标题：Altitud y deportes de equipo: métodos tradicionales desafiados por un entrenamiento innovador y específico en hipoxia. [Altitude and team sports: traditional methods challenged by innovative sport-specific training in hypoxia].
期刊名称：RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. doi:10.5232/ricyde
印刷版ISSN：1885-3137
出版年度：2016
卷号：12
期号：46
页码：338-358
语种：Spanish
出版社：Ramón Cantó Alcaraz (Publisher)
摘要：Entre los diferentes métodos de entrenamiento en altitud, el "entrenamiento hipóxico intermitente" (IHT) – método en el cual los atletas viven al nivel del mar pero se entrenan en condiciones de hipoxia – ha ganado una popularidad sin precedentes. Un análisis exhaustivo de los estudios que incluyen IHT muestra los beneficios sorprendentemente pobres para la mejora del rendimiento al nivel del mar, en comparación con el mismo entrenamiento realizado en normoxia. A pesar de las adaptaciones moleculares positivas observadas después de varias modalidades IHT, las características de estímulo del entrenamiento óptimo en hipoxia son todavía confusas y su traducción funcional en una mejora de rendimiento general es mínima. Para superar algunas limitaciones inherentes al IHT (carga de trabajo inferior debido a la hipoxia), estudios recientes han investigado un nuevo método, llamado RSH, de entrenamiento basado en la repetición de sprints con recuperaciones incompletas en hipoxia. Además, el creciente interés científico acerca de la aplicación práctica del entrenamiento hipóxico legitima el desarrollo de tecnologías innovadoras que sirven a los atletas de un deporte específico. Los objetivos de esta revisión son triples. Primero, analizar los resultados de los estudios que implican ejercicios de alta intensidad realizados en hipoxia para mejorar el rendimiento al nivel del mar diferenciando IHT y RSH. Segundo, discutir los posibles mecanismos que sustentan su eficacia y sus limitaciones inherentes. Tercero, presentar los beneficios potenciales del uso de innovaciones tecnológicas que indudablemente contribuirán a mejorar la comprensión de las adaptaciones fisiológicas inducidas por hipoxia mediante la realización de investigaciones pertinentes con un ajuste "ecológico" específico. Abstract Among the different altitude training methods, intermittent hypoxic training (IHT); i.e., a method where athletes live at or near sea level but train under hypoxic conditions, has gained unprecedented popularity. A thorough analysis of studies including IHT, however, leads to strikingly poor benefits for sea-level performance improvement, compared to the same training method performed in normoxia. Despite positive molecular adaptations observed after various IHT modalities, the characteristics of optimal training stimulus in hypoxia are still unclear and their functional translation in term of whole-body performance enhancement is minimal. To overcome some of the inherent limitations of IHT (lower workload due to hypoxia), recent studies have successfully investigated a new training method based on the repetition of short sprints with incomplete recoveries in hypoxia; named RSH. Additionally, the growing scientific interest on the practical application of hypoxic training legitimizes the development of innovative technologies serving athletes in a sport-specific setting. The aims of the present review are therefore threefold. First, to critically analyze the results of the studies involving high-intensity exercises performed in hypoxia for sea-level performance enhancement by differentiating IHT and RSH. Second, to discuss the potential mechanisms underpinning their effectiveness and their inherent limitations. 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其他摘要：Entre los diferentes métodos de entrenamiento en altitud, el "entrenamiento hipoxico intermitente" (IHT) – método en el cual los atletas viven al nivel del mar pero se entrenan en condiciones de hipoxia – ha ganado una popularidad sin precedente. Un análisis exhaustivo de los estudios incluyendo IHT, muestra los beneficios sorprendentemente pobres para la mejora del rendimiento al nivel del mar, en comparación con el mismo entrenamiento realizado en normoxia. A pesar de las adaptaciones moleculares positivas observadas después de varias modalidades IHT, las características de estímulo del entrenamiento óptimo en hipoxia son todavía confusas y su traducción funcional por una mejora de rendimiento general es mínima. Para superar algunas limitaciones inherentes al IHT (estímulo inferior debido a la hipoxia), estudios recientes han investigado un nuevo método de entrenamiento basado en la repetición de sprints con recuperaciones incompletas en hipoxia; llamado RSH. Además, el interés científico creciente sobre la aplicación práctica del entrenamiento hipoxico legitima el desarrollo de tecnologías innovadoras que sirven a atletas de un deporte específico. Los objetivos de esta revisión son triples. Primero, analizar los resultados de los estudios que implican ejercicios de alta intensidad realizados en hipoxia para mejorar el rendimiento al nivel del mar diferenciando IHT y RSH. Segundo, discutir los posibles mecanismos que sustentan su eficacia y sus limitaciones inherentes. Tercio, presentar los beneficios potenciales del uso de nueva innovación tecnológica que indudablemente contribuirá al avance de comprensión de las adaptaciones fisiológicas inducidas por hipoxia mediante la conducción de investigaciones pertinentes con un ajuste "ecológico" específico.
关键词：Entrenamiento en altitud;Hipoxia;Deportes Intermitentes;Sprints repetidos;Ajuste ecológico;entrenamiento en altitud;hipoxia;deportes intermitentes;sprints repetidos;ajuste ecológico;altitude training;hypoxia;intermittent sports;repeated sprints;ecological setting.
