摘要：The dynamics of innovation are usually represented by a model that adheres to the reality of mass production systems characterized by a low variability of products and by large scale production. An alternative model, and an ideal one, has been developed to represent productive systems characterized by a high variability of products - meeting the specific needs of different sponsors - and by low scale production. This model represents the dynamics of innovation in complex systems. The project becomes a unit of aggregation, from which analyses are made. The Chandlerian economies of scale and scope, understood as the fundamentals for the growth of organizations, become economies of repetition and recombination, and they settle in project-based organizations.
关键词：Arquitetura de sistemas ; Conhecimento processual ; Economias de repetição ; Economias de recombinação ; Organizações baseadas em projetos
