Do attitudinal and behavioral ratings of family members vary across familial configurations?

Parish, Thomas S. ; Necessary, James R.

Many studies have compared family members' ratings and/or evaluations across familial configurations (e.g., Parish, 1987a, 1988; Parish & Dostal, 1980; Parish & Taylor, 1979; Raschke & Raschke, 1979; Rosendahl & Wells, 1983). In general, fathers from divorced families have not fared well in comparison with fathers from intact families. In contrast, evaluations of mothers and self-ratings (i.e., self-concepts) by children of divorce have not been so clearly diminished according to available research.

Notably, familial configurations are currently becoming more diverse. Therefore, studies conducted in this area must also diversify in order to better reflect the different family structures (i.e., intact, reconstituted, single-parent-divorced, single-parent-never married, and legal guardian families) and accompanying familial dynamics.

As in many earlier studies (e.g., Parish, 1987a; Parish & Kappes, 1980), the Personal Attribute Inventory (PAI; Parish, Bryant, & Shirazi, 1976) was used in the present study to assess students' attitudes toward themselves and their parents. In addition, the Revised Love/Hate Checklist (RLHC; Parish & Necessary, 1993) was also used in order to determine how parents are perceived to act toward one another across various familial configurations. As William Glasser (1980) has noted, "we are as we act," and how parents act may ultimately have a lasting impact on how their children act in turn.

METHOD

A total of 212 students enrolled in a midwestern high school voluntarily completed PAIs in order to describe themselves, their fathers, and their mothers. These inventories consist of 100 alphabetically arranged adjectives (50 positive and 50 negative), from which the respondents select 30 that were most descriptive of them. The score is based on the number of "positive" adjectives checked.

Students in the present study also completed the RLHCs twice--once to describe how their fathers acted toward their mothers, and once to describe how their mothers acted toward their fathers. These checklists consist of 40 alphabetically arranged adverbs (20 loving and 20 hateful), from which the respondents choose 10 that best describe how each parent acts toward the other parent. The score is based on the number of "loving" adverbs checked.

All forms were presented to the respondents in a counterbalanced fashion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

One-way analyses of variance were used to examine the possible differences in the various dependent variables associated with different familial configurations.

Regarding PAI scores, students' evaluations of their fathers were found to vary significantly as a function of their familial configuration, F(4, 182) = 5.07, p [is less than] .001). The Multiple Range post hoc test indicated that only the students from the divorced families ([Mathematical Expression Omitted]) had significantly lower evaluations of their fathers than did their counterparts from intact families ([Mathematical Expression Omitted]). Ratings of fathers by those from other family backgrounds fell between these two points of comparison.

Students' evaluations of themselves, F(4, 207) = 0.97, p [is greater than] .05) and their mothers, F(4, 196) = 0.94, p [is greater than] .05) both failed to vary significantly across familial configurations.

Regarding RLHC scores, fathers' actions toward mothers varied significantly as a function of family background, F(4, 166) = 19.95, p [is less than] .0001). The Multiple Range post hoc test revealed that fathers from intact families [Mathematical Expression Omitted] were perceived to act significantly more lovingly toward their spouses than did their counterparts from reconstituted families [Mathematical Expression Omitted], divorced families [Mathematical Expression Omitted], and single-parent (never married) families [Mathematical Expression Omitted]. Males serving as legal guardians [Mathematical Expression Omitted] were not found to vary significantly from all the aforementioned groups in terms of how lovingly they interacted toward their spouses. No other significant differences were found between all other points of comparison.

Mothers' actions toward fathers, like fathers' actions toward mothers, were found to vary significantly as a function of family background, F(4, 169) = 27.71, p [is less than] .0001). According to the Multiple Range post hoc test, mothers' actions (like fathers' actions) toward their spouses were most loving for those from intact families [Mathematical Expression Omitted], but significantly less so for those from reconstituted families [Mathematical Expression Omitted], divorced families [Mathematical Expression Omitted], and single-parent families [Mathematical Expression Omitted]. As with their male parent counterparts, the women serving as legal guardians [Mathematical Expression Omitted] were not found to vary significantly from any of the other women from the other familial configurations.

The findings reported in the present study support earlier research which shows that fathers' evaluations by their children are greatly jeopardized in the wake of divorce in comparison to fathers' ratings by students from intact families, but this difference did not materialize in the other nondivorced families.

Students' self-ratings and evaluations of mothers seemed not to vary across any and all family types. That this is also so in most other studies (e.g., Parish, 1987a, 1988; Raschke & Raschke, 1979), seems to suggest that most alternate familial configurations may not be problematic for all concerned.

Regarding fathers' and mothers' perceived loving actions toward one another, the findings from the present study certainly suggest that intact families tend to offer the most stable and loving parental relationship for their children. However, parents in the other alternate familial configurations may wish to consider what they are doing, the possible impact of their actions, and how they can adjust them in order to foster a more loving environment (see Parish, 1987b; Parish, Dostal, & Parish, 1981; Raschke & Raschke, 1979).

REFERENCES

Glasser, W. (1980). We are as we act. Comments offered by Dr. Glasser as part of a live Telenet broadcast from Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Parish, T. S. (1987a). The effects of family structure and birth order on college students' ratings of self and parents. College Student Journal, 21(4), 366-369.

Parish, T. S. (1987b). The family and environment. In V. Van Hasselt, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology. Elmsford, NJ: Pergamon Press, pp. 168-181.

Parish, T. S. (1988). Children's self-concepts: Are they affected by parental divorce and remarriage? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2(4), 559-562.

Parish, T. S. Bryant, W. & Shirazi, A. M. (1976). The Personal Attribute Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 715-720.

Parish, T. S., & Dostal, J. (1980). Evaluations of self and parent figures by children from intact, divorced and reconstituted families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, 347-351.

Parish, T, S., Dostal, J., & Parish, J. G. (1981). Evaluations of self and parents as a function of intactness of family and family happiness. Adolescence, 16, 203-210.

Parish, T. S., & Kappes, B. (1980). The impact of father loss on the family. Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 107-112.

Parish, T. S., & Necessary, J. R. (1993). Perceived actions of parents and attitudes of youth. Adolescence, 28, 185-188.

Parish, T. S., & Taylor, J. (1979). The impact of divorce and subsequent father absence on children's and adolescents' self-concepts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8, 427-432.

Raschke, H., & Raschke, V. (1979). Family conflict and children's self-concepts: A comparison of intact and single-parent families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 367-374.

Rosendahl, F., & Wells, J. (1983). Use of the semantic differential to evaluate long-term effects of loss of parent on concepts of the family. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 143, 269-278.

James R. Necessary is an Assistant Professor, Department of Business Education and Office Administration at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.