摘要：Indigeneity refers to traditional ways of knowing the world ensconced within small scale cultural. It can be detected in primary landscape transformation where species turnover resulted in environmental enhancement not degradation. Landscapes are the encounter of people and place. Indigeneity becomes relevant to landscapes with the end of isolation of Europe and the reduction of nonwestern “others” to new systems of subordination, including slavery, and their lands to terra nullius. Yet these landscapes in fact show human signatures of past primary transformations. The evidence consists of substrate modification and disturbance indicator vegetation, found in diverse tropical locales in widely dissimilar settings, including Melanesia, Micronesia, tropical Africa, and Amazonia. These indigenous landscapes and seascapes were rendered terra nullius for purposes unrelated to their value as harbingers of a positive variety of primary landscape transformation.
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