Wildlife diversity on the periphery of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Wadley, Reed L.

Introduction

This paper presents data on faunal diversity derived from a year-long study of hunting patterns in an Iban community on the periphery of Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP), West Kalimantan, Indonesia. These unique data on birds and mammals provide an important baseline for future conservation work in the area despite being somewhat dated (1993-1994). They are particularly important given the high level of illegal logging in the DSNP vicinity over the last five years. The study community is unique in the area for not allowing its preserved old growth forests to be logged, thus potentially providing refuge to wildlife fleeing surrounding logged forest (Meijaard et al. 2006). It is important to note that this study was not designed to measure faunal diversity but rather hunting patterns, although the data presented provide hints at that diversity.

Methods

DSNP is located in a remote area of West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and situated close to the Malaysian border of Sarawak, approximately 700 km. inland from the provincial capital, Pontianak. DSNP is an area of interconnected seasonal lakes and seasonally flooded tropical forests with the water catchment consisting of lowland tropical forest in the hills and flooded forest in the low-lying areas. A patchwork of various forest developmental stages characterizes the former and is a result of commercial logging, swidden cultivation, and smallholdings of rubber and pepper. The altitude within the park is approximately 30-35 m. above sea level, while the surrounding hills rise as high as 760 m. Daytime temperatures are consistently 26-30 degrees Celsius, with annual rainfall ranging between 3000 and 4000 mm. The driest months are usually July, August, and September.

The area was established as the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve in 1985 (Giesen 1987), became Indonesia's second Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 1994 and was upgraded to a National Park in 1999 (Giesen and Aglionby 2000). It remains, however, a "paper park" as the only effective management has ever been that of local indigenous communities (Colfer and Wadley 2001). The main part of the park comprises around 1250 [km..sup.2] (Aglionby and Whiteman 1996) though the exact boundaries of the park remain unclear. The study area reported here (located in the hills northeast of the reserve core) may eventually be considered a transition zone, a buffer zone, or even part of the park core.

The permanent park population in 1995 (the most recent census) was 6,575 people, and the population density fluctuated seasonally between 5.3 and 6.4 persons per [km..sup.2] (Aglionby and Whiteman 1996). Around 80% of the population were Muslim-Malay fisherfolk, while the remainder, and those occupying the park periphery and surrounding hills, were largely Christian Dayaks, (1) the majority of whom were Iban. In the Batang Lupar District, part of which overlaps with the northeast portion of the park, the population density was 3.3 persons per [km..sup.2] in 1995 (Kecamatan Batang Lupar 1995).

Study focused on the Iban longhouse community of Sungal Sedik (2) located about 6 km. from the district administrative center and market town of Lanjak. The longhouse was a 14-household community containing about 98 residents during the period of study, with an average household size of 6 people. The surrounding territory claimed by the longhouse encompasses approximately 24 [km..sup.2] and was a patchwork of forest succession, agricultural plots, rubber smallholdings, and specially preserved forest* Elevation ranges between around 100 to over 700 meters above sea level. The Sungai Sedik territory (with a density of 4.1 persons per [km..sup.2]) was occasionally hunted by members of at least five other longhouse communities and residents of Lanjak. The estimated population density of the area around and including Sungai Sedik (about 322 [km..sup.2]) was 5.1 persons per [km..sup.2]. The Sungai Sedik economy was based on swidden rice agriculture and male labor migration to Malaysia and Brunei.

Data on hunting were collected by the author in 1993-1994 using an interview schedule developed by himself, Carol Colfer and Ian Hood* It was administered immediately after every hunting trip for six one-month sampling periods distributed evenly over a year* Interviews were conducted in the Iban language. The hunters consisted of twelve men (over 15 years of age) and eleven boys (under 15 years), and they were asked a series of questions about hunts and their observations. (3) (When there was more than one hunter on a trip, the men were interviewed separately as a cross-check*) Of interest here are their reports on animals encountered, both in terms of the number of encounters and the number of animals encountered. (4) (An encounter is defined as any sighting of an animal, whether or not it resulted in capture.) Birds and mammals encountered but not captured were identified through the use of field guides (i.e., Smythies 1981, Francis 1984, Payne et al. 1985). (5) Identification of captured animals brought to the longhouse was done by the author in order to determine species, sex, relative age, and physical condition.

Men tended to hunt alone or with one or two companions, while boys invariably hunted in groups; occasionally a man would take a boy or two with him. In previous analyses of these data (i.e., Wadley et al. 1997, Wadley and Colfer 2004), boys' hunting was excluded because the author discovered early on that during periods when no data were collected, boys tended to hunt less. It was deduced that they were going out of their way to hunt during study periods, to bring back prey for analysis and identification. (This was not the case for adult hunting which is representative of the periods when no data were collected.) Thus the hunting done by boys is not representative of hunting patterns, but the data are included here because of their important observations on faunal diversity.

Hunting reported here was largely for subsistence. Iban preferred large-bodied mammalian prey (bearded pigs and deer), but were opportunistic about what animals they actually captured on hunts (Wadley et al. 1997). Although some game (particularly bearded pigs) were occasionally taken to the market town and sold, there was only one case of this during the study period (Wadley et al. 1997). The capture of live animals also occasionally occurred in the area, such as when hunters shot female orangutans or gibbons in order to capture their young for sale. No instances of this occurred at Sungai Sedik, although there were cases elsewhere.

Results and Discussion

Hunters encountered 102 species of birds from 27 families and 45 species of mammals from 16 families (Tables 1-2) in habitats ranging from fallowed secondary forest to old longhouse sites. Most encounters occurred in older growth forest of various kinds (see Wadley et al. 1997, Wadley and Colfer 2004) as hunters concentrated their efforts on locations most likely to contain or attract game. They did not systematically sample forest habitats, thus likely missing a number of animals.

Table 3 lists animals encountered by the author outside of the hunting study during the years 1992-1994. Of particular interest is Ptilocercus lowii, a highly rare squirrel. A single individual had entered the Sungai Sedik longhouse one night and was killed by a domestic cat. Despite its distinctive appearance and perhaps because it is both rare and nocturnal, not even the oldest hunters had ever seen one, except in the author's field guide (Payne et al. 1985). The residents were at a loss as to how to classify it exactly: some called it tupai (squirrel), and others cit (rat).

A simple comparison was made of wildlife diversity at Sungai Sedik with that reported for the DSNP core and that of Gunung Palung National Park, also in West Kalimantan (see Wadley, 2002 for details). Measured in terms of species numbers, Sungai Sedik was, on the surface, less diverse overall than the core of DSNP. There were 224 species of birds from 47 families reported for DSNP. For mammals, DSNP had 39 species from 20 families reported. Compared to Gunung Palung, bird diversity was lower at Sungai Sedik with the former having 216 species from 40 families reported. Mammal diversity was similarly skewed with Gunung Palung having 73 species from 24 families reported. However, the proportion of species numbers was very similar among these sites (e.g., for birds: pigeons, cuckoos, hornbills, bulbuls, babblers, flycatchers, spiderhunters, and flowerpeckers; for mammals: treeshrews, monkeys, squirrels, and civets) with some exceptions (e.g., for birds: eagles and woodpeckers; for mammals: rats).

One factor in the differences between Sungai Sedik and Gunung Palung may have been environmental (e.g., Sungai Sedik's mosaic forest and Gunung Palung's old growth lowland forest). But the forests within DSNP, like those of Sungai Sedik, were not at all uniform. Sungai Sedik's proximity to DSNP suggests the method of study, with its focus on hunting and on hunters' unsystematic reports, as being important in explaining some of these differences. Nonetheless, Iban forest management--through the cycling of secondary forest for swiddening and preservation of various tracts of older growth forest--may promote some degree of biodiversity by creating a mosaic of forest habitats that different plants and animals exploit, and by favoring organisms that are intolerant of old growth forest conditions. The resulting biodiversity may be different from that seen in extensive old growth forest as the comparison above suggests, all things being equal with data collection methods.

In the years since this study, there have been a number of important changes that have affected local habitats. Foremost among them is the growth in human population, both regionally and at Sungai Sedik, and a recent explosion in illegal logging. An increase in the number of households from 14 in 1994 to 20 in 2006 has resulted in an expansion of swiddening and an apparent shortening of the fallow cycle, thus reducing the extent of older secondary forest available to wildlife. This appears to hold true for the surrounding area as well.

After 1997, logging shifted from government-licensed concessions to being foreign-backed (Malaysian) and local community-led efforts (Wadley 2006). This illegal logging accelerated until 2005 when it was stopped by provincial and national police. In that short time, the lowland forests surrounding DSNP and forming its buffer zone were heavily cut (Dennis et al. n.d.), as were the community forests adjacent to Sungai Sedik. That community, however, effectively preserved most of its older growth upland forest, even stopping encroachment by logging operations across its watershed in 2004. The community's last remaining stand of swamp forest (about 10-15 ha) was logged in 2003, though it is likely that this would have eventually been converted to short-fallowed swamp rice fields. As one of the few places in the area with undamaged old growth forests, it is likely that Sungai Sedik's forest has come to serve as a refuge for animals displaced, at least temporarily, by logging activities and forest degradation elsewhere.

Acknowledgements

Faunal data were collected while the author served as a consultant (1993-1994) on the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve Conservation Project under the auspices of Asian Wetland Bureau (now Wetlands International-Indonesian Programme), the Indonesian Directorate of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHPA) and the Overseas Development Administration, UK (now Department for International Development). Additional research (1992-1994) was funded by the US National Science Foundation (Grant No. BNS-9114652), Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Sigma Xi and Arizona State University and was sponsored by the Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Pontianak. Thanks to Nicole Williamson for her help in compiling the tables. Any conclusions and opinions drawn here are not necessarily those of the above agencies and individuals: the author alone is responsible.

Bibliography

Aglionby, J. and A. Whiteman 1996 The Utilization of Economic Data for Conservation Management Planning: A Case Study from Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve. Pontianak: Conservation Project, Indonesia-UK Tropical Forest Management Programme.

Colfer, C. J. P. and R. L. Wadley 2001 From "Participation" to "Rights and Responsibilities" in Forest Management: Workable Methods and Unworkable Assumptions in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: C. J. P. Coifer and Y. Byron (eds.), People Managing Forests: The Links Between Human Well-Being and Sustainability. Resources for the Future Press and Center for International Forestry Research, Washington, D.C. and Bogor. Pp. 278-99.

Dennis, R., A. Erman, and R. L. Wadley n.d. Illegal Logging in the Danau Sentarum National Park Buffer Zone. Paper in progress.

Francis, C. M. 1984 Pocket Guide to the Birds of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu/Kuala Lumpur: The Sabah Society/World Wildlife Fund Malaysia.

Giesen, W. 1987 Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve: Inventory, Ecology and Management Guidelines. Bogor, Indonesia: WWF/PHPA.

Giesen, W. and J. Aglionby 2000 Introduction to Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin 31:5-28.

Kecamatan Batang Lupar 1995 Data Penduduk Wilayah Kecamatan Batang Lupar, Oktober 1995. Lanjak: Kantor Camat, Kecamatan Batang Lupar.

MacKinnon, J. and K. Phillipps 1993 A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Meijaard, E., D. Sheil, R. Nasi, and S. A. Stanley 2006 Wildlife Conservation in Bornean Timber Concessions. Ecology and Society 11(1):47; URL: http//www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art47/.

Payne, J., C. M. Francis, and K. Phillipps 1985 A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society/World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu/Kuala Lumpur.

Smythies, B. E. 1981 The Birds of Borneo. Third edition. Kota Kinabalu/Kuala Lumpur: The Sabah Society/Malayan Nature Society.

Wadley, R. L. 2002 Iban Forest Management and Wildlife Conservation along the Danau Sentarum Periphery, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Malayan Nature Journal 56(1):83-101.

2006 Community Co-operatives, Illegal Logging and Regional Autonomy in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: F. Cooke (ed.), State, Communities and Forests in Contemporary Borneo. ANU e-Press (http://epress.anu.edu.au/ borneo citation.htm), Canberra, Australia. Pp. 111-32.

Wadley, R. L. and C. J. P. Colfer 2004 Sacred Forest, Hunting, and Conservation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Human Ecology 32(3):313-38.

Wadley, R. L., C. J. P. Colfer, and I. G. Hood 1997 Hunting Primates and Managing Forests: The Case of Iban Forest Farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Human Ecology 25(2):243-71.

(1) "Dayak" refers to the indigenous, non-Muslim inhabitants of Borneo; Dayaks who have converted to Islam generally become reclassified as Melayu or Malay, such as the Danau Sentarum Malays.

(2) In some earlier publications, this community was presented under a pseudonym, Wong Garai; this is no longer deemed necessary.

(3) Questions concerned such things as time of day, duration of hunt, weather during hunt, location of hunt, locations traversed during hunt, type of environment in which animals were encountered, and animals encountered, shot at, and captured.

(4) The numbers of animals hunters saw during encounters were usually estimates and may not accurately reflect numbers of animals in the area. Hunters reported (sometimes estimated) the numbers of animals seen at any one encounter, which might range from a solitary gibbon or hornbill to a troop of langurs or a horde of bulbuls. These numbers do not represent extant population sizes because particular animals might have been encountered more than once and therefore counted numerous times. They do, however, give some impression of the relative abundance of each species.

(5) Species classification for birds has been updated following that used by MacKinnon and Phillipps (1993).

Reed L. Wadley

Department of Anthropology

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia MO 65211 USA

Email: wadleyr@missouri.edu

Table 1. Sungai Sedik Bird List (a)

Scientific Name English Name Iban Name

ACCIPITRIDAE HAWKS & EAGLES

Ictinaetus lang
malayensis black eagle mukong

PHASIANIDAE PHEASANTS

Rollulus rouloul crested partridge sengayan

Lophura
erythropthalma crestless fireback sempidan

RALLIDAE RAILS

Amaurornis white-breasted
phoenicurus waterhen engkeruak

 PIGEONS &
COLUMBIDAE DOVES

 empuna'
Treron capellei large green pigeon bedidi'

 thick-billed
Treron curvirostra green pigeon empuna'

 cinnamon-headed
Treron fulvicollis green pigeon empuna'

Chalcophaps indica emerald dove imbok

Macropygia emiliana ruddy cuckoo-dove imbok

 PARROTS AND
PSITTACIDAE PARAKEETS

 blue-crowned
Loriculus galgulus hanging-parrot entilit

CUCULIDAE CUCKOOS

Cacomantis
merulinus plaintive cuckoo tiup api

Phaenicophaeus
chlorophaeus Raffles's malkoha mendo' ilai

Phaenicophaeus black-bellied mendo'
diardi malkoha jugam

Phaenicophaeus chestnut-breasted mendo'
curvirostris malkoha sabang

Centropus sinensis greater coucal bubut

Centropus
bengalensis lesser coucal encelukup

 unidentified
 malkoha mendo'

STRIGIDAE OWLS
 lang
Ninox scutulata brown hawk-owl empelako

TROGONIDAE TROGONS

Harpactes Whitehead's
whiteheadi trogon beragai

ALCEDINIDAE KINGFISHERS

Ceyx rufidorsa rufus-backed ensing
 kingfisher

MEROPIDAE BEE-EATERS

 blue-throated kangkang
Merops viridis bee-eater kuso'

 red-bearded kangkang
Nyctyornis amictus bee-eater kuso'

BUCEROTIDAE HORNBILLS

 white-crowned
Aceros comatus hornbill sentuku

 kejako'/
Aceros corrugatus wrinkled hornbill kekue'

Aceros undulatus wreathed hornbill undan

Anthracoceros Asian black
malayanus hornbill berui'

Anthracoceros Oriental pied
albirostris hornbill berui'

 rhinocerous
Buceros rhinoceros hornbill kenyalang

CAPITONIDAE BARBETS

Megalaima rafflesii red-crowned barbet tegok

Megalaima
mystacophanos red-throated barbet tegok

Megalaima tegok /
pulcherrima (c) golden-naped barbet tekarak

Megalaima australis blue-eared barbet tekarak

PICIDAE WOODPECKERS

Sasia abnormis rufus piculet ketupung

 crimson-winged
Picus uniceus woodpecker belatok

Blythipicus
rubignosus maroon woodpecker pangkas

 belatok /
 kumpang
Celeus brachyurus rufus woodpecker empali

EURYLAIMIDAE BROADBILLS

Eurylaimus black-and-yellow ganggang
ochromalus broadbill kaka

Cymbirhynchus black-and-red
macrorhynchus broadbill ganggang

PITTIDAE PITTAS

 burong
Pitta moluccensis blue-wined pitta pelandok

CAMPEPHAGIDAE CUCKOO-SHRIKES

 grey-chinned
Pericrocotus solaris minivet ensulit

 lesser
Coracina fimbriata cuckoo-shrike

 IORAS AND
CHLOROPSEIDAE LEAFBIRDS

Aegithina tiphia common iora tandok ulat

Aegithina tandok ulat
viridissima green iora / kico'

Chloropsis lesser green
cyanopogon leafbird penta daun

Chloropsis greater green
sonnerati leafbird penta daun

 unidentified
 green leafbird

PYCNONOTIDAE BULBULS

Pycnonotus eutilotus puff-backed bulbul empulo'

Pycnonotus black-and-
melanoleucos white bulbul empulo'

Pycnonotus empulo'
atriceps black-headed bulbul lilin

Pycnonotus plumosus olive-wined bulbul empulo'

 empulo'
Pycnonotus brunneus red-eyed bulbul raras

Pycnonotus empulo'
erythrophthalmos spectacled bulbul raras

 empulo'
Pycnonotus simplex cream-vented bulbul raras

 yellow-vented
Pycnonotus goiavier bulbul empulo'

Setornis criniger hook-billed bulbul empulo'

Tricholestes empulo'
criniger hairy-backed bulbul raras

Ixos malaccensis streaked bulbul empulo'

Iole olivacea buff-vented bulbul empulo'

 empulo'
Hypsipetes flavula ash bulbul jugo'

Alophoixus bres grey-cheeked bulbul empulo'

Criniger finschii Finsch's bulbul empulo'

 red-eyed or cream- empulo'
 vented bulbul

 unidentified bulbul empulo'

ORIOLIDAE ORIOLES

Oriolus xanthorus black-hooded oriole

 Asian
Irena puella fairy-bluebird kengan

CORVIDAE CROWS

Corvus enca slender-billed crow burong ka'

TIMALIIDAE BABBLERS

 sooty-capped
Malacopteron affine babbler engkecong

 fluffy-backed
Macronous ptilosus tit-babbler engkecong

 grey-throated
Stachyris nigriceps babbler engkecong

Stachyris black-throated
nigricollis babbler engkecong

 white-necked
Stachyris leucotis babbler engkecong

 chestnut-rumped
Stachyris maculata babbler engkecong

Stachyris chestnut-winged
erythroptera babbler engkecong

Trichastoma bicolor ferruginous babbler engkecong

 unidentified
 babbler

TURDIDAE ROBINS

Copsychus
malabaricus white-rumped shama nendak

Copsychus
saularis magpie-robin semalau

 TAILORBIRDS &
SYLVIIDAE WARBLERS

Orthotomus mountain
cuculatus tailorbird beriak

Orthotomus rufus-tailed
sericeus tailorbird beriak

Orthotomus
ruficeps ash tailorbird kuci

Phylloscopus
borealis arctic warbler kenyera

MUSCICAPIDAE FLYCATCHERS

 Malaysian blue
Cyornis turcosus flycatcher semujan

Cyanoptila blue-and-white
cyanomelana flycatcher

 white-throated
Rhipidura albicollis fantail engkani

 black-naped
Hypothymus azurea monarch semujan

 Asian paradise
Terpsiphone paradisi flycatcher semujan

 SUNBIRDS AND
NECTARINIDAE SPIDERHUNTERS

Aethopyga siparaja crimson sunbird engkerasak

Anthreptes ruby-cheeked
singalensis sunbird kuncit mali

 engkerasak
Anthreptes simplex plain sunbird / kuncit

Nectarinia copper-throated
calcostetha sunbird kuncit

 purple-throated
Nectarinia sperata sunbird

Arachnothera little
longirostra spiderhunter engkerasak

Arachnothera thick-billed
crassirostris spiderhunter engkerasak

Arachnothera yellow-eared
chyogenys spiderhunter engkerasak

Arachnothera long-billed
robusta spiderhunter engkerasak

DICAEIDAE FLOWERPECKERS

Prionochilus scarlet-breasted
thoracicus flowerpecker kuncit

Prionochilus yellow-rumped kuncit
xanthopygius flowerpecker kemali

Prionochilus crimson-breasted
percussus flowerpecker kuncit

Prionochilus yellow-breasted
maculatus flowerpecker kuncit

Dicaeum yellow-vented kuncit
chrysorrheum flowerpecker pelandok

 plain
Dicaeum concolor flowerpecker kuncit

 scarlet-backed kuncit
Dicaeum cruentatum flowerpecker benang

 black-sided
Dicaeum monticolum flowerpecker kuncit

Dicaeum orange-bellied
trigonostigma flowerpecker kuncit

 brown-backed
Dicaeum everetti flowerpecker kuncit

 scarlet-headed
Dicaeum trochileum flowerpecker

 various
 flowerpecker

 WEAVERS/
PLOCEIDAE MUNIAS

Lonchura fuscans dusky munia pipit

 No. No.
 Encoun- Animals Pos.
Scientific Name English Name ters Sighted ID (b)

ACCIPITRIDAE HAWKS & EAGLES

Ictinaetus
malayensis black eagle 1 1

PHASIANIDAE PHEASANTS

Rollulus rouloul crested partridge 5 12

Lophura
erythropthalma crestless fireback 1 2

RALLIDAE RAILS

Amaurornis white-breasted
phoenicurus waterhen (2) -2 *

 PIGEONS &
COLUMBIDAE DOVES

Treron capellei large green pigeon 1 7

 thick-billed
Treron curvirostra green pigeon 1 3 0

 cinnamon-headed
Treron fulvicollis green pigeon (1) (1)

Chalcophaps indica emerald dove 7 9 *

Macropygia emiliana ruddy cuckoo-dove (1) (1)

 PARROTS AND
PSITTACIDAE PARAKEETS

 blue-crowned
Loriculus galgulus hanging-parrot -1 (1)

CUCULIDAE CUCKOOS

Cacomantis
merulinus plaintive cuckoo 1 1 *

Phaenicophaeus
chlorophaeus Raffles's malkoha 2 3 *

Phaenicophaeus black-bellied
diardi malkoha 1 (1) 2 (1)

Phaenicophaeus chestnut-breasted
curvirostris malkoha 1 2

Centropus sinensis greater coucal 2 (1) 4 (l) *

Centropus
bengalensis lesser coucal (3) (5) *

 unidentified
 malkoha 1 1

STRIGIDAE OWLS

Ninox scutulata brown hawk-owl 1 1

TROGONIDAE TROGONS

Harpactes Whitehead's
whiteheadi trogon 1 2

ALCEDINIDAE KINGFISHERS

Ceyx rufidorsa rufus-backed 2 2 *
 kingfisher

MEROPIDAE BEE-EATERS

 blue-throated
Merops viridis bee-eater 1 1

 red-bearded
Nyctyornis amictus bee-eater 2 3

BUCEROTIDAE HORNBILLS

 white-crowned
Aceros comatus hornbill 4 7 *

Aceros corrugatus wrinkled hornbill 2 3 *

Aceros undulatus wreathed hornbill 1 2

Anthracoceros Asian black
malayanus hornbill 1 1

Anthracoceros Oriental pied
albirostris hornbill 1 2

 rhinocerous
Buceros rhinoceros hornbill 5 7 *

CAPITONIDAE BARBETS

Megalaima rafflesii red-crowned barbet 4 (1) 5 (3) 0

Megalaima
mystacophanos red-throated barbet 1 (1) 3 (1) *

Megalaima
pulcherrima (c) golden-naped barbet 1 1

Megalaima australis blue-eared barbet 5 (6) 51 (24) *

PICIDAE WOODPECKERS

Sasia abnormis rufus piculet 3 (1) 3 (1) *

 crimson-winged
Picus uniceus woodpecker 1 1

Blythipicus
rubignosus maroon woodpecker 1 1

Celeus brachyurus rufus woodpecker 1 (1) 6 (1) *

EURYLAIMIDAE BROADBILLS

Eurylaimus black-and-yellow
ochromalus broadbill 1 (1) 1 (1) *

Cymbirhynchus black-and-red
macrorhynchus broadbill (1) (1) *

PITTIDAE PITTAS

Pitta moluccensis blue-wined pitta 1 1

CAMPEPHAGIDAE CUCKOO-SHRIKES

 grey-chinned
Pericrocotus solaris minivet (1) (3) *

 lesser
Coracina fimbriata cuckoo-shrike (1) (1)

 IORAS AND
CHLOROPSEIDAE LEAFBIRDS

Aegithina tiphia common iora (2) (2) *

Aegithina
viridissima green iora 2 (1) 2 (1) *

Chloropsis lesser green
cyanopogon leafbird 3 (11) 7 (24) *

Chloropsis greater green
sonnerati leafbird 2 (2) 4 (4) *

 unidentified
 green leafbird (1) (1)

PYCNONOTIDAE BULBULS

Pycnonotus eutilotus puff-backed bulbul 1 (2) 1 (11)

Pycnonotus black-and-
melanoleucos white bulbul 3 (1) 14 (l)

Pycnonotus
atriceps black-headed bulbul 3 (12) 16 (49)

Pycnonotus plumosus olive-wined bulbul 7 (10) 48 (40) *

Pycnonotus brunneus red-eyed bulbul (1) (2)

Pycnonotus
erythrophthalmos spectacled bulbul 2 (1) 16 (l) *

Pycnonotus simplex cream-vented bulbul 1 (6) 2 (29) *

 yellow-vented
Pycnonotus goiavier bulbul (1) (1)

Setornis criniger hook-billed bulbul 6 (23) 14 (50) *

Tricholestes
criniger hairy-backed bulbul 3 (2) 11 (3) *

Ixos malaccensis streaked bulbul 2 (4) 11 (17)

Iole olivacea buff-vented bulbul 1 10

Hypsipetes flavula ash bulbul (1) (1)

Alophoixus bres grey-cheeked bulbul 1 5

Criniger finschii Finsch's bulbul (3) (4)

 red-eyed or cream- (1) (5)
 vented bulbul

 unidentified bulbul 5 (4) 76 (19)

ORIOLIDAE ORIOLES

Oriolus xanthorus black-hooded oriole 1 1

 Asian
Irena puella fairy-bluebird 9 (13) 11 (20) *

CORVIDAE CROWS

Corvus enca slender-billed crow (2) (11)

TIMALIIDAE BABBLERS

 sooty-capped
Malacopteron affine babbler 1 2 *

 fluffy-backed
Macronous ptilosus tit-babbler 3 13

 grey-throated
Stachyris nigriceps babbler 2 5

Stachyris black-throated
nigricollis babbler 1 10

 white-necked
Stachyris leucotis babbler 2 12

 chestnut-rumped
Stachyris maculata babbler 1 1

Stachyris chestnut-winged
erythroptera babbler (1) (2)

Trichastoma bicolor ferruginous babbler (1) (2) *

 unidentified 1 1
 babbler

TURDIDAE ROBINS

Copsychus
malabaricus white-rumped shama 2 3

Copsychus
saularis magpie-robin (6) (10) *

 TAILORBIRDS &
SYLVIIDAE WARBLERS

Orthotomus mountain
cuculatus tailorbird 1 1

Orthotomus rufus-tailed
sericeus tailorbird 1 1

Orthotomus
ruficeps ash tailorbird (2) (6) *

Phylloscopus
borealis arctic warbler (1) (4)

MUSCICAPIDAE FLYCATCHERS

 Malaysian blue
Cyornis turcosus flycatcher 1 1 *

Cyanoptila blue-and-white
cyanomelana flycatcher

 white-throated
Rhipidura albicollis fantail 1 10 *

 black-naped
Hypothymus azurea monarch 2 (1) 2 (1) *

 Asian paradise
Terpsiphone paradisi flycatcher 2 (1) 2 (1)

 SUNBIRDS AND
NECTARINIDAE SPIDERHUNTERS

Aethopyga siparaja crimson sunbird (5) (5) *

Anthreptes ruby-cheeked
singalensis sunbird (1) (1) *

Anthreptes simplex plain sunbird (2) (2)

Nectarinia copper-throated
calcostetha sunbird (3) (12) *

 purple-throated
Nectarinia sperata sunbird (1) (2)

Arachnothera little
longirostra spiderhunter 1 (1) 1 (2) *

Arachnothera thick-billed
crassirostris spiderhunter 1 3

Arachnothera yellow-eared
chyogenys spiderhunter 1 1

Arachnothera long-billed
robusta spiderhunter (1) (2)

DICAEIDAE FLOWERPECKERS

Prionochilus scarlet-breasted
thoracicus flowerpecker (1) 4 3 (4) *

Prionochilus yellow-rumped
xanthopygius flowerpecker 3 (8) 16 (37) *

Prionochilus crimson-breasted
percussus flowerpecker (4) (15) *

Prionochilus yellow-breasted
maculatus flowerpecker 2 (5) 20 (23) *

Dicaeum yellow-vented
chrysorrheum flowerpecker 6 (12) 23 (76) *

 plain
Dicaeum concolor flowerpecker 4 (11) 5 (35) *

 scarlet-backed
Dicaeum cruentatum flowerpecker 1 (17) 3 (22) *

 black-sided
Dicaeum monticolum flowerpecker 1 (1) 5 (1) *

Dicaeum orange-bellied
trigonostigma flowerpecker 1 (9) 10 (31) *

 brown-backed
Dicaeum everetti flowerpecker (3) (5)

 scarlet-headed
Dicaeum trochileum flowerpecker (1) (1) *

 various
 flowerpecker (3) (27)

 WEAVERS/
PLOCEIDAE MUNIAS

Lonchura fuscans dusky munia (7) (18) *

(a) Counts in parentheses are of boys' hunting

(b) Positive identification (Pos. ID) was done by the author during
hunts or through examination of captures animals following hunts.

(c) This is a probable mis-identification as it is confirmed to
northern Borneo according to MacKinnon and Phillipps (1993:232)

Table 2. Sungai Sedik Mammal List (a)

Scientific Name English Name Iban Name

TUPAIIDAE TREESHREWS

 common
Tupaia glis treeshrew tupai

 mountain
Tupaia montana treeshrew tupai

 slender
Tupaia gracilis treeshrew tupai

 lesser
Tupaia minor treeshrew tupai

 smooth-tailed
Dendrogale melanura tree shrew tupai

PTEROPODIDAE FRUIT BATS

Rousettus bare-backed kusing /
spinalatus rousette entamba'

Penthetor lucasi dusky fruit bat kusing

 SHEATH-
EMBALLONURIDAE TAILED BATS

Emballonura lesser sheath-
monticola tailed bat kesinda

 ROUNDLEAF
HIPPOSIDERIDAE BATS

Hipposideros fawn round
cervinus leaf bat kuca

VESPERTILIONIDAE COMMON BATS

Kerivoula papillose
papillosa woolly bat kecu

Tylonycteris
robustula greater bamboo bat kesinda

Glischropus thick-thumb
tylopus pipiistrelle kesinda

CERCOPITHECIDAE MONKEYS

Presbytis mela-
lophos cruciger banded langur bateh

 white-fronted
Presbytis frontata langur puan

Macaca long-tailed
fascicularis macaque kera'

 pig-tailed
Macaca nemestrina macaque nyumboh

HYLOBATIDAE GIBBONS

Hylobates muelleri Bornean gibbon empeliau

PONGIDAE APES

Pongo pygmaeus
pygmaeus orangutan maias

SCIURIDAE SQUIRRELS

Ratufa affinis giant squirrel engkerabak

Ratufa affinis
cothurnata giant squirrel engkerabak

Ratufa affinis
sandakanensis giant squirrel enLkerabak

 tupai
Callosciurus bekarang /
prevostii Prevost's squirrel tuai po'

Callosciurus plantain squirrel tuai sibau
notatus

Sundasciurus horse-tailed
hippurus squirrel tuai

Sundasciurus Jentink's
jentinki squirrel tuai pantok

Sundasciurus
lowi Low's s uirrel tuai

Lariscus three- or four-
insignis/hosei striped ground tupai
 squirrel sabang

 Bomean
Dremonys mountain ground
everetti squirrel tupai pekek

Rhinosciurus shrew-faced
laticaudatus ground squirrel tupai tanah

Exilisciurus plain pygmy
exilis squirrel pukang

 Whitehead's
Exilisciurus pygmy
whiteheadi squirrel pukang

Rheithrosciurus tufted ground
macrotis squirrel engkerampu'

 unidentified
 squirrel tupai

MURIDAE RATS

Rattus
argentiventor ricefield rat cit

 Norway rat cit

HYSTRICIDAE PORCUPINES

Thecurus thick-spined
crassispinis porcupine landak

URSIDAE BEARS

Helarctus malayanus sun bear jugam

VIVERRIDAE CIVETS

Paradoxurus common
hermaphroditus palm civet munsang

 masked
Paguma larvata palm civet merejang

Arctictis binturong binturong enturun

Arctogladia small-toothed munsang
trivirgata palm civet malon

SUIDAE PIGS
 jani'
Sus barbatus bearded pig kampong

TRAGULIDAE MOUSEDEER
 pelandoka
Tragulus javanicus lesser mousedeer gagas

 greater pelandoka
Tragulus napu mousedeer tampin

 BARKING
CERVIDAE DEER & DEER

 Bornean red
Muntiacus muntjak barking deer kijang

 Bornean yellow kijang
Muntiacus atherodes barking deer bera'

Cervus unicolor sambar deer rusa'

 unidentified deer kijang

 No. No.
 Encoun- Animals Pos.
Scientific Name English Name ters Sighted ID (b)

TUPAIIDAE TREESHREWS

 common
Tupaia glis treeshrew 1 1

 mountain
Tupaia montana treeshrew 1 5

 slender
Tupaia gracilis treeshrew 2 3 *

 lesser
Tupaia minor treeshrew (1) (1)

 smooth-tailed
Dendrogale melanura tree shrew 2 (2) 2 (2)

PTEROPODIDAE FRUIT BATS

Rousettus bare-backed
spinalatus rousette 1 1

Penthetor lucasi dusky fruit bat 2 200 *

 SHEATH-
EMBALLONURIDAE TAILED BATS

Emballonura lesser sheath-
monticola tailed bat 1 50 *

 ROUNDLEAF
HIPPOSIDERIDAE BATS

Hipposideros fawn round
cervinus leaf bat 1 100 *

VESPERTILIONIDAE COMMON BATS

Kerivoula papillose
papillosa woolly bat 1 100 *

Tylonycteris
robustula greater bamboo bat (1) (15) *

Glischropus thick-thumb
tylopus pipiistrelle (1) (5) *

CERCOPITHECIDAE MONKEYS

Presbytis mela-
lophos cruciger banded langur 2 15 *

 white-fronted
Presbytis frontata langur 11 40 *

Macaca long-tailed
fascicularis macaque 3 22 *

 pig-tailed
Macaca nemestrina macaque 16 200 *

HYLOBATIDAE GIBBONS

Hylobates muelleri Bornean gibbon 11 24 *

PONGIDAE APES

Pongo pygmaeus
pygmaeus orangutan 1 1

SCIURIDAE SQUIRRELS

Ratufa affinis giant squirrel 5 (1) 7 (1)

Ratufa affinis
cothurnata giant squirrel 8 (1) 16 (1) *

Ratufa affinis
sandakanensis giant squirrel

Callosciurus
prevostii Prevost's squirrel 20 (4) 20 (5)

Callosciurus plantain squirrel 6 (6) 21 (8)
notatus

Sundasciurus horse-tailed
hippurus squirrel 1 1

Sundasciurus Jentink's
jentinki squirrel 10 (2) 32 (2)

Sundasciurus
lowi Low's squirrel 3 (3) 7 (3) *

Lariscus three- or four-
insignis/hosei striped ground
 squirrel 7 (1) 34 (1)

 Bomean
Dremonys mountain ground
everetti squirrel 3 6

Rhinosciurus shrew-faced
laticaudatus ground squirrel 1 2

Exilisciurus plain pygmy
exilis squirrel 2 (1) 7 (1) *

 Whitehead's
Exilisciurus pygmy
whiteheadi squirrel (1) (1)

Rheithrosciurus tufted ground
macrotis squirrel 1 1 *

 unidentified
 squirrel 2 (1) 5 (1)

MURIDAE RATS

Rattus
argentiventor ricefield rat 1 1 *

 Norway rat (1) (1) *

HYSTRICIDAE PORCUPINES

Thecurus thick-spined
crassispinis porcupine 1 1 *

URSIDAE BEARS

Helarctus malayanus sun bear 1 2 *

VIVERRIDAE CIVETS

Paradoxurus common
hermaphroditus palm civet 2 3

 masked
Paguma larvata palm civet 1 1

Arctictis binturong binturong 1 1 *

Arctogladia small-toothed
trivirgata palm civet 12 17 *

SUIDAE PIGS

Sus barbatus bearded pig 28 97 *

TRAGULIDAE MOUSEDEER

Tragulus javanicus lesser mousedeer 5 5 *

 greater
Tragulus napu mousedeer 1 2 *

 BARKING
CERVIDAE DEER & DEER

 Bornean red
Muntiacus muntjak barking deer 17 21 *

 Bornean yellow
Muntiacus atherodes barking deer 1 1

Cervus unicolor sambar deer 1 1

 unidentified deer 1 1

(a) Counts in parentheses are of boys' hunting.

(b) Positive identification (Pos. ID) was done by the author during
hunts or through examination of captured animals following hunts.

Table 3. Animals Identified at Sungai Sedik outside of Hunting Study

Scientific Name English Name Than Name

Birds

Spizaetus cirrhatus changeable hawk-eagle lang
Ketupa ketupu buffy fish-owl lang empelako'
Sasia abnormis rufus piculet ketupong
Macronous gularis striped tit-babbler engkecong

Mammals

Ptilocercus lowii pintailed treeshrew tupai/cit
Rhinolophus trifoliatus trefoil horsehoe bat entawai
Nycticebus coucan slow loris bengkang
Lutra sumatrana hairy-nosed otter ringin