Effectiveness of one-year participation in school-based volunteer-facilitated peer support groups.
Wassef, Adel ; Mason, Gayle ; Collins, Melissa Lassiter 等
Emotional distress and behavioral problems are common in high school
students. Wassef et al. (Wassef, Ingham, Lassiter Collins, & Mason,
1995; Wassef, Lassiter Collins, Ingham, & Mason, 1995) have
discussed the etiology of these phenomena and the obstacles related to
the large-scale implementation of programs designed to assist students,
as well as the difficulty of assessing their efficacy. 'This
article presents the first-year results of the Student Assistance
Program, which involves peer support groups. The areas in which
improvement was found are highlighted.
METHOD
In the 1990-1991 academic year, the Student Assistance Program - an
early intervention approach involving volunteer-facilitated peer support
groups - was launched in a southeast Texas high school. Fifteen hundred
students were enrolled in the school: 5:1% male and 49% female; 69%
Anglos, 1.7% Hispanics, 12% African Americans, and 2% Asians. Minorities
were somewhat overrepresented in the school as compared with the
community. English was the primary language in :more than four-fifths of
the students' homes. Spanish and Vietnamese were the languages for
most of the remainder. Approximately 20% of the students received free
or reduced-price lunches, reflecting the middle to low socioeconomic
status of this population.
At the beginning of the school year, all students were provided with
information about the support groups available for those who were
experiencing emotional distress or behavioral problems. Students, family
members, and school staff could also anonymously provide the names of
those who, in their opinion, were having significant difficulties and
might benefit from inclusion in the program. Participation in the
groups, however, was strictly voluntary regardless of the type of
referral or the perceived problem. A screening team, which included the
school counselor, evaluated the applicants to confirm the need for help.
Students who were experiencing problems that required immediate
attention and those who needed hospitalization or out-of-school
management were referred to outside resources (approximately 10% of the
applicants).
The age range of the 11.8 participants was 14-19 years. They were
assigned to small groups of 8-12 students based on their presenting
problems. They met weekly on the school campus for 50 minutes during
school hours. In the group meeting, the students discussed their
concerns and stressors at home and school, as well as different coping
strategies. Each group focused on one of the following topics: the
consequences of substance use and how to remain abstinent; the effects
of substance use by a relative (usually a parent) or a friend; parental
divorce and remarriage; grief; school, family, relationships, and
self-image; abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional); body image; the dual
role of parent and student; depression; and minority issues. Each of the
groups convened in the presence of two volunteer facilitators, who were
not mental health professionals (a school staff member and an adult from
the community). All volunteers received 2-3 days of training and ongoing
in-service instruction (8 hours per year), including how to play a
nondirective role.
Group meetings were held on a rotating basis to preclude missing the
same class. The school expected the participants to complete any work
assigned during missed classes. Students received no educational credit
for participation.
The facilitators contacted students who failed to show up for group
meetings, encouraging them to resume participation or referring
'them to other sources of help. Students were not penalized for
withdrawing :from the groups (approximately 5%). At the end of the
semester, participants who wanted to reenroll for the following semester
were allowed to do so. New students were added to the existing groups.
Since all students who qualified for the program were allowed to
participate, 'there were no control groups.
At the end of the school year, the students anonymously completed the
24-item Self-Assessment Questionnaire (see Wassef, Mason, Lassiter
Collins, O'Boyle, & Ingham, 1996). The first 14 items (see
Table 1) measured the effect of participation on items related to
interpersonal, internal and school domains. Possible answers were:
positive effect, no effect, negative effect, encounter too brief to
tell, and does not apply. The next 7 items dealt with overall program
acceptability. Three questions dealt with dropping out of school and
substance use. Reliability of the Self-Assessment Questionnaire has been
established; Cronbach's alpha = .85 (Wassef et al., 1996).
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that more students reported positive effects of the
peer support groups than no effects or negative effects for all of the
first 14 items except impact on school attendance, for which almost half
reported no effect. Table 2 shows that students who indicated their
intention to join an in-school support group the following year exceeded
those who intended to participate in an out-of-school group. Nearly nine
out of ten stated that they would recommend the school group to a
friend, two-thirds asked a friend to join, and a third referred a friend
directly to the counselor for evaluation. Only 38.7% of the students
expressed comfort with participating in the group at the beginning;
however, by the end, only 3.2% remained uncomfortable. On a 5-point
scale, 53.3% rated the general efficacy of the groups as 5 (highest),
30% as 4, 16.7% as 3, and none as 2 or 1.
[TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED]
[TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 2 OMITTED]
As an indicator of pathology at the time of enrollment in the
program, almost 23% of the students admitted to hawing considered
dropping out of school, and 74% admitted to having used alcohol or drugs
in the past. At the end of the year, two-thirds of the students in the
latter group indicated that their alcohol and drug use had gone down
(40.8% reduced their use and 26.5% stopped altogether). Two-thirds of
the students who reported no change in the amount consumed reported
increased awareness of alcohol and drug use as a problem.
Positive outcomes have also been reported for other programs. Wilhoit
and Roesch (1989) noted improvement in attendance, drop-out rate, and
disciplinary action when students were seen individually on a weekly
basis. Eggert, Seyl, and Nicholas (1990) noted improvement in school
grades, attendance, and drop-out rate for students who attended daily
groups with teachers. Korczynski (1989) reported on weekly groups
conducted by a trained psychiatric nurse without discussing outcome.
The program investigated here offers an economically feasible
approach that combines low frequency of contact, a group format, and
does not require mental health professionals as facilitators. The
program provides well-accepted and easily accessible assistance that is
not hindered by cost or stigmatized, as services received outside of
school often are. That one-third of the respondents referred friends for
evaluation indicates that the program could help students who otherwise
might not be recognized as distressed. Additionally, while some
adolescents may want to handle their problems without the intervention
of an adult (Offer et al., 1991; Vieland et al., 1991), this study found
that the students adapted well to the facilitators. The presence of
facilitators protects students and reassures parents and school boards.
Several factors contributed significantly to the successful
implementation of the program and. to its recognition by state and
national agencies. A task force consisting of school representatives and
community leaders helped in developing program philosophy and procedures
that were well received. This ensured the support of the school
administration and created a sense of community and school ownership of
the program. In addition, as group facilitators were not professional
mental health providers, initial and continuing in-service training and
the availability of school counselors were of great importance.
It should be emphasized that this is an early intervention program
for students with mild to moderate problems. Students with severe
problems are referred to traditional psychiatric services. Also, to
enhance its acceptability, the program should be promoted as a self-help
group approach run by volunteers to help normal students who are
distressed, and not as a program for students with problem behaviors.
Students who feel uncomfortable in the group setting should be
encouraged to participate for a few sessions to determine for themselves
if they wish to continue.
The size of the student body involved in the study and the absence of
demographic data limit the generalizability of the program evaluation.
It could be argued that since participation was voluntary, only students
with minimal psychopathology and more supportive families were willing
to join. Papini et al. (1990) noted that adolescents who perceived their
parents as being warm and nurturing engaged in significantly more
self-disclosure with their parents and peers. However, nearly a quarter
of the students considered dropping out of school and 74% used alcohol
and drugs, indicating significant pathology, which their families had
failed to resolve. It can also be argued that voluntary participation
was indicative of high motivation to change and, as a result, the
problems would likely have been resolved without school intervention. As
there was no control group, this possibility cannot be ruled out.
However, that less than one-tenth of t.he students indicated they
intended to seek support groups outside the school system is evidence
that the majority found such sources of help either unacceptable or
inaccessible.
As with any self-report measure, students may have chosen the most
socially acceptable response. This was not likely the case here,
however, since data collection was anonymous and three-quarters
disclosed using alcohol or drugs. Another possibility is that a sense of
"group loyalty" increased the perception of positive effects
or extended it to other areas. This again was unlikely, given the
differences :in reported efficacy (e.g., only 38% and 55% of the
respondents reported a positive effect of the program on their school
attendance and physical health, respectively, whereas 76% noted
improvement in finding different ways 'to deal with the problems
they faced).
Although the present study confirms the efficacy of the program, as
proposed earlier by Wassef et al. (1996), and indicates that such an.
approach can be successful only one year after implementation, a more
precise evaluation calls for assessment of the students'
psychopathology before and after participation. Comparative studies
evaluating the efficacy of this program, traditional groups offered by
mental health professionals, and the standard help available in schools
would also be valuable. Additionally, the program's long-term
efficacy and the ideal duration and frequency of group meetings should
be studied. Correlation between the reported (subjective) changes and
objective changes in academic performance, school drop-out :rate,
disciplinary actions, and school attendance, as well as the assessments
of teachers and parents, would be helpful.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings showed that one-year voluntary participants in
school-based volunteer-facilitated peer support groups helped to
alleviate adolescents' emotional distress and behavioral problems.
The low cost of the program allows it to reach students who might
otherwise not receive help.
This work has been supported, in part, by the Dickinson Independent
School District. The authors would like to thank all of the volunteers
who donated their time as peer support group facilitators; the Dickinson
Independent School District Board of Trustees, Superintendent Bill
Borgers, Ph.D., Principal Ron Ahlhorn, M.S., and Louise Bell, Ed.D., for
their assistance and support; and Attallah Wassef, Ph.D., for his
scientific and editorial advice.
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