摘要：In economic analysis, the measures of competitiveness are expressed in terms ofshares of gross output in world export markets. In recent years, these types of measureshave become questioned, as one could observe the increasing fragmentationof production across borders. Due to easier communication, increasing informationflow, and changes in coordination costs, the various stages of the production processare no longer conducted at geographically close locations. The rising fragmentationof production implies that more and more stages of the production process arefaced with international competition. In the past decades, the competitiveness ofcountries was mainly determined by domestic firms. In most cases, these companiescompeted ‘sector to sector’ with similar firms from other countries. The competitionwas usually taking place in the sphere of the price and quality of traded products
