Mapping the undiscovered objects and sites in Lithuania.
Jasiunas, Justinas ; Maneikaite, Edita ; Venckus, Paulius 等
Introduction
Political and subsequent economic reforms, which started twenty
years ago, essentially changed the structure of the society, the form of
ownership, economic relations and the farming system. Consequently, the
territory of Lithuania was studded in thousands of structures that were
abandoned after their initial purpose was lost. Usually, these objects
were inappropriately maintained and were considered unfit for some new
purpose. That happened to many former agricultural, militaristic,
commercial or residential objects, graveyards, airfields and other
objects and sites (Apleiste ... 2008).
Authenticity and "intact" historical heritage of these
objects and locations attracts various different social groups, such as
extreme adventure travellers, members of various subcultures and etc.
Some of these objects and sites have a potential to become official
sites for historic, cognitive, extreme or some other type of tourism. An
inventory database of such objects could serve not only for diverse
subcultures, that enjoy exploring abandoned or undiscovered sites and
objects, but also for tour organisers, hikers or other unusual
activities. Inventory of uncommonly visited objects and sites, efficient
recording of information and visualisation is one of the ways to
encourage the interest of visitors, especially in regions that lack
popular official tourist attractions.
The project of the programme Crowd Sourcing in National Mapping was
carried out with a goal to collect and visualise such potential tourism
objects and sites in Lithuania. The project focused on collecting
information on objects without any tourism infrastructure that typically
fall outside official information sources; however, they are potentially
interesting or valuable to particular groups of the society (mainly
young people). Examples of such objects are abandoned fortifications,
caverns, sites of extinct villages, esoteric sites and etc. (Fig. 1).
First of all, the current situation of undiscovered objects and
sites in Lithuania was analysed and a new definition of an undiscovered
object and site was formulated. Then, methodology for database
organisation and visualisation of collected information was developed.
1. Analysis of the current situation
Specific sources, covering objects and sites as they were defined,
are very sparse. Most of the existing sources describe abandoned objects
and locations in Lithuania and abroad. Therefore, the current situation
analysis is based on websites related to urban exploration, digging,
historical research and etc.
The analysis focused on major Lithuanian websites, which provide
some information about undiscovered objects and sites. These websites
were analysed by classification of objects and sites, the publicity of
their accurate coordinate, visualisation, possibility to sort and etc.
Only some websites provide the classification of objects and sites. It
is important to mention that usually the existing classifications of
objects lack a clear classification criterion. The exceptions are www.
digeriai.lt and www.pamirsta.lt, which have two classification criteria:
appearance and topic or purpose.
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
Aiming to ensure the safety of visitors, prevent destruction and
acts of vandalism, no accurate coordinates of objects are provided on
the aforementioned websites. However, www.urbanexploration.lt offers an
interactive map, which provides the possibility to determine the
position of an object. This map enables a user to analyse the
distribution of undiscovered objects and sites in Lithuania.
Photographs are the key form of visual information that supplements
textual information on all websites. One of the websites also provides
some video recordings.
On www.digeriai.lt and www.antraspasaulinis.net, registered users
are free to comment or upload information. Other websites do not have
this functionality as data can only be edited by website administrators.
The analysis revealed advantages and disadvantages of such
websites, which was useful for the development of an improved website of
the type.
Because of the variety of undiscovered objects and sites listed in
these websites and other information sources, it was necessary to
clearly define such attractions. Primarily, the idea of alternative
tourism attractions was suggested as such objects and sites are not
attributable to the mass or conventional tourism. The concept is not
precise as alternative tourism is a broad category, which includes
different types of tourism from the oldest to newest forms that all have
a single common characteristic, namely, is an alternative to mass
tourism (Novelli 2005). Usually, such forms of tourism are associated
with small groups of explorers, usually educated, with specific
interests (Kinderis 2010). Main forms of alternative tourism are:
cultural tourism, social tourism, ecotourism, rural tourism, medical
tourism and urban tourism (Wearing, Neil 1999). Usually, alternative
tourism is defined as a process that seeks to achieve mutual
understanding, solidarity and equality amongst participants (Holden
1984). Or it is a type of tourism that is ecologically sound and avoids
the negative impacts of many large scale tourism developments
(Lertcharoenchoke 1999). In Lithuania, alternative tourism is understood
as a type of tourism with a purpose to reduce a negative impact and to
increase a positive impact on social, cultural and physical environment.
It creates an alternative to the mass tourism and is associated with
protection of nature and nurturance of national customs and traditions
(Aiskinamasis ... 2009).
The objects and sites analysed by the authors partially fall into
the area of alternative tourism. They attract certain groups of visitors
and they have potential to be organized by particular communities. They
are different and may be used for various forms of alternative tourism.
However, in many cases these objects and sites fail to correspond to the
idea of eco-friendly tourism because of pollution or hazardousness. For
example, urban explorers can be interested in an old chemical factory
yet it may contain environmentally hazardous substances harmful to human
health. Some derelict objects can cause accidents. The authors propose
an original definition: undiscovered tourist objects and sites are
cultural or natural objects and sites that fail to be included into
lists of mass tourism attractions due to their obscurity, poor condition
and communication and are sporadically or regularly visited by certain
social groups (extreme adventure travellers, members of various
subcultures and etc.). This definition fits a large number of different
objects and sites that have a fair potential to attract tourists to
their region.
2. Methodology
2.1. Data and object classification
As it was stated before, undiscovered objects and sites exist in a
great variety. This makes classification of such objects and sites
somewhat complex. Data attributes pertaining to objects and sites are
divided into types and subtypes, classified according to their
condition, impact on the environment or visitors.
Firstly, all objects and sites are divided into two basic types:
--Natural objects and sites (trees, scarps, sinkholes and etc.);
--Cultural objects and sites (buildings, monuments and etc.).
Each of these basic types can be divided into subtypes. The
importance of subtypes is to clarify the types, because they combine too
many different objects and sites. Only one unique criterion--appearance
--was selected to avoid vagueness. A discussion was held on the
criterion to be selected and the main candidates were appearance or
topic. The later was finally rejected as the variety of possible topics
is too wide, thus, it would be difficult to make a complete
classification. Meanwhile, appearance as the criterion limits the number
of possible subtypes to the certain number as all similar objects are
combined into one subtype. For instance, a bridge, viaduct and other
similar structures are attributed to the same subtype.
As the majority of objects are attributed to the cultural type, the
subtypes and subsequent classifications are not provided for natural
objects.
According to their condition, cultural objects are also classified
into the following groups:
--Functional--objects that maintained their primary purpose;
--Abandoned--neglected and nonfunctional objects;
--Closed--maintained but nonfunctional objects;
--Demolished--ruined objects;
--Rebuilt--objects that did not necessarily maintain their primary
purpose;
--Protected--functional or nonfunctional objects that are protected
by state institutions.
Some objects and sites may have an environmental impact or pose a
health and safety risk for visitors. Environmental impact is determined
assessing a possible chemical and physical (vibration, radiation, noise
and etc.) pollution. Health and safety risks for visitors are determined
assessing the condition of the object (rebuilt, tumbledown).
The following groups have been made in order to evaluate possible
environmental impact:
1. Safe objects;
2. Moderately hazardous objects;
3. Very hazardous objects.
Analogous groups were made to grade possible health and safety
risks for visitors.
2.2. Cartographic symbols
Undiscovered objects and sites are points and as their subtypes are
qualitative, they can be represented by point symbols (Asche, Hermann
2002). In mapping categorical data, cartographers often focus on
displaying different categories, types, subtypes or classes through
shape or colour hue. Also, different categories can be visualised
through different associative signs, which keep the direct similarity
link with a pictorial object or site. Associative symbols have been
designed for each subtype of the cultural type (Fig. 2).
The colour of associative symbols is also important because it can
help attributing a certain feel to an object. For example, grey colour
represents neutrality or rest and thus can be used to visualise a more
negative phenomenon or object. Usually perceived as neutral, grey colour
is used to mark undiscovered objects and sites.
[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]
2.3. Database design and organisation
The data set is designed for three different types of users:
1. Anonymous users. They can view all provided data and make data
queries;
2. Registered users. Any registered and logged-in user can do
limited editing tasks: enter, edit, and delete existing data. This data
access is essential for the development of the project, as almost all of
the data will be entered by this type of users;
3. Administrator is responsible for the correction of entered data
of registered users. Some data is published on the website only after
administrator's review and evaluation.
Database building consists of two stages: mapping and entering
attribute information. First of all, an object or site is marked on the
interactive map of Lithuania. Then, attribute data is entered into the
table that appears on the screen. There are some restrictions for each
field of this table (Table 1).
All objects and sites are registered as points in the Lithuanian
Coordinate System 1994 (LKS 94) on the interactive map. The map is based
on the spatial data set of reference base of the territory of Lithuania.
The copyright holder of this dataset is the National Land Service under
the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. The names of
databases are GDR10LT (georeferential spatial data set M 1:10 000 of the
Republic of Lithuania), GDR250LT (georeferential spatial data set M
1:250 000 of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania), ORT10LT
(digital raster ortophoto map M 1:10 000 of the Republic of Lithuania
(2009-2010)). A point can be marked directly on the map or entered as
coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the object or site. After
marking of objects and sites, the table of attribute data automatically
appears on the screen (Fig. 3).
All users can comment on each registered object or site. The link
between users, comments and objects tables of database is presented in
the Fig. 4.
Attribute data set consists of 5 compulsory and 6 optional fields.
The main attribute date fields can be divided into two groups:
identification (name, type, subtype) and security (hazardousness for the
environment and visitors). Other fields detail additional information
about the untrodden object or site. All of methodological aspects of
input of attributes data were represented in the Fig. 5.
3. Web map application
3.1. The technology of web map application
There are quite a few technologies for making of a web map
application. Some of them are plug-in-based RIA (rich internet
application) technologies such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Flex or Microsoft
Silverlight. They have a number of advantages, such as fast graphic
rendering, but they are not web browser native. It means that web users
must have that technology plug-in installed into their computer in order
to view a web map application. Another approach is to use web browser
native technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript and SVG. The main
advantage of this approach is that all current web browsers support its
technologies, including mobile web browsers.
[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]
[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]
Web mapping application at http://www.nemasinis.lt/ (Application in
future references) was created using that one last approach, which
doesn't force a user to mess with computer plug-ins.
As there are many open source JavaScript web mapping APIs (e.g.
OpenLayers, Leaflet, Modest Maps) these days, there is no need to invent
one in order to create a web app.
All web mapping APIs have their advantages and drawbacks, but
Leaflet seemed to be the best choice as it is lightweight, usable and
easily customisable, so Application mapping functionality was created
using Leaflet. Although it was somewhat challenging to make Leaflet,
which uses EPSG:3857 coordinate system, and work with ArcGIS server REST
services that use EPSG:3346 coordinate system, the problem was
successfully resolved. As graphics geometry of the Application is simple
(all graphics are points), there was no need to create a spatial
database and a plain MySQL database table was used instead. Application
web services like "points geometry query" or "point of
interest creation query" were created using PHP programming
language.
The main reason to choose PHP as a server--side programming
language was Lithuanian, shared hosting services support this
programming language--all popular Lithuanian shared hosting services
don't offer other programming languages than PHP. Application user
interface widgets were created using powerful JavaScript Framework ExtJS
4.
[FIGURE 5 OMITTED]
3.2. Management of data volume entered online
It is difficult to estimate the real number of undiscovered objects
and sites that will be entered by users of the Application, but the
authors believe it could reach a couple of thousand at best. This number
is not large in terms of data sent from a server to a client. Thus,
during development of the web map application, great efforts were
invested to reduce the server load and perform the largest possible
portion of data processing on the side of a client. The main concern is
rendering vector graphics on the client side. Currently SVG technology
is used to render vector data on undiscovered objects and all vector
graphics are rendered. Experiments carried out during development showed
that App map pan and zoom slows down noticeably when the number of
objects approaches 500. There are two possible ways to fix the problem:
1) Cluster vector graphics for small map scales.
2) Use of HTML5 Canvas API instead of SVG for vector graphics.
These two methods are still under investigation and heave not yet
been implemented. The authors seek to implement one of the methods
before a critical number of graphic objects is reached.
3.3. Search functionality
The App offers a search of undiscovered objects based on the object
title. A search is made on the client side. First of all, a search
keyword is lowercased and normalised (e.g. a letter "s" is
converted into "s"). Then, the loop through lowercased and
normalised titles of all undiscovered objects is executed. For every
iteration of an item in the loop, JavaScript's substr() method is
used, which determines if an item contains the search keyword.
All successful matches are displayed to the user. This search
method acts like a SQL's "LIKE" query. With small
datasets, this data search algorithm returns results almost instantly;
however, a search may take a second or so in case of datasets with a
couple of thousand records, which means that the web browser would
freeze for a second or so. This situation could be fixed using a server
side database and SQL queries, using HTML5 Web Workers API or just
simply displaying first 25 (50 or 100) matches.
Caption: Fig. 1. Examples of potential tourism objects in Vilnius:
a) artillery fortifications in Belmontas; b) the Paneriai tunnel
(http://vilniusguide.wordpress.com)
Caption: Fig. 2. Conventional symbols for the cultural type of
undiscovered objects and sites: 1) aerodromes; 2) gardens, parks; 3)
bridges; 4) tall structures; 5) stadiums; 6) fortresses and
fortifications; 7) quarries, mines; 8) ports and harbours; 9) ilitary
training grounds and bases; 10) cemeteries, barrows; 11) underground
structures; 12) dams; 13) dumping grounds; 14) buildings; 15) monuments;
16) others
Caption: Fig. 3. User interface for entering an object or site on
the interactive map. For example, the rowing club Zalgiris in Trakai
Caption: Fig. 4. Database structure in tables
Caption: Fig. 5. Input scheme of attributes data
doi: 10.3846/20296991.2013.807960
Acknowledgement
The paper was prepared as a part of the project Crowd Sourcing in
National Mapping (2012-2013) co-funded by the AGILE and EuroSDR.
Conclusions
1. The database and application of undiscovered objects and sites
are original in several aspects:
a) Classification of objects and sites by appearance;
b) Unique cartographic symbols specifically designed for each
subtype of objects and sites;
c) Possibility to analyse the collected data by municipalities and
by subtypes;
d) Possibility to view collected data as online map at
www.nemasinis.lt; to enter and edit data online using the Web
application designed and developed by the authors.
2. Inventory of undiscovered objects and sites and visualisation is
one of the ways to stimulate visitor interest, especially in regions
that lack famous official objects or beautiful landscapes.
3. Potential objects or sites for alternative tourism must be
analysed in order to model and to legalise alternative tourism that
could become an attractive branch of tourism in Lithuania. A significant
part of unknown or abandoned objects has a potential to be developed
into official sites of historical, extreme or other type of tourism.
Some of them may be dangerous or unwanted (such as some graffiti) and
corresponding actions can be taken when the inventory database and a map
with spatial analysis models are available. Availability of aggregated
information on a public map with route planning tools would encourage
visitor interest, especially in regions that lack famous tourist
attractions.
References
Aiskinamasis turizmo terminu zodynas. 2009 [online], [cited on 10
March 2013]. Vilnius, Valstybinis turizmo departamentas prie Lietuvos
Respublikos ukio ministerijos, Mokslo ir enciplopediju leidybos
institutas. Available on the Internet:
http://www.tourism.lt/upload/Turizmo_zod.pdf
Antrasis pasaulinis karas. Source of untrodden objects and sites in
Lithuania [online], [cited on 10 March 2013]. Available on the Internet:
www.antraspasaulinis.net
Apleisti.lt.: apleisti ir is naujo atrasti. Source of untrodden
objects and sites in Lithuania [online], [cited on 4 March 2013].
Available on the Internet: www.apleisti.lt
Apleistu statiniu likvidavimo programa. 2008. Parenge UAB
Hnit-Baltic ir UAB Statybos projektu ekspertizes centras. 159 p.
Asche, H.; Hermann, C. 2002. Thematic cartography, in R. W. Anson
and F. J. Ormeling (Eds.). Basic Cartography for students and
technicians. Vol. 2. UK, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 123-150.
Holden, P. 1984. Alternative Tourism: Report on the Workshop on
Alternative Tourism with a Focus on Asia. Ecumenical Coalition on Third
World Tourism. Bangkok.
Kinderis, R. 2010. Socialinio turizmo, kaip alternatyvios turizmo
formos, adaptacija Europoje, Profesines studijos: teorija ir praktika
2010/6: 99-106.
Lertcharoenchoke, N. 1999. Alternative tourism, ABAC Journal 19(2)
[online], [cited on 1 March 2013]. Available on the Internet:
http://www.journal.au.edu/abac_journal/may99/ article4_f.html
Lietuvos digeriai. Source of historical untrodden objects and sites
in Lithuania [online], [cited on 10 March 2013]. Available on the
Internet: www.digeriai.lt
Nieko naujo. Source of historical untrodden objects and sites in
Lithuania [online], [cited on 8 March 2013]. Available on the Internet:
www.niekonaujo.lt
Novelli, M. 2005. Niche Tourism: Contemporary Issues, Trends and
Cases. UK, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 247-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6133-1.50031-7
Pamirsta.lt. Source of untrodden objects and sites in Lithuania
[online], [cited on 8 March 2013]. Available on the Internet:
www.pamirsta.lt
Urbanexploration.lt: miesto tyrinejimas Lietuvoje. Information
about urban exploration in Lithuania [online], [cited on 10 March 2013].
Available on the Internet: www.urbanexploration.lt
Wearing, S.; Neil, J. 1999. Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and
Possibilities. UK, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 3-4.
Justinas Jasiunas (1), Edita Maneikaite (2), Paulius Venckus (3),
Denis Romanovas (4), Giedre Beconyte (5)
(1,4) Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11,
10223 Vilnius, Lithuania (2,3,5) Vilnius University, Universiteto g. 3,
01513 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mails: (1) j.jasiunas@gis-centras.lt
(corresponding author); (2) edita.maneikaite@gmail.com; (3)
venckus.pauliaus@gmail.com; (4) denis.romanovas@gmail.com; (5)
giedre.beconyte@gf.vu.lt
Received 23 April 2013; accepted 16 May 2013
Justinas JASIUNAS. Student of Geodesy and Cartography,
Master's Degree programme, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. Bachelor's Degree
in Geodesy, 2012, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
Research interests: open source in geographic information systems.
Edita MANEIKAITE. Student of Cartography, Master's Degree
programme, Vilnius University, Universiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius,
Lithuania. Bachelor's Degree in Ecology, 2011, Vilnius University.
Research interests: use of geographic information systems (GIS) in
ecology and biology.
Paulius VENCKUS. Student of Cartography, Master's Degree
programme, Vilnius University, Universiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius,
Lithuania. Bachelor's Degree in Geography, 2011, Vilnius
University.
Research interests: stylistic features of the XVI-XIX century maps,
cultural geography.
Denis ROMANOVAS is MSc student at Vilnius Gediminas Technical
University and GIS programmer at the State Enterprise
"GIS-Centras". His research interests include GIS analysis and
application programming.
Giedre BECONYTE is Professor at the Centre for Cartography, Vilnius
University. She has published more than 40 papers in scientific journals
as well as conference proceedings and textbooks on spatial analysis and
DBMS. Her current research interests include thematic mapping,
geographic information system design and project management.
Table 1. Table of attribute data
Input Drop-down
Field name data type Compulsory? list?
Name Text Yes No
Type Text Yes Yes
Subtype Text Yes Yes
Primary purpose Text No No
Age Text No No
Condition Text No Yes
Hazardousness for Text No Yes
the environment
Hazardousness for Text No Yes
the visitors
General information Text No No
Photo File No No
Video File No No