. op. cit., p. 13;
and Walker, 2006. op. cit.
(60) 'Population is not to blame'. 2009. op. cit.; It
should be noted that both the ACF and Thomson have proposed an increase
in Australia's humanitarian migration program. See ACF and Thomson
have proposed an increase is not to blame', 2009, 2009, op. cit.;
Lowe, 2009b, op. cit.; Thomson, 2009 op. cit.
(61) Australian Greens say population growth threatens ...',
2010, op. cit.
(62) 'C. Hamilton, 'A critique of the FoE Environment and
Population Position Paper. 2006
<www.foe.org.au/population/policy-position/a-critique-of-the-foe-environment and Population Position Paper, 2006
<www.foe.org.au/population/policy-position/a-critique-of-the-foe-environment-and-population-position-paper-clive-hamilton/> accessed 20
September 2009.
(63) On how the issue of racism influenced ACF policy throughout
the 1980s and early 1990s, see E. Moore. "A sustainable population
for Australia: dilemma for the green movement', in J. W. Smith
(Ed.), Immigration population and Sustainable Environments: The Limits
to Australia's Growth, The Flinders Press, Adelaide, 1991, pp.
147-151. On how racism influenced Green Party policy in the 1990s, sec
F. Davis. 'Greens change their immigration policy". Green Left
Weekly, no. 333. 1998; and also N. Sloan and W. J. Lines, 'Party of
principle? The Greens and population policy". People and Place.
vol. 11, no. 2, 2003. pp. 16-23.